an fmri study of anomalous anticipation of emotional stimuli dick j. bierman universities of...
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An fMRI study of Anomalous Anticipation of emotional stimuli
Dick J. Bierman
Universities of Amsterdam & Utrecht (NL)
Toward a science of Consciousness
Tucson, April 10. 2002
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What is Presentiment?
Consider the sep. 11 WTC attack. Was there anybody in the general public having some uneasy feeling before the attack?
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There are a lot of stories….
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Was this just coincidence?
Ed Cox (1960)
Compared train ridership on days with and without a train accident.
He found that on accident days there were significant less people on trains.
(Note: Utts redid the analyses and found a smaller effect after correction for holidays)
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1996: Empirical Approach: Presentiment experiment
Presentiment is reported as the apparent psycho-physiological effect of a future emotional ‘cause’.
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Procedure
• Subject sits relaxed with electrodes attached• Gets about 40 exposures of randomized
neutral and calm stimuli• Skin conductance is averaged separately for
emotional and neutral stimuli • Before, during and after stimulus• Baseline fixed at ~ -7.5 seconds
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Procedure Presentiment ‘trial’
Time
SubjectHitsButton
0 5
OrCalm
Blank screen
baseline
Random!!
Skin C
onductance
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Results First Subject (Radin-1)stimulus
Presentiment?
Calm
EmotionalBefore During After
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Results all Subjects (Radin-1)
Emotional
Calm
Presentiment!
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This should be everywhere!
Main stream emotion research
Measure baseline of dependent varPresent an emotional / calm eventMeasure response of dependent var
baseline event response
time
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Mainstream Research questions
R = f ( emotional level of event): Find ‘f’R = Response - BaseLineImplicit assumption: BaseLine is independent of ‘future emotional level’
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What did we do?
Search for main stream databases thatMeasure a BaseLine for at least 4 seconds.Use strong emotional eventsFor which Data can be obtained
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What did we find?
Hamm group: on the speed with which fear arises in animal phobic patients
Damasio group: on implicit emotional learning during Gambling task
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Procedure Animal fear studyS
kin
Con
duct
ance
Fixation stimulus
7000 msec
time
6850 msec
Blank Screen
150 msec
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Results re-analysis Hamm’s data
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Samplenumber (0.1sec)
calmeroticanimals
STIMULUS
Animal FearStudyALL DATAPOOLED:N = 38 Erotic
Calmpresentiment
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Damasio: gambling procedure
• Participant gets initially $2000
• Draws cards from one of 4 different decks
• Card is either winning or losing
time
Preparation
Draws cardFeedback: win or loss
Ski
n C
ondu
ctan
ce
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Damasio dataset analyses
• Damasio-analysis P = f (type of deck) !!! Advantageous vs non-advantageous
• Our Re-analysis: P = f(type of Card) Winning vs Losing
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Winning vs. Losing Cards:
Quote from: Bechara, Damasio et al, Science, 275, 28 February 97, 1293-1295
: ….. “the players have no way of predicting when a penalty will arise…”
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Results re-analysis Gambling experiment
0.500.400.300.200.100.00
0.400.48
SCR before Good and Bad Cards
Pos. Cards
Neg. cards
• t = 1.634; df=117 ; p =0.053
• Presentiment effect : 20%!!!!
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So What Next?
• Can we differentiate between different emotions?
• Can we exclude possible artefacts?
• Can we locate the source of this phenomenon?
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Event Related Design
• 10 subjects
• 48 pictures (events)
• ~ 16 neutral, ~ 8 erotic, ~ 8 violent
• 4.2 seconds exposure time
• 16.8 seconds for one trial (= 8 volumescans)
• 1 vol: 22 slices, slice resolution: 64 * 64
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Analysis procedure (1)
• Dependent var: BOLD signal per voxel (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent)
• Pre-processing:– Slice time correction– Linear trend removal– 8 mm spatial smooting– No further smoothing in time domain
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Analysis Procedure
• General Linear Model – Predictors : neutral stim, erotic stim, violent
stim. Results in:– Regions of Interest with significant fit.
• Event related averaging over stim.condition
• t-test of average BOLD signals in ROI
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Brain regions which have a significant fit with emotional stims and neutral stim as predictor
Contrast between emotional and neutral conditon.
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Plot for BOLDsignal for the whole experiment
Brain-map with ROI’s
Event related averaging
erotic
neutral
stimulus
Erotic Presentiment effect at time: -4 seconds.
Td = 2.89 df= 39 p < 0.01
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Samplenumber (0.1sec)
calmeroticanimals
STIMULUS
Animal FearStudyALL DATAPOOLED:N = 38
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ROI:
-51, -78, 1
violent
erotic
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ROI:
-1,-80, 37
violent
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Amygdala Negative presentiment in neutrals???
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Pooling of data
• Mapping in Talairachspace
• Loss of signal due to individual differences
• So:separate male and female
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All female:
Erotic & Violent presentiment
(t ~ 1.75, df=158, p<0.05 o.t.)
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All male:
Erotic presentiment
(t ~ 2.1, df=226, p<0.01 o.t.)
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‘Normal’ explanations
• Chance fluke, weak effects, over analysis• Incorrect Randomization
– With replacement– Subject strategies
• Introduced by software– Hemodynamic curve– smoothing
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Conclusion
• This study should be seen as exploratory
• Warrants further research
• Most fmri emotional pictures research sh/could look at this effect if:– Randomization with replacement– Strong stimuli– Reasonable ISI (~ 18 seconds)