24 C H A P T E R 1 NEL

Gestaltpsychol-

ogy nears its peak influence.

First demonstration laboratories are set up

independently by WilliamJames (at Harvard)and WilhelmWundt (at theUniversity ofLeipzig).

G. Stanley Hall establishesAmerica’s first research

laboratorHopkins University.

Wilhelm Wundt establishesfirst research laboratory

in psychology at Leipzig, Germany.

John B. Watsonwrites classic behavi-

ourism manifesto,arguing thatpsychologyshould studyonly observ-

able behaviour.

1879

1875

1883

1920s

1880 1890 1900 1910 1920

THE

PRINCIPLESOF

PSYCHOLOGY

William James

G. Stanley Hall foundsAmerican Psychological

Association.

1892

Sigmund Freud’s increas-ing influence receives

formal recognitionas G. S. Hall invites Freud to give lectures at Clark University.

1909

Widespreadintelligence

testing is begun by military during World War I.

1914–1918

Ivan Pavlov shows howconditioned responses

are created, paving the way for stimulus–responsepsychology.

1904

Lewis Terman publishesStanford-Binet Intelligence

Scale, which becomes the world’sforemost intelligence test.

1916

Leta Hollingworth publishes pioneering

work on the psychology of women.

1914

Alfred Binet develops firstsuccessful intelligence

test in France.

1905

Margaret Washburn publishes The Animal

Mind, which serves as an impetusfor behaviourism.

1908

Wilhelm Wundt establishesfirst journal devoted to

research in psychology.

1881

William James publisheshis seminal work, The

Principles of Psychology.

1890

y in psychology at Johns

1913

James Mark Baldwinestablishes the first

experimental laboratory inpsychology in Canada at the University of Toronto.

1891

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc.

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc

Stoc

k M

onta

ge, I

nc.

© B

ettm

ann/

CO

RBIS

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc

© B

ettm

ann/

CO

RBIS

Courtesy of the Clark University Archives

Sir FrancisGalton

1888develops the conceptof correlation thatwill allow generationsof scientists to quantifyassociations betweenvariables.

1888John WallaceBaird is thefirst Canadianto be electedpresident ofthe AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

Arc

hive

s of

Man

itob

a, E

vent

s 17

3/3

(N99

05).

Polit

ical

Equ

ity L

eagu

e p

etiti

on.

Repr

inte

d w

ith p

erm

issi

on fr

om S

cien

ce, D

raw

ing

of P

sych

olog

ical

Labo

rato

ry in

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Tor

onto

from

Jam

esM

ark

Bald

win

, Vol

. 19,

p. 1

43-1

44. C

opyr

ight

189

2 AA

AS.

Arc

hive

s of

the

His

tory

of A

mer

ican

Psy

chol

ogy,

The

C

ente

r for

the

His

tory

of P

sych

olog

y - U

nive

rsity

of A

kron

Arc

hive

s of

the

His

tory

of A

mer

ican

Psy

chol

ogy,

The

Cen

ter

for t

he H

isto

ry o

f Psy

chol

ogy

- Uni

vers

ity o

f Akr

on

Arc

hive

s of

the

His

tory

of A

mer

ican

Psy

chol

ogy,

Th

e C

ente

r for

the

His

tory

of P

sych

olog

y -

Uni

vers

ity o

f Akr

on

Arc

hive

s of

the

His

tory

of A

mer

ican

Psy

chol

ogy,

The

Cen

ter f

or th

e H

isto

ry o

f Psy

chol

ogy

- Uni

vers

ity o

f Akr

on

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Increased global inter-dependence and cultural

diversity in Western societies sparksurge of interest in how cultural factors mould behaviour.

Abraham Maslow’s Motivation and Personality

helps fuel humanistic movement.

The cognitive revolution islaunched at watershed con-

ference where Herbert Simon, GeorgeMiller, and Noam Chomsky reportthree major advances in just one day.

Hans Selye introduces concept of stress into the

language of science.

Roger Sperry’ssplit-brain research

and work by David Hubel and TorstenWiesel on how cortical cells respond to light help rejuvenate the biologicalperspective in psychology.

Sigmund Freud’s influencecontinues to build as he

publishes New Introductory Lectureson Psychoanalysis.

Roger Sperry wins NobelPrize (in physiology and

medicine) for split-brain studies.

1956

1954

1961–1964

1933

1936

1980s

1981

Herbert Simon wins NobelPrize (in economics) for

research on cognition.

1978

B. F. Skinner creates furorover radical behaviourism

with his controversial book BeyondFreedom and Dignity.

1971

Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin publish

their landmark review of research on gender differences, which galvanizes research in this area.

1974

Carl Rogers helpslaunch humanistic

movement withpublication ofClient-CenteredTherapy.

1951

B. F. Skinner publishes hisinfluential Science and

Human Behavior, advocating radicalbehaviourism similar

to Watson’s.

1953

Donald O. Hebb publishesThe Organization of

Behavior.

1949

Eric Kandel wins NobelPrize (in physiology and

medicine) for his research on thebiochemistry of memory.

.

2000

Martin Seligmanlaunches the

positive psychology movement.

Late 1990s

© C

ORB

IS

Clark Hull advocates modified behaviourism,

which permits careful inferencesabout unobservable internal states.

Rapid growth in clinical

psychology begins in response tohuge demand for clinical servicescreated by World War II and its aftermath.

1941–1945

1943

© H

isto

rical

Pic

ture

Arc

hive

/CO

RBIS

© B

ettm

ann/

CO

RBIS

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc.

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc.

Researchpsycholo-

gists form the Amer-ican PsychologicalSociety (APS) to serve as an advocate for thescience of psychology.

1988

CP

Phot

o/C

huck

Mitc

hell

Phot

oDis

c/G

etty

Imag

esIm

age

cour

tesy

of N

ASA

Chu

ck P

aint

er/S

tanf

ord

New

s Se

rvic

e

1958Joseph Wolpe launchesbehaviourtherapy withhis descriptionof systematicdesensitizationtreatment forphotbias.

Stanley Milgram conductscontroversial study of obedience

1963to authority, which may be the most famoussingle study in psychology’s history. AlbertBandura publishes landmark research onmedia violence and aggression as his sociallearning theory adds a cognitive slant tobehaviourism.

1950 John Bowlby beginsinfluential research

on the nature of the attachment bondbetween mothers and infants.

Early 1950s

1950 Evolutionarypsychology

emerges as a major newtheoretical perspective.

Early 1990s

Kenneth and Mamie Clark publish work

on prejudice that is cited in landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation.

1947

© B

ettm

ann/

CO

RBIS

© T

ed S

tres

hins

ky/C

ORB

IS

The repressed memories

controversy stimulates influential research byElizabeth Loftus andothers on the malleabilityand fallibility of humanmemory.

1990s

Daniel Kahneman wins NobelPrize (in economics) for his.

2002research on decision making.

Cou

rtes

y of

Eliz

abet

h Lo

ftus

Courtesy of MartinSeligman

Don

Mur

ray/

Get

ty Im

ages

McGill University Archives, Chris F. Payne, \PR000387, reproduced in The McGill News, Vol. 51, No. 3, May 1970, p. 3.

an Illustrated Overview of Psychology’s History

01_ch01.indd 24 1/24/12 4:03 PM

The Evolution of Psychology 25NEL

Gestaltpsychol-

ogy nears its peak influence.

First demonstration laboratories are set up

independently by WilliamJames (at Harvard)and WilhelmWundt (at theUniversity ofLeipzig).

G. Stanley Hall establishesAmerica’s first research

laboratorHopkins University.

Wilhelm Wundt establishesfirst research laboratory

in psychology at Leipzig, Germany.

John B. Watsonwrites classic behavi-

ourism manifesto,arguing thatpsychologyshould studyonly observ-

able behaviour.

1879

1875

1883

1920s

1880 1890 1900 1910 1920

THE

PRINCIPLESOF

PSYCHOLOGY

William James

G. Stanley Hall foundsAmerican Psychological

Association.

1892

Sigmund Freud’s increas-ing influence receives

formal recognitionas G. S. Hall invites Freud to give lectures at Clark University.

1909

Widespreadintelligence

testing is begun by military during World War I.

1914–1918

Ivan Pavlov shows howconditioned responses

are created, paving the way for stimulus–responsepsychology.

1904

Lewis Terman publishesStanford-Binet Intelligence

Scale, which becomes the world’sforemost intelligence test.

1916

Leta Hollingworth publishes pioneering

work on the psychology of women.

1914

Alfred Binet develops firstsuccessful intelligence

test in France.

1905

Margaret Washburn publishes The Animal

Mind, which serves as an impetusfor behaviourism.

1908

Wilhelm Wundt establishesfirst journal devoted to

research in psychology.

1881

William James publisheshis seminal work, The

Principles of Psychology.

1890

y in psychology at Johns

1913

James Mark Baldwinestablishes the first

experimental laboratory inpsychology in Canada at the University of Toronto.

1891

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc.

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc

Stoc

k M

onta

ge, I

nc.

© B

ettm

ann/

CO

RBIS

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc

© B

ettm

ann/

CO

RBIS

Courtesy of the Clark University Archives

Sir FrancisGalton

1888develops the conceptof correlation thatwill allow generationsof scientists to quantifyassociations betweenvariables.

1888John WallaceBaird is thefirst Canadianto be electedpresident ofthe AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

Arc

hive

s of

Man

itob

a, E

vent

s 17

3/3

(N99

05).

Polit

ical

Equ

ity L

eagu

e p

etiti

on.

Repr

inte

d w

ith p

erm

issi

on fr

om S

cien

ce, D

raw

ing

of P

sych

olog

ical

Labo

rato

ry in

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Tor

onto

from

Jam

esM

ark

Bald

win

, Vol

. 19,

p. 1

43-1

44. C

opyr

ight

189

2 AA

AS.

Arc

hive

s of

the

His

tory

of A

mer

ican

Psy

chol

ogy,

The

C

ente

r for

the

His

tory

of P

sych

olog

y - U

nive

rsity

of A

kron

Arc

hive

s of

the

His

tory

of A

mer

ican

Psy

chol

ogy,

The

Cen

ter

for t

he H

isto

ry o

f Psy

chol

ogy

- Uni

vers

ity o

f Akr

on

Arc

hive

s of

the

His

tory

of A

mer

ican

Psy

chol

ogy,

Th

e C

ente

r for

the

His

tory

of P

sych

olog

y -

Uni

vers

ity o

f Akr

on

Arc

hive

s of

the

His

tory

of A

mer

ican

Psy

chol

ogy,

The

Cen

ter f

or th

e H

isto

ry o

f Psy

chol

ogy

- Uni

vers

ity o

f Akr

on

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Increased global inter-dependence and cultural

diversity in Western societies sparksurge of interest in how cultural factors mould behaviour.

Abraham Maslow’s Motivation and Personality

helps fuel humanistic movement.

The cognitive revolution islaunched at watershed con-

ference where Herbert Simon, GeorgeMiller, and Noam Chomsky reportthree major advances in just one day.

Hans Selye introduces concept of stress into the

language of science.

Roger Sperry’ssplit-brain research

and work by David Hubel and TorstenWiesel on how cortical cells respond to light help rejuvenate the biologicalperspective in psychology.

Sigmund Freud’s influencecontinues to build as he

publishes New Introductory Lectureson Psychoanalysis.

Roger Sperry wins NobelPrize (in physiology and

medicine) for split-brain studies.

1956

1954

1961–1964

1933

1936

1980s

1981

Herbert Simon wins NobelPrize (in economics) for

research on cognition.

1978

B. F. Skinner creates furorover radical behaviourism

with his controversial book BeyondFreedom and Dignity.

1971

Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin publish

their landmark review of research on gender differences, which galvanizes research in this area.

1974

Carl Rogers helpslaunch humanistic

movement withpublication ofClient-CenteredTherapy.

1951

B. F. Skinner publishes hisinfluential Science and

Human Behavior, advocating radicalbehaviourism similar

to Watson’s.

1953

Donald O. Hebb publishesThe Organization of

Behavior.

1949

Eric Kandel wins NobelPrize (in physiology and

medicine) for his research on thebiochemistry of memory.

.

2000

Martin Seligmanlaunches the

positive psychology movement.

Late 1990s

© C

ORB

IS

Clark Hull advocates modified behaviourism,

which permits careful inferencesabout unobservable internal states.

Rapid growth in clinical

psychology begins in response tohuge demand for clinical servicescreated by World War II and its aftermath.

1941–1945

1943

© H

isto

rical

Pic

ture

Arc

hive

/CO

RBIS

© B

ettm

ann/

CO

RBIS

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc.

Cul

ver P

ictu

res,

Inc.

Researchpsycholo-

gists form the Amer-ican PsychologicalSociety (APS) to serve as an advocate for thescience of psychology.

1988

CP

Phot

o/C

huck

Mitc

hell

Phot

oDis

c/G

etty

Imag

esIm

age

cour

tesy

of N

ASA

Chu

ck P

aint

er/S

tanf

ord

New

s Se

rvic

e

1958Joseph Wolpe launchesbehaviourtherapy withhis descriptionof systematicdesensitizationtreatment forphotbias.

Stanley Milgram conductscontroversial study of obedience

1963to authority, which may be the most famoussingle study in psychology’s history. AlbertBandura publishes landmark research onmedia violence and aggression as his sociallearning theory adds a cognitive slant tobehaviourism.

1950 John Bowlby beginsinfluential research

on the nature of the attachment bondbetween mothers and infants.

Early 1950s

1950 Evolutionarypsychology

emerges as a major newtheoretical perspective.

Early 1990s

Kenneth and Mamie Clark publish work

on prejudice that is cited in landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation.

1947

© B

ettm

ann/

CO

RBIS

© T

ed S

tres

hins

ky/C

ORB

IS

The repressed memories

controversy stimulates influential research byElizabeth Loftus andothers on the malleabilityand fallibility of humanmemory.

1990s

Daniel Kahneman wins NobelPrize (in economics) for his.

2002research on decision making.

Cou

rtes

y of

Eliz

abet

h Lo

ftus

Courtesy of MartinSeligman

Don

Mur

ray/

Get

ty Im

ages

McGill University Archives, Chris F. Payne, \PR000387, reproduced in The McGill News, Vol. 51, No. 3, May 1970, p. 3.

01_ch01.indd 25 1/24/12 4:03 PM