an increasingly pluralistic united states faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the...
TRANSCRIPT
An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of government activism, and sought to define its international role.
4/21/2015
Period 7
1890 – 1945, comprises 17% of the AP exam
Key concept 7.1
III. National, state, and local reformers responded to economic upheavals, laissez-faire capitalism, and the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state.
A. The liberalism of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal drew on earlier progressive ideas and represented a multifaceted approach to both the causes and effects of the Great Depression, using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy.
Roosevelt elected in 1932 Relief, Recovery, Reform In direct contrast to _______________
economics of the 1920’s Took a middle-road approach to change
If too drastic, would end Capitalism as we know it
If too little, might lead to the overthrow of the government
Government spending was needed to stimulate the economy
Government spending had to be limited to avoid huge debts and increased taxes
‘_______________’ Election to inauguration
President elect – no constitutional power
Current president – no political power
Hoover - __________(November of 1932 to March of
1933) 1932 – 1933 circumstances warranted immediate
action, but hands were tied
__________________changed the inauguration date from March 4th to January 20th after 1933
Brain Trust While waiting, FDR gathered the foremost
experts in their fields at his estate in Hyde Park, NY
They mapped out an ambitious plan for relief, recovery, and reform _________ – immediate direct payments for the
needy and jobs for the unemployed _________ – assist the economy to recover; new
jobs will mean increased demand, which will lead to more new jobs
_________ – regulation of industry and the stock market to prevent the next crash and depression
3 R’s of the New Deal Relief – _________ assistance to
people in need. Included CWA and CCC
Recovery – ___________ assistance to promote growth in the economy; programs built infrastructure while providing employment “prime the pump” Included PWA, WPA Longer time than relief but not designed to
last 4-ever
3 R’s of the New Deal Reform – ___________ changes to
regulations of financial institutions to correct flaws and reduce volatility ; long term programs to provide financial security Includes Glass-Steagal, Social Security,
SEC
**Note: most of the programs fell into more than 1 category; CWA also worked toward recovery, WPA also provided relief
First 100 Days:Banking Plan
______________- 4 days*Closed all banks for reorganization
Emergency Banking Act*Federal audit of banks
*Only those in sound condition could
reopen ____________________
Urged people to deposit instead of withdrawing money
Deposits increased by $12 million
First 100 Days:Banking Plan –
Glass – Steagal
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (F.D.I.C)
Up to $2500 guaranteed (now $250,000)
Restrictions on affiliations between banking and
investment firms (repealed in 1999)
Required term: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
First 100 Days:Direct Relief
Civil Works Administration (CWA) Locally run employment of young men
and women (1933-1934) Built airports, bridges, painted park
benches, raked leaves, etc.
First 100 Days:Direct Relief
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) Gave money to state and local
relief agencies from 1933-1935 Headed by Harry Hopkins
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
encouraged businesses to cooperate
with each other to set prices, output, etc.
________________suspended.
Businesses had to allow ___________
_____________by labor.
Required term: National Recovery Administration
• Public was encouraged to frequent the businesses that were part of the NRA.
• People signed pledges to only buy products from ‘NRA’ companies.
• Initial response was positive – hope for a quick recovery
• Program lost support by 1934. • Too complicated• Too many special interest groups benefited• Little or no enforcement of the rules.
(NIRA)
Most unpopular program in New Deal
Price controls, limiting output, etc. were too similar to Socialism
Regulations confusing; owners feared the loss of control of their businesses
Parts found unconstitutional by Supreme Court in 1935
Public Works Administration(PWA) Part of NIRA 1933-1939* (Fazed out completely by 1941)
Led by Harold Ickes Gave 6 billion to state and local
governments to build dams, bridges, airports, and other government buildings
70% of all schools constructed in 1930’s were funded by the PWA
Public Works Administration(PWA)
“___________” Gave employment to millions exponentially Built _____________ in 1930’s
Helped win war in 1940’s Backbone of post-war industrial boom in
1950’s _______________ sadly lacking today both
in new projects and maintenance of existing structures
First 100 Days:Direct Relief
_____________________________. 2.5 million young, single men ages 18-25 Few women in 45 separate camps African-Americans, Hispanics, Native
Americans in segregated camps Offered to veterans from ______________
Allowed to be married and older than 25 250,000 served
Lived in camps in rural areas
Gave people clean, safe living quarters
Literacy programs, recreation, and time to spend with other young adults
National parks and forests received many improvements
First 100 Days:Direct Relief
________________________. Families had one less person to feed Not competing for jobs with older men Program helped the most volatile
group in society –
First 100 DaysAgricultural Recovery
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) . Raised prices and incomes for farmers. Hurt consumers and tenant farmers.
Struck down by Supreme Court in 1935 Re-established in 1936 by changing
wording
(1936) Agricultural Adjustment Act Revised to give money to farmers
for _______________________. Established the Farm Security
Administration to aid tenant farmers to buy land
Established migrant camps for shelter and medical care
First 100 DaysRecovery Tennessee Valley Authority
6 dams and power plants on the Tennessee River and its tributaries in 13 states.
Required term: Tennessee Valley Authority
Second New Deal New Deal failed to end the Depression Critics included _________________ Supreme Court heard cases from people
that questioned the constitutionality of the programs
However, the public indicated that they wanted change
______________in 1934 supported democrats
Gave Roosevelt thumbs up
Second New Deal: Works Progress Administration
(1935)
Millions of , , etc. employed by the federal government. National Youth Administration
Provided jobs to young adults, 16-25 Division of Negro Affairs
Provided jobs for African Americans
Federal Writers’ Project
Employed authors as part of the WPA ________________
2300 1st person accounts of slavery collected between 1936-1938
Written as texts and recorded on wax spools
Originals in the ______________
Required term: Federal Writers’ Project
Second New Deal:(1935) Social Security Act
Pensions to people 65 and older
Payments to the disabled, widows, and their children
Unemployment benefits Paid for with taxes on
employers and employees
Required Term: Social Security Act
(1935) Wagner-Connery Act (Labor Relations Act) Guaranteed unions the right
to organize and negotiate Right to
_______________
FDR’s eyes and ears Visible sign of hope and compassion Visited with 2nd Bonus Army and other
groups Traveled the country and spoke to common
people Gained support for the New Deal
Marion Anderson sang at the White House in 1936. When she was denied the use of Constitutional Hall, Mrs. Roosevelt arranged for her to appear on the steps of the Lincoln memorial.
1936 election was a landslide for Roosevelt
Carried every state but Vermont and Maine
Showed wide-spread support for the New Deal
Key Concept 7.1, III.
B. Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive reforms, even as conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal’s scope.
Roosevelt’s Critics
___________ – wanted a return to laissez faire. Protested against increased taxes and
government interference in business.
___________ – didn’t think Roosevelt went far enough.
Roosevelt’s Critics
Paul Townsend - pension plan for Americans over age 60
______________- nationalize banks and return to silver standard (increase the supply of money, cause inflation, which means repaying loans with inflated dollars)
Huey Long (Kingfish) Share-Our-Wealth. Take from the rich and give to the poor. Assassinated in 1935.
Required term: Huey Long
Roosevelt’s Recession
Roosevelt stopped introducing new programs and tried to scale back some programs because it appeared that the economy was recovering.
Cutbacks were too soon and contributed to a downward swing in 1936-1937.
Funding was increased in 1938.
Roosevelt’s Court Packing Scheme
6of the 9 Supreme Court judges were conservative and all 6 were
Can not remove a Supreme Court justice except for
Constitution does not specify how many justices sit on the court
President nominates judges; senate ratifies them
Roosevelt asked Congress to pass legislation allowing him to add new judges for each judge on the court .
Congress denied his request and the newspapers and public spoke out against his “court-packing scheme’.
Required term: Supreme Court Fight
FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT(Reform)
o (1938) Last major piece of New Deal legislation
Set _______________(________an hour) Maximum hour standards (established the
40-hour work week) Severely curbed the use of child labor Did not apply to domestics, farmers and
other jobs that paid less than .25 an hour
Key Concept 7.1, III
C. Although the New Deal did not completely overcome the Depression,
it left a legacy of reforms and agencies that endeavored to make society and individuals more secure, and
it helped foster a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working class communities identified with the Democratic Party.
Numbers of Banks and Bank Suspensions
Year Number as of 12-31 Suspensions
1929 24,633 659
1930 22,773 1350
1931 19,970 2293
1932 18,397 1453
1933 15,015 4000
1934 16,096 57
Data are from Table V 20-30 in Historical Statistics of The United States: Colonial Times to 1970, 1975, p.
Expenditures per capita, 1800-1990, measured every 12 years.
*Note: we spent less on the Depression than on WWI
1860
1918
1944
1968
1990
*Amount spent on Public Works increased by 1934 but not dramatically. Amount spent by the private sector decreased drastically from 1931 to 1933 and only increased again slowly.