an information systems design theory for e-learning
DESCRIPTION
A presentation on my PhD given at ANU on the 20 Feb, 2008. Provides an overview of the PhD.TRANSCRIPT
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An Information Systems Design Theory for E-Learning
http://flickr.com/photos/mushon/197192003/
David Joneshttp://davidtjones.wordpress.com
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Overview
The QuestionThe Hole
The Method
The cycles 1.Build it and they will come2.Build what they want, fast
Reflections, implications & conclusions
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http://flickr.com/photos/druclimb/282597447/
Overview
The QuestionThe Hole
The Method
The cycles 1.Build it and they will come2.Build what they want, fast
Reflections, implications & conclusions
Ch 2Ch 1
Ch 3
Ch 4&5
Ch 6
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Overview
The QuestionThe Hole
The Method
The cycles 1.Build it and they will come2.Build what they want, fast
Reflections, implications & conclusions
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How do you design, implement and support an information system that effectively and efficiently supports e-learning within an institution of higher education?
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Theory type Says1. Analysis What is2. Explanation What is, how, when, where3. Prediction What is and what will be4. Explanation & prediction
What is, how, why, when, where and what will be
5. Design and action How to do something
(Gregor, 2006)
Ps Framework
ISDT for e-learning
Gregor & Jones, 2007 ???
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There has been little or no theoretically grounded and rigorous research into the structures and processes required to encourage the adoption of e-learning and to facilitate disseminate knowledge at the organisational level
(Alavi & Leidner, 2001)
More models, that demonstrate the transferability and scalability of e-learning, are required
(Salmon, 2005)
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2 generations actionresearch 1996-2004
ReflectReflect
PlanPlan
ActAct
WatchWatch
Webfuse
7 publications
27 publications
ISDT
PsFramework
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Recognition by senior management
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Great staff adoptionInside Outside
Greater flexibility and resilence
InnovationCustomisation to context
Increased trust
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Overview
The QuestionThe Hole
The Method
The cycles 1.Build it and they will come2.Build what they want, fast
Reflections, implications & conclusions
A summary
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E-learning orthodoxy
By adopting a single domineering concept of method all our thinking…becomes imprisoned by this one concept…..It limits not only our understanding, but our empirical observations….can cause us to ignore activities that do not fit within a methodical frame
(Truex, Baskerville & Travis, 2000)
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Orthodoxy showing signs of managementfads, fashions and bandwagons
(Birnbaum, 2000; Pratt, 2005)
Home built systems
Blackboard or WebCT
Open source LMS
1995-2000
1999/2000 – 200?
2005-??
(Australia, UK, USA, NZ, Canada)
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It is realistic to recognize that implementing e-learning is a hugely complex undertaking with multiple contexts and stakeholders—and risks.
(Pittard, 2004)
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Management fashion is "relatively transitory collective beliefs, disseminated by the discourse of knowledge entrepreneurs, that a management technique is at the forefront of rational management progress”
(Abrahamson and Fairchild, 2003)
Amplified by hyperbole…, the fashionable vision may exert a strong, if transitory, normative pull among managers.
(Swanson and Ramiller, 2004)
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Awareness TestAwareness Test
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYl_yQZq1HY
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E-learning orthodoxy
By adopting a single domineering concept of method all our thinking…becomes imprisoned by this one concept…..It limits not only our understanding, but our empirical observations….can cause us to ignore activities that do not fit within a methodical frame
(Truex, Baskerville & Travis, 2000)
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(Mischra and Koehler, 2006)
Having a framework goes beyond merely identifying problems with current approaches; it offers new ways of looking at and perceiving phenomena and offers information on which to base sound, pragmatic decision making.
Theory for understanding(Gregor, 2006)
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The Ps Framework
A decision/sense making to aid understanding ofinstitutional implementation of e-learning
(Jones, 2008; Jones, Vallack & Fitzgerald-Hood, 2008)
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Past experience People
Place
Product Process
Purpose
Pedagogy
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PlacePlacePedagogyPedagogy
ProcessProcess
PurposePurposeProductProduct
PastPastExperienceExperience
PeoplePeople
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Use the Ps Framework
To highlight the moon-walking bear
To understand
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PlacePlacePedagogyPedagogy
ProcessProcess
PurposePurposeProductProduct
PastPastExperienceExperience
PeoplePeople
http://flickr.com/photos/joits/225824796/
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Most HEIs are struggling to engage a significant percentage of students and staff in e-learning
(Salmon, 2005)
There remain concerns about the quality of the learning and teaching and about the return on the investment in e-learning
(Bates, 2009)
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…not particularly innovative, may limit the incentive to innovate, limited in quality and may restrict the ability to integrate with other systems
(Alexander, 2001; Anonymous, 2004; Paulsen, 2002
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Surprise has been expressed at how quickly university learning and teaching…has been modified to incorporate the use of learning management systems
(West, Waddoups, Graham, 2006)
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almost universal adoption of just two different commercial LMSs by the Australian higher education sector
(Coates, James & Baldwin, 2005)
http://flickr.com/photos/digital_freak/183688774/
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http://flickr.com/photos/boskizzi/3241710/
Orthodoxy showing signs of managementfads, fashions and bandwagons
(Birnbaum, 2000; Pratt, 2005)
Home built systems
Blackboard or WebCT
Open source LMS
1995-2000
1999/2000 – 200?
2005-??
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PlacePlacePedagogyPedagogy
ProcessProcess
PurposePurposeProductProduct
PastPastExperienceExperience
PeoplePeople
http://flickr.com/photos/joits/225824796/
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As of 2005 almost every higher education institution is planning to make use of an LMS
(Salmon, 2005)
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LMS are based on an overly simplistic understanding of the relationship between teachers, knowledge and student learning.
(Coates, James, Baldwin, 2005)
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No LMS supports student critical thinking, generation of knowledge and collaborative teamwork
(Bonk & Dennen, 1999)
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Tools are never value-neutral but arereplete with values and potentialitieswhich may cause unexpected responses
(Westera, 2004)
LMS design embeds particular world views(Dron, 2006)
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Some LMS values
Based on USA higher educationCourse Instructors
Course offering-based
Closed from outside world
Web-based
Integrated enterprise system
Only handle courses with 999 or less students
http://flickr.com/photos/wildlifebiologyguy/3085729458/
Based on scarcity – must provide all
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most commercial systems require the institution to modify its existing practices to accommodate the system
(Dodds, 2007)
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we should change people's behaviour because information technology systems are difficult to change..
(Sturgess and Nouwens, 2004)
http://flickr.com/photos/elycefeliz/3211943653/
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PlacePlacePedagogyPedagogy
ProcessProcess
PurposePurposeProductProduct
PastPastExperienceExperience
PeoplePeople
http://flickr.com/photos/joits/225824796/
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Remember this quote?
By adopting a single domineering concept of method all our thinking…becomes imprisoned by this one concept…..It limits not only our understanding, but our empirical observations….can cause us to ignore activities that do not fit within a methodical frame
(Truex, Baskerville & Travis, 2000)
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/zamario/338382819/
It’s about software development methods
By adopting a single domineering concept of method all our thinking…becomes imprisoned by this one concept…..It limits not only our understanding, but our empirical observations….can cause us to ignore activities that do not fit within a methodical frame
(Truex, Baskerville & Travis, 2000)
There are alternatives
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http://flickr.com/photos/extraketchup/459020985/
Developer-based methods
Assume adopters will see benefits ofnew systems and use them
(Jones and Lynch, 1999)
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http://flickr.com/photos/extraketchup/459020985/
Developer-based methods
Assume adopters will see benefits ofnew systems and use them
(Jones and Lynch, 1999)
Build it and they will come
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Developer-based methods
Assume adopters will see benefits ofnew systems and use them
(Jones and Lynch, 1999)
Build it and they will come
The new product will automatically replace inferior products or systems
(Surry and Farquhar, 1997)
http://flickr.com/photos/extraketchup/459020985/
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http://flickr.com/photos/extraketchup/459020985/
Developer-based methods
Assume adopters will see benefits ofnew systems and use them
(Jones and Lynch, 1999)
Build it and they will come
The new product will automatically replace inferior products or systems
(Surry and Farquhar, 1997)
Product focus
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Teleological design process
Attributes TeleologicalUltimate purpose Goal/purposeIntermediate goals EfficiencyDesign focus ResultsDesigners Explicit designerScope PartProcess Problem solvingProblems Complexity/conflictManagement CentralisedControl Master plan
(Introna, 1996)
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Teleological-based design(Introna, 1996)
To be teleological is to set and achieve objectives, it is to be purpose driven…
Setting goals and achieving them is the essence of "success" in the teleological society
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http://flickr.com/photos/genemoo/2498690521/
Teleological-based design(Introna, 1996)
To be teleological is to set and achieve objectives, it is to be purpose driven…
Setting goals and achieving them is the essence of "success" in the teleological society
Strategic planning
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http://flickr.com/photos/genemoo/2498690521/
Teleological-based design(Introna, 1996)
To be teleological is to set and achieve objectives, it is to be purpose driven…
Setting goals and achieving them is the essence of "success" in the teleological society
Strategic planning
Mission statements
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http://flickr.com/photos/genemoo/2498690521/
Teleological-based design(Introna, 1996)
To be teleological is to set and achieve objectives, it is to be purpose driven…
Setting goals and achieving them is the essence of "success" in the teleological society
Strategic planning
Mission statements
Quality assurance
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Teleological-based design(Introna, 1996)
To be teleological is to set and achieve objectives, it is to be purpose driven…
Setting goals and achieving them is the essence of "success" in the teleological society
Strategic planning
Mission statements
Quality assurance
Information systems developmentand governance
http://flickr.com/photos/genemoo/2498690521/
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Time
CostAnalysis & Design
Maintenance
Replacement
Big up front design (BUFD)
(Truex, Baskerville and Klein, 1999)
http://flickr.com/photos/i-marco/244541946/
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Foundations
based on the idea of modernism where human rationality and methods of inquiry can achieve their ultimate purpose of discovering and identifying universal truths
(Baskerville, Travis & Truex, 1992)
http://flickr.com/photos/michaelsarver/23033010/
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Foundations
Assumes the aim is to develop stable systemswith primary goals of low maintenance andlong life spans
(Truex, Baskerville and Klein, 1998)
http://flickr.com/photos/michaelsarver/23033010/
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Foundations
Assumes the aim is to develop stable systemswith primary goals of low maintenance andlong life spans
(Truex, Baskerville and Klein, 1998)
http://flickr.com/photos/michaelsarver/23033010/
Podcasts
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Foundations
Assumes the aim is to develop stable systemswith primary goals of low maintenance andlong life spans
(Truex, Baskerville and Klein, 1998)
http://flickr.com/photos/michaelsarver/23033010/
Podcasts
Blogs and Wikis
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Foundations
Assumes the aim is to develop stable systemswith primary goals of low maintenance andlong life spans
(Truex, Baskerville and Klein, 1998)
http://flickr.com/photos/michaelsarver/23033010/
Podcasts
Blogs and WikisSecond Life
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http://flickr.com/photos/vernhart/1422048648/
Alternatives?
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http://flickr.com/photos/vernhart/1422048648/
AttributesAttributes TeleologicalTeleological AteleologicalAteleologicalUltimate purpose Goal/purpose HarmonyIntermediate goals Efficiency HomeostasisDesign focus Results Means/processDesigners Explicit designer ParticipantScope Part WholeProcess Problem solving Local adaptationProblems Complexity/conflict TimeManagement Centralised DecentralisedControl Master plan Rules/regulators
(Introna, 1996)
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http://flickr.com/photos/vernhart/1422048648/
PushPush PullPullDemand anticipated Demand uncertainTop-down design Emergent designCentralised control Decentralised controlProcedural ModularTightly coupled Loosely coupledResource centric People centricRestricted participation Open participationFocus on efficiency Focus on innovationFew major re-engineering efforts Rapid, incremental innovationZero-sum rewards Positive-sum rewards
(Seely Brown & Hagel, 2005)
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http://flickr.com/photos/vernhart/1422048648/
IdealisticIdealistic NaturalisticNaturalistic
Achieve ideal state Understand a sufficient of present to stimulate evolution
Privilege expert knowledge, analysis and interpretation
Favour enabling emergent meaning at the ground level
Separate diagnosis from intervention
Diagnosis and intervention intertwined with practice
(Kurtz & Snowden, 2007)
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/zamario/338382819/
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http://flickr.com/photos/tonymangan/754511201/
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http://flickr.com/photos/rcstanley/30366555/
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http://flickr.com/photos/fatmandy/267252461/
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http://flickr.com/photos/blakeimeson/2743011812/
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http://flickr.com/photos/druclimb/282597447/
Overview
The QuestionThe Hole
The Method
The cycles 1.Build it and they will come2.Build what they want, fast
Reflections, implications & conclusions
A summary
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Mismatchhttp://flickr.com/photos/danielkongos/2790446307/
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http://flickr.com/photos/danielkongos/2790446307/
E-learning Orthodoxy
Product
E-learning Reality
Process
People are not rational
Massive change
It is a wicked problem
……
Universities aren’t a business
Academics are knowledge workers
Place
Purpose
Pedagogy
Past Experience
People
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http://flickr.com/photos/danielkongos/2790446307/
The emphasis on rationality, linearity and clarity of purpose embodied within planned change models means that they are unlikely to be successful within higher education
……
(Kezar, 2001)
Place
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The Technology Alliance
http://flickr.com/photos/cote/36400135/
(Geoghegan, 1994)
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http://flickr.com/photos/autanex/808866285/http://flickr.com/photos/autanex/808866285/
How does the mind work?How does the mind work?
http://www.cognitive-edge.com/blogs/dave/2008/05/a_keynote_in_perth.phphttp://www.cognitive-edge.com/blogs/dave/2008/05/a_keynote_in_perth.php
People
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PlacePlacePedagogyPedagogy
ProcessProcess
PurposePurposeProductProduct
PastPastExperienceExperience
PeoplePeople
http://flickr.com/photos/joits/225824796/
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http://flickr.com/photos/joits/225824796/
Use the Ps Framework
To highlight the moon-walking bear
To understand
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http://flickr.com/photos/tonymangan/754511201/
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http://flickr.com/photos/rcstanley/30366555/
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http://flickr.com/photos/fatmandy/267252461/
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http://flickr.com/photos/blakeimeson/2743011812/
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http://flickr.com/photos/druclimb/282597447/
Overview
The QuestionThe Hole
The Method
The cycles 1.Build it and they will come2.Build what they want, fast
Reflections, implications & conclusions
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http://flickr.com/photos/victornuno/467298464/
Research aims to generate knowledge
Expressed as theory
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http://flickr.com/photos/themadlolscientist/2543882652/
(Gregor, 2006)
Type Question ExamplesI. Analysis What is? Taxonomies (e.g. Bloom's),
frameworks
II. Explanation How & Why? Structurational model of technology (Orlikowski 1992)
III. Prediction What will be? Org size predicting innovativeness, Moore's Law
IV. Explanation & Prediction
What is, how, why and what will be?
Most traditional view of theory, General system theory, TAM
V. Design & Action
How to do it? Codd's theory of relational database design
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Questions about knowledge
Domain
http://flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/310965213/
Structural/ontological
Epistemological Socio-political
(Gregor, 2006)
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Questions about knowledge
Domain
http://flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/310965213/
Structural/ontological
Epistemological Socio-political
(Gregor, 2006)
Is it interesting to information systems?
What are the boundaries?
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Questions about knowledge
Domain
http://flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/310965213/
Structural/ontological
Epistemological Socio-political
(Gregor, 2006)
Scholars in Information Systems can offer vision on structures and processes to effectively implement technology-mediated learning initiatives
(Alavi & Leidner, 2001)
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Questions about knowledge
Domain
http://flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/310965213/
Structural/ontological
Epistemological Socio-political
(Gregor, 2006)
What is theory?
How is theory expressed?
What is a contribution to knowledge?
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http://flickr.com/photos/themadlolscientist/2543882652/
(Gregor, 2006)
Type Question ExamplesI. Analysis What is? Taxonomies (e.g. Bloom's),
frameworks
II. Explanation How & Why? Structurational model of technology (Orlikowski 1992)
III. Prediction What will be? Org size predicting innovativeness, Moore's Law
IV. Explanation & Prediction
What is, how, why and what will be?
Most traditional view of theory, General system theory, TAM
V. Design & Action
How to do it? Codd's theory of relational database design
What is theory?
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Kernel TheoriesKernel Theories
Meta-Requirements
Meta-Requirements
Meta-DesignMeta-Design
DesignMethodDesign
Method
Testable design productand process hypothesesTestable design productand process hypotheses
(Walls, Widmeyer, El Sawy, 1992)
How is theory expressed? http://flickr.com/photos/dullhunk/380814854/
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Empirical plane
Theory plane
ArtifactArtifact
Artifact
Artifact
Artifact
Artifact
Theoryscope
Principles of form/constructs
Justificatory knowledge
Principles ofgeneration
If X has property Z then QIf Y has property Y then P
Instantiation
Artifactmutability
Artifact
Artifact
Artifact
ArtifactArtifactTestable hypotheses
(Lyytinen, 2008)http://flickr.com/photos/wallyg/438188176/
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Questions about knowledge
Domain
http://flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/310965213/
Structural/ontological
Epistemological Socio-political
(Gregor, 2006)
What is a contribution to knowledge?
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Design-science research guidelines
(Hevner et al, 2004)
Design as artifactProblem relevance
Research contributions Design evaluation
Research rigor Design as a search process
Communication of researchhttp://flickr.com/photos/ross/63787005/
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Principles for theory building (Gregor, 2008)
Artifact centralityArtifact purposefulness
Artifacts are systems Design research variants
Differing logics Types of theory
Mid-range theorizingInterior and exterior modes
http://flickr.com/photos/moonwire/830986515/
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Questions about knowledge
Domain
http://flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/310965213/
Structural/ontological
Epistemological Socio-political
(Gregor, 2006)
How is theory constructed?
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http://flickr.com/photos/nnova/2236873782/
2 generations actionresearch 1996-2008
ReflectReflect
PlanPlan
ActAct
WatchWatch
Webfuse
7 publications
27 publications
ISDT
PsFramework
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Design research and action research are“historically, practically, ontologically, epistemologically and methodologicallyquite different”
(Iivari, 2007)
http://flickr.com/photos/jacksonboyle/516196211/
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http://flickr.com/photos/zhushman/3040818512/
Design research != Design theory
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Questions about knowledge
Domain
http://flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/310965213/
Structural/ontological
Epistemological Socio-political
(Gregor, 2006)
Is there agreement?
Are there ethical issues?
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http://flickr.com/photos/zhushman/3040818512/
Design research != Design theory
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Socio-political and design research
Emphasis on utility(Cole, Purao, Rossi & Sein, 2005)
Increase relevance
(Hevner, March, Park and Ram, 2004)
http://flickr.com/photos/broken_simulacra/95706899/
Role of theory and artifact
Is it a paradigm?Is it CS or IS? Yes
(Hevner, et al, 2004)
Lack of consensus on objectives and outputs of design research
(Vaishnavi and Kuechleer, 2004)
Is it consulting? (Gregor, 2008)
(Venable, 2006)
Role of kernel theory(Iivari, 2007)
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http://flickr.com/photos/stephenliveshere/483840217/
Is it core?
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It is absolutely clear that design science research cannot be (value-free)
(Iivari, 2007)
Means-end oriented
InterpretiveCritical
http://flickr.com/photos/wonderlane/2090966628/
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http://flickr.com/photos/wonderlane/2090966628/
It is absolutely clear that design science research cannot be (value-free)
(Iivari, 2007)
Means-end oriented
InterpretiveCritical
achieve a rich understanding of how an IT artifactis really appropriated and used and what its effects are, without confining the focus on the given ends of its initial construction
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http://flickr.com/photos/druclimb/282597447/
Overview
The QuestionThe Hole
The Method
The cycles 1.Build it and they will come2.Build what they want, fast
Reflections, implications & conclusions
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Period Title Description1996 to now
Build it and they will come
System based on hypermedia templates
1999 to 2004
Give them a reason to come
Diffusion theory, design patterns for requirements
2000 to 2004
Build what they want, faster
Agile development, design patterns for architecture
(Jones and Gregor, 2004)
Action Research Cycles
http://flickr.com/photos/garon/2238688001/
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http://flickr.com/photos/garon/2238688001/
Period Title Description1996 to now
Build it and they will come
System based on hypermedia templates
1999 to 2004
Build what they want, fast
Diffusion theory, design patterns, agile development
(Jones and Gregor, 2004)
Action Research Cycles
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By early 199960 full-time staff users
Total staff???
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Only 5 made significant use
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1998/99 49% of content requests for 2 courses (1 staff member)
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T1, 1998 83% of content was for 1 course
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425 teaching staff employed by Infocom (2001-2004)
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353 (83%)used system
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And 445 fromoutside Infocom
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http://flickr.com/photos/maktownkid/2199965525/
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I identify myself as coming from the technophobic extreme of the faculties (I have an Arts background) but even I find the systems the team have set out relatively easy to use
..the precedent of other IT systems made available in Infocom (…) suggests that it would be extremely user friendly for people with very limited computer competence/confidence.
(Behrens, Jamieson, Jones and Cranston, 2005)
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(Jones, Cranston, Behrens and Jamieson, 2004)
The key to easy use of OASIS is that it is not a off the shelf product that is sooooo generic that it has lost its way as a course delivery tool.
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the best thing about teaching and learning in this faculty in 2003 would be the development of technologically progressive academic information systems
that provide better service to our students and staff and make our teaching more effective. Webfuse and MyInfocom development has greatly assisted staff to cope with the complexities of delivering courses across a large multi-site operation.
(CQU, 2004, p21)
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http://flickr.com/photos/druclimb/282597447/
Overview
The QuestionThe Hole
The Method
The cycles 1.Build it and they will come2.Build what they want, fast
Reflections, implications & conclusions
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http://flickr.com/photos/oberazzi/318947873/
How do you design, implement and support an information system that effectively and efficiently supports e-learning within an institution of higher education?
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Hypermedia templates, software wrappers, COTS, OO & design patterns
Hypermedia templates, software wrappers, COTS, OO & design patterns
http://flickr.com/photos/dullhunk/380814854/
Distance education and e-learning literature – Ps Framework
Distance education and e-learning literature – Ps Framework
Diffusion theory, design patterns, agile and ateleological dev.
Diffusion theory, design patterns, agile and ateleological dev.
Non func: variety, change, integration.Fun: info dist, communication….
Non func: variety, change, integration.Fun: info dist, communication….
Adopter-focused dev; pattern mining, XP
Adopter-focused dev; pattern mining, XP
Kernel theories
Meta-requirements
Designmethod
Hypermedia tmpl, platform indep, open source, design patterns
Hypermedia tmpl, platform indep, open source, design patterns
Possible to construct a system using templates as COTS/wrappers. Instantiations will be more flexible, open and customizable. Instantiations will be more acceptable leading to greater adoption. Instantiations will become specific to needs of host organisation
Possible to construct a system using templates as COTS/wrappers. Instantiations will be more flexible, open and customizable. Instantiations will be more acceptable leading to greater adoption. Instantiations will become specific to needs of host organisation
Meta-design
Hypotheses
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Recognition by senior management
http://flickr.com/photos/dougtone/3009783534/
Great staff adoptionInside Outside
Greater flexibility and resilence
InnovationCustomisation to context
Increased trust
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E-learning
Ps Framework
Pre-evaluating innovations(Jones, Jamieson & Clark, 2003)
(Jones, 2008; Jones et al, 2008; Jones et al, 2005; Jones et al, 2007)
ISDT
IS PracticeScarcity and Abudance
IS ResearchAnatomy of Design Theory
(Gregor and Jones, 2007)DT, practice and learning
Innovations(Jones, 2002; Jones, 2006)
Shadow systems(Jones, Behrens, Jamieson, Tansley, 2004)
(Jones & Behrens, 2003)
Practice, understandingof ISDT versus ISDR
http://flickr.com/photos/voxtheory/2192019057/
ISDT
Web App design(Jones & Lynch, 1999)
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http://flickr.com/photos/sineout/2491569707/
Action researchImpartiality of researcher Lack of discipline
Consulting? Context-dependency
(Nielsen, 2007)
E-learningNot sufficient learning emphasis
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