an introduction to anaphora and quantification syntax and interpretation genève, 2010

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An introduction to ANAPHORA An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010 Genève, 2010

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Page 1: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

An introduction to ANAPHORA and An introduction to ANAPHORA and QuantificationQuantification

Syntax and InterpretationSyntax and InterpretationGenève, 2010Genève, 2010

Page 2: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Two conceptions of semanticsTwo conceptions of semantics

1.1. Morris 1938: canonical division into syntax, Morris 1938: canonical division into syntax, semantics and pragmatics. According to this view, semantics and pragmatics. According to this view, semantics is concerned with the relationship among semantics is concerned with the relationship among linguistic expressions and objects/individuals of the linguistic expressions and objects/individuals of the worldworld

2.2. Conceptual semantics (Jackendoff): semantics is Conceptual semantics (Jackendoff): semantics is concerned with a special kind of concerned with a special kind of expressions/representations that characterize a expressions/representations that characterize a specific status of the mind/brainspecific status of the mind/brain

Page 3: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Chomsky: semantics does not involve a Chomsky: semantics does not involve a direct relation with the external worlddirect relation with the external world

Criticism of the notion of reference: linguistic expressions Criticism of the notion of reference: linguistic expressions refer to the objects of the world, but this happens “from the refer to the objects of the world, but this happens “from the perspective of specific human interests and objectives, and perspective of specific human interests and objectives, and with curious properties” (Nuovi orizzonti, 73). “…un’unità with curious properties” (Nuovi orizzonti, 73). “…un’unità lessicale ci fornisce una certa gamma di prospettive per lessicale ci fornisce una certa gamma di prospettive per guardare a quelli che consideriamo oggetti del mondo, o che guardare a quelli che consideriamo oggetti del mondo, o che concepiamo in modi diversi; queste unità lessicali sono come concepiamo in modi diversi; queste unità lessicali sono come filtri o lenti che ci mettono a disposizione modi per guardare filtri o lenti che ci mettono a disposizione modi per guardare alle cose e pensare ai prodotti della nostra mente. I termini alle cose e pensare ai prodotti della nostra mente. I termini stessi non hanno riferimento, perlomeno se il termine stessi non hanno riferimento, perlomeno se il termine riferimento è utilizzato con il senso che ha nel linguaggio riferimento è utilizzato con il senso che ha nel linguaggio naturale; ma le persone possono utilizzare i termini per naturale; ma le persone possono utilizzare i termini per riferirsi alle cose, guardandole da particolari punti di vista (i riferirsi alle cose, guardandole da particolari punti di vista (i quali, come si è già osservato, sono assai lontani dalla quali, come si è già osservato, sono assai lontani dalla prospettiva adottata nelle scienze naturali (95)prospettiva adottata nelle scienze naturali (95)

Page 4: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Some examples to show that the notion of Some examples to show that the notion of “reference” is problematic“reference” is problematic

1.1. Il libro che sto scrivendo peserà almeno 5 chili se Il libro che sto scrivendo peserà almeno 5 chili se sarà mai pubblicatosarà mai pubblicato

2.2. London is so unhappy, ugly, and polluted that it London is so unhappy, ugly, and polluted that it should be destroyed and rebuilt 100 miles awayshould be destroyed and rebuilt 100 miles away

3.3. John is painting the house brownJohn is painting the house brown

4.4. Se vedo una casa, vedo la superficie esterna; se Se vedo una casa, vedo la superficie esterna; se sono in un aereo, lo vedo solo se guardo fuori dal sono in un aereo, lo vedo solo se guardo fuori dal finestrino e vedo la superficie dell’ala (94)finestrino e vedo la superficie dell’ala (94)

Page 5: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

The nature of semantic computationsThe nature of semantic computations

1.1. Chomsky: Semantic representations are part of Chomsky: Semantic representations are part of syntax and consist in the manipulation of symbolic syntax and consist in the manipulation of symbolic objects.objects.

1.1. The point of view that I will take:The point of view that I will take: Semantic computations are distinct from syntactic Semantic computations are distinct from syntactic computations and involve the use of a set-theoretic computations and involve the use of a set-theoretic apparatus that relates linguistic expressions to apparatus that relates linguistic expressions to objects in a model. What counts here are the objects in a model. What counts here are the logical and mathematical properties of those logical and mathematical properties of those objects whereas the non-formal properties are objects whereas the non-formal properties are disregarded.disregarded.

Page 6: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Semantic computations and pronominal Semantic computations and pronominal anaphoraanaphora

1.1. Pronouns as bound variables: the Pronouns as bound variables: the constraints on pronominal anaphora constraints on pronominal anaphora are NOT constraints on coreferenceare NOT constraints on coreference

2.2. Semantics and language acquisition: Semantics and language acquisition: Delay in the acquisition of Principle B Delay in the acquisition of Principle B of Binding Theoryof Binding Theory

Page 7: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Bound variables readingsBound variables readings

(1)(1) Every student thinks that Mary likes himEvery student thinks that Mary likes him(2)(2) x (x thinks that Mary likes x)x (x thinks that Mary likes x)

(3)(3) The professor who tested every student thinks that Mary likes himThe professor who tested every student thinks that Mary likes him(4)(4) **x (the professor who tested x thinks che Mary likes xx (the professor who tested x thinks che Mary likes x

(5)(5) The professor who tested no student thinks that Mary likes himThe professor who tested no student thinks that Mary likes him(6)(6) **x (the professor who did not test x thinks that Mary likes x)x (the professor who did not test x thinks that Mary likes x)

(7)(7) The professor who did not test Charles thinks that Mary likes himThe professor who did not test Charles thinks that Mary likes him

(8)(8) The professor who tested him thinks that Mary likes no studentThe professor who tested him thinks that Mary likes no student(9)(9) **x (the professor who tested x thinks thatMary does not like x)x (the professor who tested x thinks thatMary does not like x)

(10)(10) The professor who tested him thinks that Mary does not like CharlesThe professor who tested him thinks that Mary does not like Charles

CONCLUSIONE: C-command is relevant for bound variable readings, but CONCLUSIONE: C-command is relevant for bound variable readings, but is irrelevant for coreferenceis irrelevant for coreference

Page 8: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Properties and functionsProperties and functions

¶Tito sleeps¶ ¶Tito sleeps¶ The interpretation takes place according to a certan The interpretation takes place according to a certan

number of parameters (time, assignment function, number of parameters (time, assignment function, world, etc.)world, etc.)

¶Tito¶ = t¶Tito¶ = t¶sleeps¶ = [a, b, c, d…]¶sleeps¶ = [a, b, c, d…]Sleeps (x) = V/FSleeps (x) = V/Fx [x x [x sleep’] sleep’] x [x x [x sleep’] (t) = [t sleep’] (t) = [t sleep’] sleep’]

Page 9: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Semantic tipesSemantic tipes

f <e,t> = properties (N, V, A)f <e,t> = properties (N, V, A) f <e,e> = mother off <e,e> = mother of f <t,t> = negationf <t,t> = negation f <e, <e,t>> = transitive verbsf <e, <e,t>> = transitive verbs f <<e,t>, <e,t>> = antonyms, f <<e,t>, <e,t>> = antonyms,

modifiers…modifiers… f <<e,t>, t> = quantifiers f <<e,t>, t> = quantifiers

Page 10: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Individuals as set of propertiesIndividuals as set of properties

x x y y P [[P(x) P [[P(x) P(y)] P(y)] x = y] x = y]x x y y P [ x = y P [ x = y [P(x) [P(x) P(y)] P(y)]

¶Tito¶ = ¶Tito¶ = PP<e,t><e,t> [t [t P] P]

¶Tito sleeps¶ = 1 iff ¶Tito¶ ¶Tito sleeps¶ = 1 iff ¶Tito¶ ¶sleeps¶ ¶sleeps¶¶Tito sleeps¶ = 1 iff ¶sleeps¶ ¶Tito sleeps¶ = 1 iff ¶sleeps¶ ¶Tito¶ ¶Tito¶

Page 11: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

QuantifiersQuantifiers

1.1. Every soldier dreamedEvery soldier dreamed2.2. Some soldier dreamedSome soldier dreamed3. No soldier dreamed3. No soldier dreamed4.4. x [soldier’(x) x [soldier’(x) dreamed’(x)] dreamed’(x)]5. 5. x [soldier’(x) x [soldier’(x) dreamed’(x)] dreamed’(x)]6.6. x [soldier’(x) x [soldier’(x) dreamed’(x)] dreamed’(x)]7.7. [[every soldier] dreamed][[every soldier] dreamed]8.8. [every [soldier dreamed]][every [soldier dreamed]]

Page 12: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Generalized quantifiersGeneralized quantifiers

11. . ¶every soldier¶ = ¶every soldier¶ = PP<e,t> <e,t> [soldier’ [soldier’ P] P]

2. ¶some soldier¶ = 2. ¶some soldier¶ = PP<e,t> <e,t> [soldier’ [soldier’ P P ]]

3. ¶no soldier¶ = 3. ¶no soldier¶ = PP<e,t> <e,t> [soldier’ [soldier’ P = P = ]]

¶every soldier sleeps¶ = ¶every soldier¶ (¶sleeps¶)¶every soldier sleeps¶ = ¶every soldier¶ (¶sleeps¶)

PP<e,t> <e,t> [soldier’ [soldier’ P] P] <<e,t>, t><<e,t>, t> (sleeps’ (sleeps’ <e,t><e,t>) = soldier’ ) = soldier’ sleeps sleeps

[ [every[ [every?? soldier soldier<e,t><e,t>]]<<e,t>,t><<e,t>,t> sleeps sleeps<e,t><e,t>] ]

5. ¶every¶ = 5. ¶every¶ = PPQ [P Q [P Q] Q]6. ¶some¶ = 6. ¶some¶ = PPQ [P Q [P Q Q ]]7. ¶no¶ = 7. ¶no¶ = PPQ [P Q [P Q = Q = ]]

Page 13: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

ExercisesExercises

1.1. Express 1-3 (previous slide) in terms of Express 1-3 (previous slide) in terms of first-order logic notationfirst-order logic notation

2.2. Give the semantics of “exactly two”Give the semantics of “exactly two”

3.3. Give the semantics of “most”Give the semantics of “most”

Page 14: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

C-command and coreferenceC-command and coreference

(1)(1) Every student likes himEvery student likes him(2)(2) Charles loves himCharles loves himQUESTION: Is Principle B a constraint on BINDING or a constraint on QUESTION: Is Principle B a constraint on BINDING or a constraint on

COREFERENCE?COREFERENCE?(3)(3) Genève is loved by its inhabitants, Verona is notGenève is loved by its inhabitants, Verona is not(4)(4) Genève [Genève [x (x x (x è amata dagli abitanti di xè amata dagli abitanti di x)])]

Verona [Verona [x (x non x (x non è amata dagli abitanti di xè amata dagli abitanti di x)])](5)(5) The people who live in Geneva love it, but the people who live in The people who live in Geneva love it, but the people who live in

Verona do notVerona do not(6)(6) Genève [Genève [x (the people living in x lovex (the people living in x love x x)])]

*Verona [*Verona [x (the people living in x do not lovex (the people living in x do not love x x)])]CONCLUSIONE: The bound variable reading is possible with proper CONCLUSIONE: The bound variable reading is possible with proper

names as well. It is then possible that the constraint on (2) concerns names as well. It is then possible that the constraint on (2) concerns the bound variable reading and NOT coreferencethe bound variable reading and NOT coreference

Page 15: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

““Oscar-sentences” and Oscar-sentences” and coreferencecoreference

(1)(1) It’s not true that Michael loves nobody!It’s not true that Michael loves nobody!He loves MichaelHe loves Michael

(2)(2) It’s not true that nobody likes Michael! It’s not true that nobody likes Michael! Michael likes himMichael likes him

Page 16: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Crossover and Condition CCrossover and Condition C

(1)(1) Who does he like?Who does he like?(2)(2) Who does his professor like?Who does his professor like?

(3)(3) He loves everyone’s motherHe loves everyone’s mother(4)(4) His mother loves everyoneHis mother loves everyone

(3)(3) Someone loves everyone’s motherSomeone loves everyone’s mother

QUESTION: Why has the trace of the operator (wh-phrase or quantifier) to c-command QUESTION: Why has the trace of the operator (wh-phrase or quantifier) to c-command the pronoun? the pronoun?

COROLLARY: Why does semantic binding entails syntactic binding in natural language?COROLLARY: Why does semantic binding entails syntactic binding in natural language?

Page 17: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Syntactic and Semantic bindingSyntactic and Semantic binding

binds binds if if c-commands c-commands and and is coindexed with is coindexed with ..

Let be a branching node with daughters and , where dominates only a numerical index i. Then, for every variable assignment g, ||||g = x. ||||g: i x

QP ||||g = x. ||||g: i x

1

t1

…i….

Page 18: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Two ideas of anaphoric dependenceTwo ideas of anaphoric dependence

1. CLP: If x depends on y, then y has to c-command xUnder CLP indexes produce only BVRs and coreference is accidental covaluation.Grammatical principles (BT principles) express constraints on the BVR.

2. INP: If x depends on y, then x cannot c-command yUnder INP anaphoric dependencies are encoded through an asymmetric relation of linking. Grammatical principles constrain linking. Covaluation of two DPs is linking.

3. Both CLP and INP must be supplemented by an Obviation Rule stating that two DPs that exclude coindexation or linking as a result of grammar cannot be covalued(Reinhart’s Rule I and Safir’s Obviation)4. John saw him 5. John said that he saw him

Page 19: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

The delay in the acquisition of Principle B The delay in the acquisition of Principle B (Grodzinsky&Reinhart 1993, Baauw&Delfitto 2005)(Grodzinsky&Reinhart 1993, Baauw&Delfitto 2005)

1.1. a. The boy touched hima. The boy touched him (around 50% adult-like)(around 50% adult-like)

b.b. The boy touched himself (almost 100% adult-like)The boy touched himself (almost 100% adult-like)

2.2. Every boy touched himEvery boy touched him (85% adult-like)(85% adult-like)3.3. La niña la señala (90% adult-like)La niña la señala (90% adult-like)

4.4. a. Do you know what Mary and John have in common? Mary a. Do you know what Mary and John have in common? Mary admires him and John admires him tooadmires him and John admires him too

5.5. Zelda’s husband is himZelda’s husband is him6.6. A. Is this speaker Zelda? B. How can you doubt it? She praises her A. Is this speaker Zelda? B. How can you doubt it? She praises her

to the sky. No competing candidate would do thatto the sky. No competing candidate would do that7.7. It is not really true that everyone likes John. JOHN does not like him!It is not really true that everyone likes John. JOHN does not like him!

Page 20: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Clitici pronominali come variabili: Clitici pronominali come variabili: dislocazione a sinistra e familiaritàdislocazione a sinistra e familiarità

1.1. Questo libro l’ho già lettoQuesto libro l’ho già letto1’.1’. Questo libro [Questo libro [x (ho già letto x)]x (ho già letto x)]

2.2. L’ho già lettoL’ho già letto

2’.2’. [[TOPTOPe] [e] [x (ho già letto x)]x (ho già letto x)]

3.3. Ognuno pensa che Maria lo amiOgnuno pensa che Maria lo ami3’.3’. Ognuno [Ognuno [x (x pensa che Maria ami x)]x (x pensa che Maria ami x)]

Page 21: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Quantificazione e scopeQuantificazione e scope

(1)(1) Ogni studente leggeOgni studente legge(2)(2) OGNI [studente] [legge]OGNI [studente] [legge]

(3)(3) Leo incontra ogni studenteLeo incontra ogni studente

Domanda: Qual è il secondo insieme della relazione?Domanda: Qual è il secondo insieme della relazione?

(4)(4) [Ogni studente] [Leo incontra x][Ogni studente] [Leo incontra x](5)(5) OGNI [OGNI [x: studente] [x: studente] [x: Leo incontra x]x: Leo incontra x]

(6)(6) Il professore che ha promosso ogni studente è impazzitoIl professore che ha promosso ogni studente è impazzito(7)(7) *Quale studente il professore che ha promosso è impazzito?*Quale studente il professore che ha promosso è impazzito?

Page 22: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Quantificazione e calcolo Quantificazione e calcolo predicativopredicativo(1)(1) Ogni studente leggeOgni studente legge(2)(2) x [studente(x) x [studente(x) legge(x)] legge(x)](3)(3) Most students readMost students read(4)(4) Most x [student(x) Most x [student(x) read(x)] read(x)]

Si consideri un modello composto da 10 persone, di cui 6 leggono. Di Si consideri un modello composto da 10 persone, di cui 6 leggono. Di queste 10 persone, 5 sono studenti. Dei 5 studenti, 1 legge e 4 non queste 10 persone, 5 sono studenti. Dei 5 studenti, 1 legge e 4 non leggono. leggono.

In questo modello, si dimostra che (4) è vera e che (3) è falsa.In questo modello, si dimostra che (4) è vera e che (3) è falsa.Quindi (4) non rappresenta una forma logica adeguata per (3)Quindi (4) non rappresenta una forma logica adeguata per (3)

Page 23: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Proprietà logiche della Proprietà logiche della quantificazionequantificazione1.1. Ogni A = Ogni A = XXU/AU/AXX2.2. Qualche A = Qualche A = XXU/AU/AXX3.3. Most Most A = A = XXU/AU/AXXA-XA-X4.4. Nessun A = Nessun A = XXU/AU/AX=X=

ISOMORFISMO: L’interpretazione di D è indifferente alle ISOMORFISMO: L’interpretazione di D è indifferente alle permutazioni degli individui di U. I determinanti sono permutazioni degli individui di U. I determinanti sono indifferenti alle proprietà o individui particolariindifferenti alle proprietà o individui particolari

DOMANDA: Dimostrare che Qualche(A) è B DOMANDA: Dimostrare che Qualche(A) è B Qualche(f(A)) è Qualche(f(A)) è f(B), indipendentemente dalla caratterizzazione di ff(B), indipendentemente dalla caratterizzazione di f

Page 24: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

Quantificazione e Quantificazione e conservativitàconservativitàCONSERVATIVITA’: D(A) è B CONSERVATIVITA’: D(A) è B D(A) è A D(A) è ABB1.1. Qualche uomo corre Qualche uomo corre Qualche uomo è un uomo che corre Qualche uomo è un uomo che corre2.2. La maggior parte degli uomini corre La maggior parte degli uomini corre La maggior parte degli uomini sono La maggior parte degli uomini sono

uomini che corronouomini che corrono

RELAZIONI NON-CONSERVATIVE:RELAZIONI NON-CONSERVATIVE:

3.3. A = B è vero sse A = AA = B è vero sse A = AB (identità)B (identità)4.4. <X,Y>: X>Y (quantificatore di Rescher)<X,Y>: X>Y (quantificatore di Rescher)

5.5. Solo gli uomini fumano Solo gli uomini fumano solo gli uomini sono uomini che fumano solo gli uomini sono uomini che fumano6.6. Solo A è B Solo A è B A ABB

Ma SOLO non è un determinante, ha invece la distribuzione di un avverbialeMa SOLO non è un determinante, ha invece la distribuzione di un avverbiale

Page 25: An introduction to ANAPHORA and Quantification Syntax and Interpretation Genève, 2010

MONOTONICITA’MONOTONICITA’

(1)(1) Ogni studente ha lasciato la festa prima delle 10Ogni studente ha lasciato la festa prima delle 10(2)(2) Ogni studente ha lasciato la festa prima delle 11Ogni studente ha lasciato la festa prima delle 11(3)(3) Nessuno studente ha lasciato la festa prima delle 10Nessuno studente ha lasciato la festa prima delle 10(4)(4) Nessuno studente ha lasciato la festa prima delle 9Nessuno studente ha lasciato la festa prima delle 9

(5)(5) *Every student saw any professor*Every student saw any professor(6)(6) No student saw any professorNo student saw any professor

(7)(7) Every student who praised any professor succeededEvery student who praised any professor succeeded(8)(8) *Every student who succeeded praised any professor*Every student who succeeded praised any professor

(9)(9) Every student who left before 10 passed the examEvery student who left before 10 passed the exam(10)(10) Every student who left before 9 passed the examEvery student who left before 9 passed the exam