an introduction to english phonetics
TRANSCRIPT
An Introduction to
English PhoneticsRichard Ogden
The larynx, voicing and
voice quality
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Voicing produce by:
Using components of vocal folds
Vibration of vocal folds
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Voicing Production Components Larynx Vocal folds
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Where is the place of vocal folds? Vocal folds located in the larynx
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Vocal Folds
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Larynx
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Larynx consists of three main cartilage:
thyroid,cricoidarytenoid
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Thyroid
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of those three , thyroid:
Is the most obvious It is largest Is at the front of larynx
Forms box of larynx It consists of two plates
Is static Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 10
Hyoid bone is the place of thyroid
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Hyoid bone
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Arytenoid & cricoid cartilage
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Cricoid cartilage: Ring shape underneath the thyroid
Forms the bottom part of the “box”
Has two spurs, one each side
Two arytenoid cartilage sit top on the back of the cricoid cartilage
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How form glottis: Vocal folds are attached to
the arytenoid at the back and thyroid at the front
At the side vocal folds are attached to the muscle of larynx
In the middle is free so there is a gap between them
This gap is called glottis Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 15
Glottis ;
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Arytenoids : Are movable Cause the tension across the vocal folds change
So lead to vibration of vocal folds
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Thickness of vocal folds cause vibration
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Changing rate of vibration of vocal folds
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Vibration of foldsNot brain command !
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Vibration of vocal folds caused by right amount tension across the folds
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vocal folds is such a valve;
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Valve (windpi
pe)
How the voiceless sounds are produced:
Vocal folds form a kind of valve
For breathing vocal folds open
Then held wide apart So, air can pass in and out of
lung unimpeded Then, allowing free passage
of air across the glottisFinally, voiceless sound are
produced Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 23
Breathing, open vocal folds
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How the voiced sounds are produced:
First of all , Folds are shut or close
Then , Air below cannot escape
Yet, Pressure of muscle forcing air out
So, pressure builds up below the glottis
Until eventually folds open Thus air pass through glottis
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Voiced sounds ; Air pressure above and below the glottis equalizes
Now, tension across the vocal folds cause them back together
The process now repeat itself
Voice sound appeared Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 26
Vocal folds are shut
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Aerodynamic effect of vocal folds
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Bernoulli effect ;The cycle of closing and opening vocal fold is an aerodynamic effect
It is called bernoullie effect
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Bernoulli effect
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How produce modal voicing:
Vocal folds vibrate Make complete closure along
with full lengthMake no gap in contact
between vocal folds There is regular vibration No particular tension in the
folds This is called modal voicing Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 31
Modal voicing
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Changing the rate of vibration of vocal folds
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What affect the vibration of vocal folds
? First , pitch resulting from more tension
Second, loudness of our speech or average pitch resulting from more air pressure
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We use the term of “ pitch “ to refer to a percept rather than a
physical event .
Pitch
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Change meaning in sentence level not word level
Pitch will rise : The more tension across the folds, the faster rate of vibration
the folds tightened/adducted by arytenoid cartilage
folds start vibrate more quickly
Thus , pitch will rise Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 36
Pitch will down:
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the folds relax, not tightened/adducted by arytenoid cartilage
Tension is lower Then , folds vibrate slowly
Pitch will down
Vocal process of vibration
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Fundamental frequency
The rate of vibration of vocal folds is called fundamental frequency
The relationship between pitch & fundamental frequency are not linear.
This relationship is logarithmic in nature Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 39
f0
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Parameter for describing f0:
F0 is produced within a certain range; bottom & top range
Bottom of the range refers to speaker’s lowest f0 value
Top of the range refers to speaker’s highest f0 value
This range varies among individuals
This variation is because of extralinguistic factors Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 41
The reasons for individuals variation in
f0:Individual’s vocal tract shape
Individual’s larynx Individual’s habitual way of speaking
Individual’s shape of thyroid cartilage
And, age & gender Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 42
Feature of Intonation
Intonation is the linguistic use of particular f0 in production speech
Intonation affect on meaning Intonation carries main stressed
item of an utterance Other stressed syllabus of the
utterance does not carry intonation
In English, context influence on the f0 contour subsequently intonation
Open page 46 & 47
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Fall intonation :
[\]
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Rise intonation:
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[/]
Fall – rise intonation:
[\/]
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Rise – fall intonation:
[/\]
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Level intonation:
[`]Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 48
Phrasing; One of the main interference between syntax & semantic & phonetics is : phrasing & intonation
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So, why ? Because phrasing & intonation give speakers clues of syntax that organizes words into the structure
Refer to page 49 as an example of phrasing
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Voice quality;Speaker can control :Rate of vibration of vocal folds
& The way in which they vibrate
This is called : Voice quality Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 51
Voice quality :Breathy voice Creaky voice Whisper voice Falsetto voice Glasgow
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Breathy voice is produced :
In open vocal folds Is soft and quieter Transcribe with : [..]
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Creaky voice : Closure along the vocal folds
leaving an opening at the front end
Folds are pressed not firmly Folds become thick Creak leads to irregular pattern
of vibration Vibration is slow F0 is low Diacritic is : [~]
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Whisper voice : Vocal folds is narrow Glottis is opened Folds not vibrate The air below become turbulent
Is used that speaker speak quietly /secretivelyPrepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 55
Falsetto voice : Raising the speaker f0
Vocal folds stretch Glottis not completely closed
Used in singing & conversational speech
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Glasgow Is a voice quality as
sociolinguistic marker Voice quality varies with age,
gender & class Its different “articulator
setting” refers to habitual way of speaker’s speech production
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Thank you
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