an introduction to phonetics - professor arce's...

An Introduction to PhoneticsProf. Miguel A. Arce Ramos

English 115

Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico

!

For all data on this course!•  Please go to:

•  www.professorarce.weebly.com

How do you teach a kid how to read in English?!

Kindergarten – Second Grade English !•  Basic Sound Patterns

•  Short a = Consonant + Vowel + Consonant,

CVCC, VCC = Ahh sound like when a

dentist tells you to open your mouth

•  cat

•  back

•  bag

•  and

•  at


•  Long a = CVCV, CVVC = ey sound

•  cake

•  rain

•  paint

•  state


•  Short e =CVC, CVCC, VCC = This has an

ehh sound

•  pet

•  bed

•  best

•  end


•  Long /e/ = CVVC, VVCC = This has an /

i/ sound

•  feet

•  achieve

•  each

•  eagle


•  Short /i/ = CVC, CVCC = This has a ihh

sound

•  fist

•  kid

•  sick

•  mitt


•  Long /i/ - VCV, CVgh, Cie, y at the end

•  shy

•  ice

•  light

•  tie


•  Short /o/ - CVC, CVCC, VCC = It has a

Spanish a sound (ahh)

•  Bob

•  block

•  blog

•  stop

•  hot


•  Long /o/ - CVCV, COE = ou sound

•  bogus

•  rope

•  rose

•  toe

•  road


•  Long /u/ = CVVC, CVCV = This has an

an uuu sound

•  glue

•  flu

•  root

•  soup

•  astute

Phonetics!

What are phonetics?!•  Phonetics = is a branch of linguistics that

comprises the study of the sounds of human

speech.

•  Phonology = The sound system of a language.

The Speech Mechanism!

Spelling System!•  The English spelling system can be extremely

difficult to learn.

•  There are more sounds than letters.

•  Twenty-six (26) letters exist in the

alphabet

•  There are over forty (40)sounds.

Spelling System!•  There are letters that are

the same but have

different sounds.

•  hat

•  aim

•  all

•  art

•  above

•  orange

•  see

•  sure

•  Asia

Spelling System!•  You can have the same

sound but different letters.

•  baby

•  they

•  steak

•  veil

•  rain

•  may

•  fell

•  stuff

•  photo

•  tough

!

Spelling System!•  Letters representing no sound.

•  right

•  design

•  island

•  hour

•  bomb

•  wrong

Alphabet!

Consonants

Vowels

Alphabet!•  Consonant = a speech sound that is

articulated with complete or partial closure of

the vocal tract.

•  Vowel = is a sound in spoken language,

pronounced with an open vocal tract so that

there is no build-up of air pressure at any

point above the glottis.

Consonants !

Consonants!•  When making consonant sounds we have to

take into consideration three factors:

•  How sound is produced?

•  Place of Articulation

•  Manner of Articulation

Consonants!•  In phonetics, we have two ways of

pronouncing consonants.

•  Voiced = there is vibration of the vocal

chords when pronouncing these sounds.

•  Voiceless = there is NO vibration of the

vocal chords when pronouncing these

sounds.

Consonants!

3. Manner of Articulation!

2. Place of Articulation!bilabial! labiodental! interdental! alveolar! palatal! velar! glottal!

stop! p b! t d! k g! h!

fricative! f v! Ɵ ð!!

s z! ʃ ʒ !!

affricate! ʧ ʤ !!

nasal! m! n! ŋ!

Liqu

id!

lateral! l!retroflex! r!

glide! w! y!

Manner of Articulation!•  Manner of Articulation = In linguistics, how

the speech organs of lips, tongue, and vocal

cords must be arranged in order to produce a

particular sound.

•  For example,

•  Nasal

•  Stop

•  Fricative

Manner of Articulation!•  Stop = that you make by stopping the flow of

air completely and then suddenly letting it out

of your mouth.

•  Fricative = produced by the forcing of breath

through a constricted passage.

•  Affricate = A complex speech sound consisting

of a stop consonant followed by a fricative; for

example, the initial sounds of child and joy.

Manner of Articulation!•  Nasal = Articulated by lowering the soft palate

so that air resonates in the nasal cavities and

passes out the nose.

•  Liquid = A consonant articulated without

friction and capable of being prolonged like a

vowel.

•  Glide = The transitional sound produced by

passing from the articulatory position of one

speech sound to that of another.

Place of Articulation!•  Bilabial = is a consonant that is articulated

using both lips.

•  Example,

•  [p] = peanut = voiceless bilabial stop

•  [b] = butter = voiced bilabial stop

•  [m] = man = voiced bilabial nasal

•  [w] = woman = voiced bilabial glide

Place of Articulation!•  Labiodental = a consonant whose articulation

involves the lips and teeth.

•  Example,

•  [f] = fear = voiceless labiodental

fricative

•  [v] = vinegar = voiced labiodental

fricative

Place of Articulation!•  Interdental = Pertaining to the space between

the teeth; Pronounced with the tongue

between the top and bottom teeth.

•  For example,

•  [Ɵ] = thin = voiceless interdental fricative

•  [ð] = the = voiced interdental fricative

Place of Articulation!•  Alveolar = a consonant articulated with the tip

of the tongue near the gum ridge.

•  For example,

•  [t] = touch = voiceless alveolar stop

•  [d] = down = voiced alveolar stop

•  [s] = sick = voiceless alveolar fricative

•  [z] = zoo = voiced alveolar fricative

•  [n] = no = voiced alveolar nasal

•  [l] = lamb = voiced alveolar lateral

Place of Articulation!•  Palatal = consonants articulated with the body

of the tongue raised against the hard palate

(the middle part of the roof of the mouth).

•  For example,

•  [ʃ] = sheet = voiceless palatal fricative

•  [ʒ] = measure = voiced palatal fricative

•  [ʧ] = chair = voiceless palatal affricate

•  [ʤ] = jail = voiced palatal affricate

Place of Articulation!•  Velar = Articulated with the back of the tongue

touching or near the soft palate.

•  For example,

•  [k] = king = voiceless velar stop

•  [g] = gang = voiced velar stop

•  [ŋ] = ring = voiced velar nasal

Place of Articulation!•  Glottal = articulated or pronounced at or with

the glottis

•  For example,

•  [h] = hair = voiceless glottal stop

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