an introduction to plant growth regulators - engage agro · ullmann's encyclopedia of...
TRANSCRIPT
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An introduction to
Plant Growth Regulators
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MRL Update • We expect the establishment of the chlormequat chloride tolerance in
the USA by mid-May 2018. Chlormequat chloride is the active ingredient in Manipulator.
• Engage Agro will be asking customers for forecasts in anticipation of the establishment of the MRL in the USA. We will also be providing Manipulator training sessions to agronomists, growers and retailers to ensure label compliance.
• In the event the tolerance is not established in time for application, Engage Agro will not release additional product to the distribution channel.
• Always check with your buyer before applying any crop protection product
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Agenda
• Introduction – What are PGR’s?
• Understanding Plant Hormones
• PGR’s in Cereal Production
• How PGR’s work in Cereal crops
• PGR’s For Canada – Manipulator Introduction
• Wheat Growth Stages (GS/30-32)
• Manipulator application guidelines
• Discussion / Q&A
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What are PGR’s? • “plant growth regulators affect
the balance of plant hormones in treated plants”
• PGR’s benefit crop production by modifying the balance of plant hormones
Source: Rademacher, W. and Brahm, L. 2010. Plant Growth Regulators. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
http://www.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu/forcing/lily_cultivars/Fangio.htm
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Understanding Plant Hormones
• What are Plant Hormones?
– Signaling molecules that regulate plant growth and development
– They are NOT nutrients, but naturally occurring chemicals that promote and influence the growth, development and differentiation of cells and tissues in plants
C C
H
H
H
H Ethylene
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Understanding Plant Hormones • Five “Classical” Plant Hormones
Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberellins
Abscisic Acid
Ethylene
Stimulate plant growth
Inhibit plant growth
Abscisic Acid is the hormone which stimulates the closure of stomata.
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Understanding Plant Hormones Ethylene
Gaseous compound Stimulates senescence Stimulates release of dormancy “Triple response” – stunting of growth,
twisting of plants, abnormal thickening of stems
Stimulates fruit ripening
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Understanding Plant Hormones Gibberellins
Synthesized in young tissues of the shoot and developing seed
Stimulates stem elongation through cell division and elongation
Gibberellins production is highest during periods of rapid growth.
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PGR’s in Cereal Production
Why PGR’s -> Reduced Lodging
• PGRs are used on cereals to prevent lodging by helping plants develop shorter, thicker, stronger stems.
• PGR’s are sprayed on the crop in the same way as a herbicide or fungicide
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PGR’s in Cereal Production Why PGR’s -> Reduced Lodging
• Effects of lodging
• Yield loss • Reduction of photosynthetic
capabilities of the plant • Interference with the transport of
nutrients and moisture from the soil • Uneven maturity • Loss of grain quality • Ease of harvesting
• Factors that cause Lodging in cereal crops
– Cultivar susceptibility – Weather – Crop Management
• Fertility • Seeding rates
“Lodging is reported to be the most limiting factor in attaining high yields from increased nitrogen fertilization” (2008 Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Lodging of Cereal Crops)
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PGR’s in Cereal Production
UNTREATED TREATED
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How PGR’s work in Cereal crops • Cereals plant growth regulators fall into two main groups related to their
mode of action.
• Ethylene releasing compounds • 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid - ethephon • Ethephon is slightly acidic but when absorbed into the more
neutral cells/cytoplasm ethephon breaks down into ethylene – inhibiting stem elongation
• eg: Ethrel/Cerone
• Inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis • anti-gibberellins
• In Canada a PGR which claims to reduce lodging must be registered with
the PMRA, efficacy testing must be done prior to registration to prove the PGR works. • PGR’s which claim to increase growth are regulated by the CFIA, the same as
fertility products
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How PGR’s work in Cereal crops
• Ethylene releasing compounds
• Essentially add the hormone
ethylene onto the plant
• Reduce height and thicken stems when applied within a narrow application window • *may harm the plant when
applied outside of their application window
• Excellent results to reduce
“neck snapping”
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Anti-gibberellin compounds
Chlormequat: Manipulator, Cycocel etc...
Triazoles: used in OSR/canola in the UK
Trinexapac-ethyl: Moddus, Palisade Prohexadione-Ca: Apogee, Canopy
Newest group of growth retardants: no commercial products available
Gibberellin biosynthesis
Rademacher, 2000. Growth retardants: Effects on gibberellin biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51:501-31.
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How PGR’s work in Cereal crops
• Anti-Gibberellin Products
• reduce gibberellin production which reduces plant height and thickens stems
• significantly reduces the risk of lodging and yield loss in cereal grains
• Trinexapac-ethyl & Prohexadione Ca
• Trinexapac-ethyl & Prohexadione Ca reduce gibberellic acid (GA) production late in the biosynthesis of GA, and has a short residual activity. Trinexapac ethyl is often tank mixed with Chlormequat because they are complimentary.
• Chlormequat
• Chlormequat reduces gibberellic acid (GA) production early in the biosynthesis of GA, and has a long residual activity. Since its introduction for use in 1965, Chlormequat Chloride has become the standard for lodging control in cereals.
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PGR’s in the UK
Plant Growth Regulator Use in the UK
Crop % receiving PGR Apps/year
winter wheat 89 1.7
winter barley 77 1.4
winter oats 78 1.4
75% of PGR applications contain chlormequat
2006 -Department for the Environment Food and Rural Affairs, London
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Comparison of standard PGR’s used in Europe
Anti-gibberellin PGR’s Unformulated Chlormequat Trinexapac ethyl & Prohexadione CA
Mode of action Inhibits early stages of gibberellin biosynthesis
Inhibits late stages of gibberellin biosynthesis
Minimum temperature 8° C 10 ° C
On set of action Slow Fast
Residual activity Long short
Application widow GS 23-31 (2- 6 leaf stage) GS 30-32 (5-6 leaf stage)
Source: Wilhelm Rademacher ‐ Control of Lodging in Intense European Cereal Production
Ethylene releasing compounds Ethephon
Mode of action Releases ethylene which can cause stunting of growth, and abnormal thickening of stems
Minimum temperature 15 ° C
Application widow GS 37-45 (early flag to swollen-boot stage)
Source: Cerone® product label
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Comparison of standard PGR’s used in Europe
• Chlormequat is the standard product used in Europe across most cereal crops
• Trinexapac ethyl, Prohexadione CA and Ethephon are used in specific situations depending on growing conditions.
– Example:
• Trinexapac ethyl is a strong barley PGR but with a narrow window of application
• Growers will use Trinexapac ethyl on their barley and Chlormequat on their wheat because of wider application flexibility
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Why is there so much interest in PGR’s now?
• In PGR’s with older formulations, application timing is very
critical.
• If they aren’t applied at the right time, results are not beneficial; • In Canadian growing conditions, this window can be as short as a
few days.
• PGR’s with older formulations require temperatures to be
above 8° C, or they won’t work • This is part of the reason we haven’t seen much PGR use in
Canadian cereal production
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Formulation: • Chlormequat chloride (620 g/L) + Low
temperature activators + Safeners • suspension concentrate (SC) • systemic
Key Features:
• Performance not affected by temperature • Designed to work as low as 1⁰C
• Safening system
• Wide window of application • GS 12- 39 (2-3 leaf stage to flag)
• Excellent tank mix compatibility
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UNTREATED MANIPULATOR™
NDVI picture of field shown • The dark green area was the section
treated with MANIPULATOR™ • Dark green means it has a higher yield
potential
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PGR application timing on wheat
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Manipulator Application Timing
1. Optimum timing (~ 5 to 6 leaf) – Growth Stage 30 - 32: • Excellent results compared to untreated.
2. Flag leaf Growth Stage 39 • Very good results compared to untreated.
3. Herbicide Timing (3 to 4 leaf, 1 tiller) – Growth Stage 21 - 29: • Good results compared to untreated.
• If you want to avoid a separate pass • Tank mixing with a flag leaf fungicide shows better PGR efficacy than
herbicide timing
• We do not recommend applying a flag leaf fungicide at GS 30-32, as data shows that early fungicide applications are not as effective
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Staging GS- 30 5 -6 leaf, 1-2 tillers
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Staging GS 30-32
Pull a sample which represents the average growth stage of the field. The wheat in this picture is at GS 30.
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Staging GS 30-32
Identify the main stem. This stem is usually the largest with the thickest stem. This plant is in GS 30. Remove the tillers.
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Staging GS 30-32
Cut the roots off at the base of the plant, then make a lateral cut from the base of the stem.
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Staging GS 30-32
Identify the head. If the head is more than 1 cm above the ground, and the first node is not visible, the plant is in GS 30. Note this wheat plant is entering GS 30
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Staging GS 30-32
If the head is 1 cm above the first visible node, the plant is in GS 31 If the head is 1 cm above the second node, the plant is in GS 32.
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Small Plot Trial: NARF - Melfort, SK
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Untreated GS21 Herbicidetiming
GS31 5-6 leaf stage GS39 Flag Leafstage
Height (cm)
Yield (bu/ac)
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Manipulator Trial Results - 2013
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Height (cm)
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Spring Wheat Trial: IHARF - Indian Head, SK Height and Yield at 3 different fertility rates and 2 different timings
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Manipulator Trial Results - 2014 Spring Wheat Trial: IHARF - Indian Head, SK
Height, Yield and Protein at 3 different fertility rates and 3 different PGR timings
He
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Manipulator Trial Results - 2015 Spring Wheat Trial: IHARF - Indian Head, SK
Height , Yield and Protein at 3 different fertility rates and 3 different PGR timings
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1st node location
Stage: Awns just visible (GS 49) -17 days after application
Manipulator
untreated
2nd internode length
Manipulator internodes
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4th internode length 3rd internode length
4th node to top of awns
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Application Guidelines • Timing
– GS 12 – 39
– 5-6 leaf stage (GS 30 – 31) is ideal
• Rate
– 1.8L/ha
– 0.7 L/ac
• Pack size
– 2 x 10L case
– 14 ac/jug
• Formulation – SC
– Shake jug before using
• Water volume
– 100 L/HA or 10 gal/ac
• Rain fast
– 2 hours in good growing conditions
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Wheat Varieties & PGR’s
• Different varieties react differently to applied plant growth regulators.
– reduction in height and lodging in CPS
varieties, in the absence of lodging in the untreated section we do not see a yield benefit.
– In hard red spring and durum varieties a yield
increase was realized even in the absence of lodging
• Smart Phone APP Developed to assist in PGR use. – Download it now on the app store!
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Manipulator Trial Results - 2014
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Shaw
VB
Har
vest
CD
C U
tmo
st V
BC
DC
Sta
nle
ySt
ett
ler
Ste
ttle
rC
ard
ale
CD
C U
tmo
st V
BA
C S
ple
nd
or
Sup
erb
CD
C G
oSt
ett
ler
Har
vest
CD
C G
o
Yield Difference (bu/ac)
Height Difference (inches)
14 ac treated plots vs untreated
CWAD
CPS CWRS
Note the differences in results with between varieties and classes
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Manipulator Trial Results - 2016 Spring Wheat Trial: IHARF - Indian Head, SK
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CDC Plentiful CDC Utmost VB AC Carberry AC Strongfield AC Transcend Elgin ND
Untreated
Manipulator
Height (cm)
Untreated Manipulator Difference (cm) % difference
CDC Plentiful 94.9 bc 85.3 ef 9.6 10.6
CDC Utmost VB 93.5 bcd 83 f 10.5 11.9
AC Carberry 86.6 e 76.9 g 9.7 11.9
AC Strongfield 92.5 cd 84.4 ef 8.1 9.2
AC Transcend 100.8 a 92.4 d 8.4 8.7
Elgin ND 95.3 b 86.5 e 8.8 9.7
Height (cm)
Fertility across all treatments :140-38-19-19 Seeding rate: 35 seeds/ft2 Site was hit with hail mid-July resulting in estimated yield losses of 10%
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Manipulator Trial Results - 2016 Spring Wheat Trial: IHARF - Indian Head, SK
Grain Yield (bu/ac)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
CDC Plentiful CDC UtmostVB
AC Carberry AC Strongfield AC Transcend Elgin ND
Untreated
Manipulator
Grain yield (bu/ac)
Untreated Manipulator Difference (bu/ac) % difference
CDC Plentiful 46.36 f 58.23 e 11.87 22.7
CDC Utmost VB 62.9 c 71.05 b 8.15 12.2
AC Carberry 57.53 e 62.34 cd 4.81 8.0
AC Strongfield 58.92 de 67.5 b 8.58 13.6
AC Transcend 58.87 de 68.36 b 9.50 14.9
Elgin ND 68.84 b 78.96 a 10.12 13.7
Fertility across all treatments :140-38-19-19 Seeding rate: 35 seeds/ft2 Site was hit with hail mid-July resulting in estimated yield losses of 10%
NOTE the results are significant
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Manipulator Trial Results - 2017 Spring Wheat Trial: IHARF - Indian Head, SK
Height (cm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
CDCPlentiful
AACJatharia VB
AACBrandon
CDCLandmark
VB
AACSpitfire
ACTranscend
Untreated
Manipulator
Height (cm)
Untreated Manipulator Difference % difference
CDC Plentiful 80.1 cde 74.5 gh 5.6 7.0%
AAC Jatharia VB 88.9 a 80.8 cd 8.1 9.1%
AAC Brandon 77.0 efg 73.6 h 3.4 4.4%
CDC Landmark VB 78.2 def 73.0 h 5.2 6.6%
AAC Spitfire 84.0 b 75.5 fgh 8.5 10.1%
AC Transcend 87.4 a 81.9 bc 5.5 6.3%
Fertility across all treatments :140-38-19-19 Seeding rate: 35 seeds/ft2 Site received 5.78 inches of rain throughout the growing season.
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Manipulator Trial Results - 2017 Spring Wheat Trial: IHARF - Indian Head, SK
Grain Yield (bu/ac)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
CDCPlentiful
AACJatharia VB
AACBrandon
CDCLandmark
VB
AAC Spitfire ACTranscend
Untreated
Manipulator
Grain Yield (bu/ac)
Untreated Manipulator Difference % difference
CDC Plentiful 58.82 d 65.66 c 6.8 11.6%
AAC Jatharia VB 64.92 c 70.10 b 5.2 8.0%
AAC Brandon 72.23 b 77.93 a 5.7 7.9%
CDC Landmark VB 65.71 c 70.62 b 4.9 7.5%
AAC Spitfire 70.97 b 79.20 a 8.2 11.6%
AC Transcend 69.82 b 77.73 a 7.9 11.3%
Fertility across all treatments :140-38-19-19 Seeding rate: 35 seeds/ft2 Site received 5.78 inches of rain throughout the growing season.
NOTE the results are significant (2017 was a dry year)
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Manipulator Height Trends Summary field data 2011 - 2014
*35 trials
CWRS Height Occurrence
Reduction 5% + 95%
10% + 83% 15%+ 53% 20%+ 20%
CPS Height Occurrence
Reduction 5% + 100%
10% + 67% 15%+ 33% 20%+ 8%
*12 trials
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
5% + 10% + 15%+ 20%+
CWRS
CPS
Height Reduction
Occ
urr
ence
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Manipulator Yield Trends Summary field data 2011 - 2014
*12 trials
CWRS Yield Occurrence
Increase 5% + 85%
7.5%+ 63% 10%+ 55%
CPS Yield Occurrence
Increase 5% + 33%
7.5%+ 25% 10%+ 8%
*35 trials
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
5% + 7.5%+ 10%+
CWRS
CPS
Yield Increase
Occ
urr
ence
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Manipulator Trial Results Combine productivity
Height (cm) Yield (bu/ac)
Location Variety Untreated Manipulator Reduction Untreated Manipulator Increase
Crossfield Harvest 103.9 a 81.3 b 22.0% 110.00 117.70 7.0%
Maps provided by Craig Shand
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Manipulator Field Observations: 2011 - 2017
Trials are showing yield results even with no lodging
Trials at flag leaf timing have significant results
In the absence of height reduction, treated crop still prevented lodging – thicker stems
After 7 years and over 100 trials: Results are very consistent in intensively managed fields
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Summary
• Manipulator
– Has a unique formulation
– Has a wide application widow
– Works in colder temperatures
– Research results are showing excellent results.
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Shorter – Stronger – Better
• Thank you!
• Please call 1-866-613-3336 if you have any questions
• www.engageagro.com
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Links to 3rd Party 2015 Research on Manipulator
East Central Research Foundation (Yorkton) Impact of Manipulator on wheat with differing lodging resistance at high rates of N fertility Impact of Manipulator timing and N fertility on wheat lodging and yield www.ecrf.ca
Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation (Indian Head) Optimal Nitrogen rates for wheat with and without Plant Growth Regulators. http://iharf.ca
Irrigation Crop Diversification Corporation (Outlook) Demonstration of Plant Growth Regulator Application on irrigated wheat production http://irrigationsaskatchewan.com/icdc
Northeast Agriculture Research Foundation (Melfort) Optimal Nitrogen Rate with Plant Growth Regulators and Fungicides for Spring Wheat http://neag.ca/
Wheatland Conservation Area Inc. (Swift Current) Plant Growth Regulators and N Rates in Durum Wheat http://wheatlandconservation.ca/home.html
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References
• REFERENCES • • Kende, H, and Zeevaart, J. The Five ‘Classical’ Plant Hormones. The Plant Cell 9.7 (1997): 1197–1210. Print. • • Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development 2008 Lodging of Cereal Crops. (2008, September 10). Retrieved from http://www.agriculture.alberta.ca • • Kurepin, L., Ozga, J., Zaman, M., Pharis, R. 2013. The physiology of plant hormones in cereal, oilseed and pulse crops. Prairie Soils and Crops Journal.
6:7-23 Retrieved from www.prairiesoilsandcrops.ca • • Navabi, A., Iqbal, M., Strenzke, K., and Spaner, D. 2006. The relationship between lodging and plant height in a diverse wheat population. Can J
Plant Sci. 86:723-726 • • Rademacher, W. and Brahm, L. 2010. Plant Growth Regulators. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. • • Rademacher, W. 2009. Control of lodging in intense European cereal production. Presented at Plant Growth Regulation Society of America
Conference 2010 pg 61-69. Retrieved from www.pgrsa.org • • Rademacher, W. 2000. Growth Retardants: Effects on gibberellin biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. Annu. Rev. Plant Physil. Plant Mol.
Biol. 51:501-531 • • Silverstone, A. L., and T. P. Sun. 2000. Gibberellins and the green revolution. Trends Plant Sci. 5:1-2 • • Taiz, L., and Zeiger, E., 2010. Plant physiology.5th ed., International ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. • • MANIPULATOR is a registered trademark of Engage Agro Corporation • Always read and follow label directions
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UNTREATED MANIPULATOR™
NDVI picture of field shown • The dark green area was the section
treated with MANIPULATOR™ • Dark green means it has a higher yield
potential