an introduction to the principles of morals and legislation jeremy bentham
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
Jeremy Bentham
![Page 2: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Utilitarianism
• Contains three elements:– Hedonistic theory of well-being: pleasure is good
and pain is bad– Sum-totaling of well-being: pleasure and pain can
be aggregated.– Maximization of well-being: only that action that
produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain is the morally correct action
![Page 3: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The principle of utility
• When Bentham talks of the principle of utility, he means the principle which prefers the greatest balance of pleasure over pain.
• Bentham contends that as a matter of fact, people only (at bottom) pursue pleasure. This is a descriptive theory of hedonism.
• Bentham also contends that what is good for people is just pleasure and the absence of pain. This is a normative theory of hedonism.
![Page 4: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Principles adverse to utility
• Bentham claims that a principle may be different from the principle of utility in two ways: – It could be opposed to it: like asceticism, the view
that pleasure is bad and pain is good– It could be no principle at all: like the “principles”
of sympathy and antipathy, where what is good or bad is just what strikes each person as good or bad.
![Page 5: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Asceticism
• Bentham contends that asceticism is the result of a mistake: in observing that many pleasures, when overindulged, cause more pain than pleasure, ascetics conclude that all pleasure is bad
• Bentham contends that if only a tenth of being on earth really subscribed to asceticism even for a day, they would turn Earth into a hell.
![Page 6: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sympathy/Antipathy
• Bentham accuses politicians and popular figures of subscribing to this principle (my, how times change) rather than any consistent set of values.
• Sympathy/Antipathy are simply arbitrary, and are no good basis for morals or legislation.
![Page 7: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Of the sources of pleasure and pain:
When good things happen for a reason, they are rewards, when bad things happen for a reason, they are punishments. When things happen for no determinate reason, it is called a calamity if bad, or fortune if good. What follows are four sources of reward or punishment.
![Page 8: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The sources:
• Physical– When a punishment or reward is caused by one’s own
actions• Political– When punishment or reward is caused by the law
• Moral– When punishment or reward is socially inflicted (by
other people)• Religious– When punishment or reward is caused by God
![Page 9: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Utility as a source of morals and legislation
• In outlining the previous, Bentham has a particular goal: to demonstrate that utility is the best principle to base morality and the law off of.
• It is better than asceticism or sympathy/antipathy, and can influence all human behavior through the sources of reward/punishment.
• What remains to be explained is how to apply the principle of utility. Bentham calls this the Hedonic Calculus.
![Page 10: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hedonic calculus:Total Pleasure/Pain can be calculated using the following
parameters:①Intensity: How intense is the pleasure/pain?②Duration: How long does it last?③Certainty: How probable is it to occur?④Propinquity: Its nearness in time⑤Fecundity: How likely is it to generate more of the
same?⑥Purity: How much pure pleasure, pure pain, or a mix
of the two is it?⑦Extent: How many people are affected?
![Page 11: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072013/56649e695503460f94b65d07/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Study Questions:
• Bentham says that a principle must either be diametrically opposed to the principle of utility or else completely arbitrary. Is he correct in this?
• What makes Bentham’s use of hedonism different from Epicurus’?
• Come up with a fictitious situation involving one person making a decision that will affect up to three other people. Do a hedonic calculus to make the decision.