An Introduction to Wheelock Ch. 28

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• What is the subjunctive?

• Subjunctive Tenses

• Subjunctive Clauses

• Conjugation

• Translation

What is the Subjunctive?

• A “mood,” -- a manner of expressing a verbal action or state of being.

• Latin has three moods

• We’ve studied two- the indicative and imperative

What is the Subjunctive?

In Latin

• Potential

• Tentative

• Hypothetical

• Ideal

• Unreal

In English

• “may/might”

• “should/would’

• “may have”

• “would have”

• “were/would”

Subjunctive Tenses

There are only four subjunctive tenses!

• Present (today’s lesson)

• Imperfect

• Perfect

• Pluperfect

Subjunctive Clauses

In the next few weeks, you will be introduced to a series of subjunctive clauses:

• Jussive (or hortatory subjunctive)• Purpose clauses• Result clauses• Indirect questions• “Cum” clauses

Subjunctive Clauses cont.

• Relative Clauses of Characteristic

• Proviso clauses

• Conditonal statements

• Jussive noun clauses

• Fear Clauses

Subjunctive Clauses cont.This is a lot of info, so…

• Catalog these clauses in a notebook

or computer file

• Learn the “DRT” for each new type of subjunctive

• The DRT (the “dirt”)1. Definition2. Recognition3. Translation

Conjugation(present subjunctive)

laudem

laudes

laudet

moneam

moneas

moneat

ducam

ducas

ducat

audiam

audias

audiat

capiam

capias

capiat

laudemus

laudetis

laudent

moneamus

moneatis

moneant

ducamus

ducatis

ducant

audiamus

audiatis

audiant

capiamus

capiatis

capiunt

Conjugation cont.

• KEY: “We beat all liars”• The vowels preceding the personal

endings are “-e-, -ea-, -a-, and -ia-” for the first, second, third, and fourth/third-io conjugations, respectively.

• The present passive subjunctive follows the same pattern, only passive endings are used (e.g. lauder, lauderis, laudetur).

Conjugation cont.

• A subjunctive could easily be mistaken for an indicative, if you neglect to recognize a verb’s conjugation…

• therefore….

Go back and review!

You WILL have problems if you do not master the simple stuff!

Translation

• The present subjunctive is often translated with “may.”

• BUT, as mentioned before,

translation will vary depend-

ing on the type of clause.

Homework

• Wheelock ch. 28

– “Practice and Review” #1-10

– “Sententiae Antiquae” #1-5

• Read chapter 29 (Jussive Subjunctive)

• Prepare for quiz tomorrow on the subjunctive