an investigation of the effect of multiple productions on the single word production of people with...
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An Investigation of the Effect of Multiple Productions on the Single Word Production of People with
Acquired Speech Sound Production Difficulties: An Analysis of 2 Cases
Lynn Li Lim1,2, Karen Croot1,2,3, Sallyanne Palethorpe1,2, Max Coltheart1,2
1. Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science (MACCS), Macquarie University
2. Speech Hearing and Language Research Centre (SHLRC), Macquarie University
3. School of Psychology, The University of Sydney
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Acoustic Analysis Speech disorders may share similar
symptoms of impaired speech production To determine the speech disorder associated
with the symptom examine speech segment productions acoustically
Gives more concrete information on speech qualities attributed to phonological & articulatory deficits
More reliable than impressionistic phonetic transcription (Haley et al, 2001)
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Acoustic Speech Analysis Most common acoustic investigations are on
contrastive features to determine if speech segment errors are:
Phonemic – substitution of one phoneme for another
Phonetic – impaired articulation of a speech sound(Baum et al, 1990; Tuller, 1984)
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Variability in Speech Production Unimpaired speech production can be
somewhat variable (Auzou et al, 2000)
Acoustic studies usually rely on multiple productions of speech tokens to overcome this variability
People with speech disorders are far more variable in their productions than controls (Ryalls, 1986)
But disordered speech analyses have not addressed the issue of possible effects of multiple productions
And their results have been inconsistent
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Multiple Production Not known if eliciting multiple word
productions from these people affects their speech sound production difficulties
H1: Fatigue – deterioration of speech production
H2: Practice – improvement in speech production
H0: No effect on speech production
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Previous Studies Some examples for Vowel Duration
Study: Ryalls (1986) Tuller (1984) Williams & Seaver (1986)
Speakers 5 N/FL
7 FL
5 N/FL
5 FL
7 N/FL
14 FL
Repetitions per word
5 16 1
Mean Durations
N/FL & FL > CTRL N/FL & FL > CTRL 2 N/FL > Others
Variability N/FL > FL & CTRL N/FL & FL > CTRL(Only some)
N/FL & FL < CTRL
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Multiple Production
Implication: If there are effects, then method of eliciting
speech tokens may confound the investigation of the nature of the disorder
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Other Features of Speech Production Previous acoustic studies address question
of whether speakers produce phonemic or phonetic errors
Other information about speech production difficulties that are non-contrastive in nature
These are not usually reported in most acoustic studies
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Research Questions
Q1: Does multiple repetition of target words affect phonetic parameters of the speech of people with impaired speech sound production?
Q2: Are there other phonetic parameters in the speech of these individuals that might be indicative of the nature of the disorder but not usually reported?
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Speakers
AR 63 y.o., male progressive aphasia with other mild cognitive
deficits 2.5 years after presentation impaired syntax & phoneme discrimination semantic abilities just below control range moderate hearing loss
(35-50 dB loss at 4kHz, 55-70 dB loss at 6 kHz)
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Speakers
HO 62 y.o., male left middle cerebral artery infarct early 1996 unimpaired visuo-perceptual processing of
pictures & words semantic abilities just below control range impaired receptive phonological processing moderate hearing loss
(45-55 dB loss at & above 4 kHz)
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Material
Experiment 1 Experiment 2Words 15 12
Repetitions (per session) 6 15
Sessions 5 5
* Words were presented in pseudo-random order among fillers
Task Reading Reading
Words used in current study
bed, big, dark, duck,pen, pig, pick, saw, sea
buck, bug
puck, pad, pat
Speaker(s) AR, HO HO
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Recordings digitised at 20,000 Hz
Spectrograms hand-labelled & analysed using the EMU speech database system & the R statistical analysis software
Acoustic dimensions analysed: Burst Release Duration (BRDUR) Vowel Duration (VDUR) Fricative Spectral Moments (FSM)
First SM (SM1): average spectral frequency
Acoustic Procedure
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Q1: Statistical Analysis Repeated Measures ANOVA To investigate for any significant differences
in the variance between sessions
Sphericity: assumption that variance is equal between pairs of scores(Field, 2000, p.324)
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Q1: Results - Error-bar Plots
Example: Burst Release Duration of /d/ (AR)
A B C D E
session
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
brd
ur
A B C D E
session
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
brd
ur
dark duck
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Q1: Results - Error-bar Plots
Example: Burst Release Duration of /p/ (HO)
pen
A B C D E
session
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
brd
ur
pig
A B C D E
session
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
brd
ur
pick
A B C D E
session
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
brd
ur
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Q1: Results - Error-bar Plots
Example: 1st Spectral Moment of /s/ (HO)
A B C D E
session
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
7000.00
sm1
A B C D E
session
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
7000.00
sm1
saw sea
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Q1: Results - Error-bar Plots
Example: Vowel Duration of /I/ (AR)
big
1 2 3 4 5
session
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
vdu
r
pig
1 2 3 4 5
session
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
vdu
r
pick
1 2 3 4 5
session
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
vdu
r
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Vowel duration /I/ in “Big” (Speaker AR)Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
SESSION1 177.2333 25.69425 6
SESSION2 187.5333 31.51582 6
SESSION3 135.0167 20.12912 6
SESSION4 133.6800 25.64429 6
SESSION5 161.9833 21.51803 6
Mauchly's Test of Sphericity
Within Subjects Effect Mauchly's W Approx. Chi-Square df Sig.
Speaker AR (Big - VDUR) .013 14.954 9 .127
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Speaker AR (Big – VDUR) 14230.612 4 3557.653 6.798 .001
Error 10466.874 20 523.344
Q1: Results - ANOVA
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Pairwise Comparisons
Measure: MEASURE_1
-10.300 10.444 1.000 -60.152 39.552
42.217 8.926 .052 -.391 84.825
43.553 16.581 .467 -35.595 122.702
15.250 7.388 .939 -20.015 50.515
10.300 10.444 1.000 -39.552 60.152
52.517* 6.042 .003 23.678 81.355
53.853 21.075 .509 -46.745 154.452
25.550 15.055 1.000 -46.313 97.413
-42.217 8.926 .052 -84.825 .391
-52.517* 6.042 .003 -81.355 -23.678
1.337 16.299 1.000 -76.466 79.140
-26.967 11.116 .597 -80.026 26.093
-43.553 16.581 .467 -122.702 35.595
-53.853 21.075 .509 -154.452 46.745
-1.337 16.299 1.000 -79.140 76.466
-28.303 11.387 .555 -82.656 26.049
-15.250 7.388 .939 -50.515 20.015
-25.550 15.055 1.000 -97.413 46.313
26.967 11.116 .597 -26.093 80.026
28.303 11.387 .555 -26.049 82.656
(J) SESSION2
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
1
2
4
5
1
2
3
5
1
2
3
4
(I) SESSION1
2
3
4
5
MeanDifference
(I-J) Std. Error Sig.a
Lower Bound Upper Bound
95% Confidence Interval forDifference
a
The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.*.
Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.a.
Q1: Results - ANOVA
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Q1: Summary of Results ANOVA: significant differences between
sessions for only some words Post-hoc: significant differences between
session means were few and no pattern of increase/decrease in
differences across sessions Results were similar for VDUR, BRDUR,
Fricative SM1, the other words, both speakers
Results were also similar in 2nd experiment
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Q1: Summary of Results No change across sessions = no effect
(practice/fatigue) of multiple productions
Also, no. of repetitions in Exp 2 > Exp 1, yet no effect of increased repetition on speech production
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Implication of Results method of eliciting multiple production may
not confound investigation of nature of speech disorder
but for treatment – practice of this type elicited in this study may not contribute to improvement in speech production
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Q2: Other Speech Production Features Pre-voicing (HO)
Pre-voicing
Example: BugFigure 1a Figure 1b
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Q2: Other Speech Production Features Pre-voicing (HO)
– voicing preceding release
of word initial /b/ & /d/
Impaired laryngeal control
– difficulty coordinating
timing of stop release for
voiced stops
Word Occurrence
Bed 83%
Big 52%
Buck 95%
Bug 89%
Dark 52%
Duck 63%
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Q2: Other Speech Production Features Schwa
appended to final stop (HO)
Example: Pad
Schwa
Figure 3
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Q2: Other Speech Production Features Schwa appended to word-final stop (HO)
– Voiced stops
Indicative of careful
speech production Or due to speech
disorder Or due to hearing loss
Word Occurrence
/d/ in “Bed” 93%
/d/ in “Pad” 44%
/g/ in “Big” 86%
/g/ in “Bug” 77%
/g/ in “Pig” 53%
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No pattern in occurrence of these features over sessions
Not an effect of multiple production May just be characteristic of disordered
speech production
Q2: Other Speech Production Features - Summary
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Future Directions Word-final consonants (stops) Nasal consonants Co-articulation Analysis of the other speech production
features Analysis of control data
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Thank you for listening