an open issue for electronic textiles

8/9/2019 An Open Issue for Electronic Textiles

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Product Development and Innovation in the Textile andClothing Industry

PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL AND THEIRAPPLICATIONS

Prepared by:Zeeshan Ali

Submitted To: Prof. Heikki Mattila

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Index

Contents1 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 3

2 Findings .............................................................................................................. 3

3 Research Limitations ........................................................................................ 3

4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 4

4.1 HISTORY ........................................................................................................ 4

4.2 TODAYS WORK .............................................................................................. 4

5 DEFINITION ......................................................................................................... 4

Piezoelectric effect ............................................................................................ 4

5.1 Piezoelectric materials; ................................................................................ 5

5.2 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES. ...................................7

6 APPLICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL ...................................................... 7

6.1 Sensors ......................................................................................................... 8

6.2 Actuator ........................................................................................................ 8

6.3 Generator ..................................................................................................... 8

6.4 Transducer ................................................................................................... 8

7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 9

A

B

L

E

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4 INTRODUCTION

4.1 HISTORY

The application of piezoelectric material starts from the discovery of piezoelectric effect by

Curie brother in 1880-1881 and it expand over the years. An overview on the manifold

application is given in Lead- Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) ceramics, which were discovered in

1954 and replaced barium Titanate ceramics in all field of piezoelectric application, become

the material dominating the world market until today.

REF; 1

4.2 TODAYS WORK

Piezoelectric material has given the opportunity to design; wearable computing devicesprovide computational capability and also function as the clothing being worn. i.e a jacket

used that can also monitoring a heartbeat. Electronic textiles (e-textiles), fabrics that contain

electronic or computational devices, are perfectly suited to creating these dual-role devices.

The primary challenge in electronic textiles is to find materials and devices that provide the

desired functionality and that can be easily meshed into hybrid materials. Piezoelectric

materials offer significant promise for e-textiles applications. Piezoelectric materials have a

number of useful features and are available in a variety of form factors with reasonable cost

and development complexity.

5 DEFINITION

Piezoelectric effect

Piezoelectric effect is generated by piezoelectric material or ceramic, by applying

mechanical stress or force to produce electric field .If the material is not short circuited, the

applied stress induces a voltage across the material.

Ref;2

Figure 1

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5.1 Piezoelectric materials;

At the time of discovery of piezoelectric effect by Curie brother in 1880 only use the naturalmaterials, such as quartz, tourmaline, topaz, and Rochelle salt ( sodiuam potassium titrate

tetrahydrate ) .Now a days, from all of these material only quartz is using commercially .

Gallium orthophosphate, ammonium di hyhrophosphate and lanthanum gallium are grown

artificially and they are also called single crystals.

After the continues development of single phase crystal is converted into piezoelectric

polycrystalline ceramics , which is mostly used now a days. This material has a extensive

range of characteristics. Perovskite structure is the largest group of ceramics of piezoelectric

materials, these are complex metals of with the general formula of ABO3. Here the A and B

are the cation sizes i.e A could be Na,K, Rb, Ca,Sr, Ba, and Pb ,and B includes Ti, ,Sn , Zr,

Nb and Tr.11

Figure 2

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6

Name Chemical Formula Uses and properties

Quartz SiO2 SiO2 Quartz is a very purecrystal and contains

only traces of other

elements. Natural

quartz contain:

Al3+: 13 to 15,000

ppm, usually only 100

ppm

Fe3+:

Ti4+:P5+:

H+:

Li+:

Na+: 9 to 1400 ppm

K+: 3 to 300 ppm

Density: 2.65 g/cm3

Mineral class:

Oxides/hydroxides

Electric polarization is

produced after

applying pressure

along the direction of

the pressure

Aluminum

orthophosphate -

Berlinite -

AlPO4 Density: 2560kg/mMol mass:

121,95 g/mol

Gallium

orthophosphate

GaPO4 Gallium

orthophosphate

(GaPO4) is a colorless

crystal crystallizing in

a trigonal crystal

system. Similar to

quartz due to the fact

that the silicon atoms

are replaced

alternating by gallium

and phosphor.

Therefore this crystal

has almost the same

characteristics,

however it has twice

its piezoelectricity,

which is an interesting

advantage especially

in mechanical

applications.

Tourmaline Na(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)M3Al(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH,F)4 : Alumina borosilicatewith fluorine.

Color: commonly

black but can range

from violet to green

and pink.


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5.2 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES.Table 1

Ref ;3

6 APPLICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL

Piezoelectric material has a wide range of application as its converts

mechanical energy to electric energy or vice versa. Piezoelectric material

dominates in sensors and actuators with various electromechanical

parts. . So there are four general categories generators, sensors,

actuators, and transducers. Characteristics of each group are briefly

summarized here.

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Figure 3

6.1 Sensors

The piezoelectric effects are also used as physical quantities in sensors

i.e (pressure, force, acceleration and side impact) and in microphones,

ultrasonic sensors, hydrophones, seismic sensor, acoustic pickups and

many other devices Actuator. The practical example of sensor is that, the

seat belts for a car is tight with the sudden deceleration.

6.2 Actuator

Loud speakers, piezoelectric motor and high precious micro actuators are

the most renowned application of piezoelectric material .High precious

actuators are applied to those material where less amount of voltage to

cause small amount of change, due to this property, it is widely used on

various operation where we need full control over the position and the

displacement of parts and elements, one of its example is the Head of the

Inkjet printer.

6.3 Generator

Piezoelectric material has make revolution in the field of ultrasonicgenerators, unlike others, it generates significant amount of ultrasound,

with controlled power and frequency. The ultrasonic pressure wave is

produced by the contraction and expansion of the piezoelectric material

by the application of voltage.

It is practically implemented in 1915, in the First World War, when this

technology was first use to detect submarines. It is also used in

ultrasonography , a technique for visualizing internal tissues and organs

i.e embryo, which become a standard for parental care .

6.4 Transducer

It is one of the applications of piezoelectric material in which the electric

signals are converted into vibrational mechanical energy, sound or

ultrasound. It can produce high level of sound with minimum amount of

energy, so application is also suited for battery use.Piezoelectric

transducers also are used to generate ultrasonic vibrations for cleaning,

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atomizing liquids, drilling or milling ceramics or other difficult materials,

welding plastics, medical diagnostics, or for other purposes.

REF; 4

7 Conclusion

Piezoelectric materials provide a set of functions and characteristics unmatched by other

currently available e-textile materials. It is covering the full range of applications medical,

military, textiles etc .It provides a modernized vision of future products. This makes

piezoelectric material not only valuable to the wearable computing community but also

demonstrates a need for increased consideration concerning their use and investigation.

There are different considerations for different type of applications of piezoelectric materialso need arises to standardise the basic requirement for each application. In this regards

research should conducted more and more to take full advantage of the piezoelectric material

end use applications.Extensive awareness should be created among the people about the

application.

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1.REF: 1 http://www.piezo.com/tech4history.html

2.REF:2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity

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3. REF: 3http://www.piezomaterials.com/suppliers.htm

Physics Today, volume 58, 8, p 33, August 20

4. REF: 4 Hand book of Piezoelectric Theory and Applications
http://www.piezo.com/tech4history.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://www.piezomaterials.com/suppliers.htmhttp://www.piezo.com/tech4history.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://www.piezomaterials.com/suppliers.htm

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