An Orientation

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The Human Body: An Orientation

What is science? A branch of knowledge, esp. one that

systematizes facts, principles and methods

The science of the human body: learn about the facts of structure systematically apply these facts to principles of

function

The study of the structure of the parts of the body: ANATOMY

The study of the function of the parts: PHYSIOLOGY

Disruption of physiology can lead to disease Study of diseases of body:

PATHOLOGY

There is an order to the body arrangement

It is the way the body is organized This is called the hierarchy of the body The smallest level is the chemical level:Atom cell tissue

organ

organ system organism

Slide 10

Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System

Pages 8, 10, 13, and 14 Anterior and Posterior terms These are landmarks for giving

directions Universal terms that everyone uses From a neurologist to a chiropractor to

an MA. This was we can all communicate.

Same thing, we need to communicate with each other. This a way we give directions to each other.

Is a universal way to communicate locations on the body to other health care workers.

Everyone in the medical community uses this language-universal language

A reference posture for standardizing terminology: Anatomical Position page 11

Important for: description of position of structures, regardless of

position of body Universally accepted

Any references made to structures from now on assume Anatomical Position

It is the the patient’s right and left

ASSUME ALL DIRECTIONS START HERE

Slide 16

Always come pairs

Like the compass, the directional terms are used to describe RELATIVE position

Need to establish a starting point, or Indicator Structure In a sentence usually follows the word “to”

The head is in what position to the shoulders?“above” “on top of”

Shoulders are your starting point indicator structure So the position of the head is relative to the

shoulders **Remember Anatomical Position**

Anterior Towards the front of the body Ventral

“venter” = Latin for belly Anterior and Ventral mean towards the belly or front

of the body Posterior

Towards the back of the body Dorsal

“dorsum” = Latin for back Posterior and Dorsal mean towards the back of the

body

1) The spine is to the heart

find the indicator structure (starting point) Heart (follows “to”, starting point)

the position of the spine relative to the heart is towards the back of the body

The spine is Posterior or Dorsal to the heart

Superior “above” along the vertical axis of the body in

anatomical position like someone who is “superior” Cephalad or Cranial

towards the head Inferior

“below” along the vertical axis of the body in anatomical position

like someone who feels less than or “inferior” Caudal

towards the tail

Don’t forget your indicator structures!!

1) The nose is to the mouth

2) The abdomen is to the chest

3) The belly button is to the spine

4) The knee is to the foot

5) The shoulder blade is to the breast

Top/Bottom Front/Back Now…..

Middle/Sides Remember - we are 3-D and so

structures are not always top/bottom, front/back

Instead, they are along the same plane, and to the side

Nose to ear not really above, not really towards the

front…….. Medial

towards the midline of the body Lateral

to the side, away from midline The nose is to the

ear

There are special terms used especially for the limbs

Proximal toward or closest the point of attachment or

trunk“close proximity”

Distalaway from the point of attachment or trunk“distance”

The elbow is to the wrist

The fingernail is to the knuckle

The hip is to the knee The fingers are to the

shoulder

The next terms are used to describe the position of structures relative to the body surface

Superficial towards the surface of the bodymore external

Deepaway from the surface of the bodymore internal

The skin is to the skeletal muscles

The lungs are to the ribs

3 common planes frequently used to describe dissections or to look inside an organ or the body as a whole

Frontal Plane“coronal plane”vertical planeused to separate body into

anterior/posterior parts

~Frontal or Coronal Plane

~Anterior/Posterior Parts

Transverse Plane“Cross-Sectional” or “Axial”horizontal plane runs parallel to grounddiving body into cranial/caudal parts

Sagittal Plane“lateral” planeseparates body into left and right halvesMidsagittal

separates body into equal left and right halves

“Cavity” - any hollow place or space in the human body

Major cavities are used to divide body into regions and describe the organs found within

Viscera fancy term used to describe the organs

within a cavity

Visualize the body in anatomical position

Locate the dorsal/ventral regions Dorsal Cavity

towards the backsubdivided into 2 cavities

Cranial cavity - houses the cranium and brain Spinal cavity - houses the spinal cord and

vertebral column

Ventral Cavity towards the front of the bodySubdivided into 2 cavitiesThoracic Cavity

superior ventral cavity everything from the diaphragm to the neck has right and left side which houses the lungs contains an area with tissues and organs

between the lungs called the mediastinum

Inferior ventral cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity

everything from the diaphragm to the groin area Subdivides into:Abdominal cavity

superior abdominopelvic cavity contains digestive organs (except sigmoid colon)

Pelvic cavity inferior abdominopelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, sigmoid

colon, rectum

The abdominal cavity is quite large and houses many organs

Anterior surface subdivided to make referencing easier for:discussiondissection relating a specific area of pain or organ

location

Four roughly equal sections Named according to relative position

**Remember Anatomical Right & Left**

Right Upper Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant

RUQ LUQ

Right Lower Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant

RLQ LLQ

The abdominal quadrants are further divided into 9 abdominal regions

Right Hypochondriac Epigastric Left Hypochondriac

Region Region Region

Right Lumbar Region Umbilical Left Lumbar Region

Region

Right Iliac (Inguinal) Hypogastric Left Iliac (Inguinal)

Region (pubic) Region Region

All the systems work together to promote balance

Homeostatsis The ability for the body to maintain an

internal environment for proper function The body functions best at homeostasis When the body moves away from

homeostasis, you move toward disease Loss of homeostasis at any level of the

hierarchy can affect the rest of the body Ultimate loss of homeostasis = Death

To maintain balance the body uses ‘feedback loops’

There is a negative feedback loop and a positive feedback loop

The most common is _________________ Think about the thermostat in your

room…. The temp falls, and the thermostat tells the hit to kick on and “bring the body back to homeostasis”

A positive feedback loop is the opposite

In a positive feedback loop the body is already in homeostasis and the positive feedback loop kicks in and “moves the body away from homeostasis”

Everybody gets a membrane Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction growth

Nutrients Oxygen Water Maintain temp Maintain pressure Need to be present and in suficient

amounts

Remember to: Complete the readings Complete the discussion/participation

requirements (THREE DAYS) Complete the online materials STUDY STUDY STUDY Complete the quiz Complete the exams (there are two this

week) ASK QUESTIONS when necessary!!