an outlook to biothermodynamics - tu chemnitz · an outlook to biothermodynamics ... thermodynamics...
TRANSCRIPT
An Outlook to Biothermodynamics
1JETC 11 Chemnitz 2011 JUK
J. U. Keller, Inst. Fluid - and ThermodynamicsUniversity of Siegen, 57068 Siegen, [email protected]
BiothermodynamicsOverview, Historical Remarks
1. Photosynthesis
2. Lipid Membranes : Phase TransitionDMPC-EOS (E2)
3. Proteins : Thermal Denaturation
4. Metabolism of BacteriaKleiber‘s Law(s)
Bacteria Escherichia ColiTh. Escherich, 1919
Biothermodynamics (BTH):Application of Thermodynamics, i.e.Thermostatics (TST) andThermodynamics of Irreversible Processes (TIP) toBiological and Bioengineering Systems.
Biotechnology (BT): Technology using living systems like cells, bacteria, fungi etc. as chemical reactors.
White BT Industrial sized biocatalytic processes (fermentation)Breweries, Production vitamine B12, steroid hormones etc.;
Green BT Plants and transgene variations for production ofbiofuels etc. in biorefineries;
Red BT Medical applications of substances and processes related toliving organisms, as for example interferones etc. (cancer,viruses)
Yellow BT Pharmaceutical molecules, recombinant proteins,penicilline and other fungi;
Blue BT Seawater based microorganisms as reactors; extremophiles...Extraction noble metals from seawater, production of new molecules
Fields of Research in Biothermodynamics
3rd Int. Symposium on BiothermodynamicsDECHEMA, Bologna, September 2010
Biomolecules Bioreactors
# Protein adsorption on surfaces # Biocalorimetry
# Protein folding, interactions and stability # Thermodynamics ofdownstream processing
Bacteria # Thermodynamics in bio-logical energy conver-
# Active masstransport in biological membranes sion processes
# Thermodynamics of metabolic pathways # Thermodynamic aspectsof Systems Biology
# Intracellular Thermodynamics and Synthetic Biology
Ps
*
Sin
. Sout
.
E. Schrödinger ( 1940)
in out GL
in out
CO H O C H O O
kJS S . n
molK
S S ?
2 2 6 12 6 2
nd
6 6 6
0 24
2 Law:
in out GL
WL V
W GL
kJS S . n
molK
kJ. S H O S H O . n
molK
n . n
2 2
Evaporation of Additional Water:
0 24
2 2 0 11
2 2
L V
CO H O C H O O
. H O . H O
2 2 6 12 6 2
2 2
6 6 6
2 2 2 2
1. Thermodynamics of Photosynthesis
4JETC 11 Chemnitz 2011 JUK
PE 2A
2. Lipid Membranes, Phase Transition Fluid - Gel
T > Tt(p, ...) T < Tt(p, ...)
Lipid bi-layer formed of phosphatidylcholine (Voet & Voet, p. 288)
DMPC – Strukture: Phosphatidylcholine / Lecithine
Glycerine CH2 – CH – CH2/ / /
OH OH OH
Choline
Fatty acids
Temperature and pressure dependence of the specific volume of DMPC*) in water. (R. Winter, JNE 6-22, 2007) *)1,2-dimyristoyl-s,n-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
PE 2B
DMPC Thermal Equation of State (EOS)
v( )v.0 v
v.0 b.00 v( ) 1
p T A T( ) B T( )2
D T( )3
C T( )
1
D
v( )v b.0
v.0 b.0
A T( ) A.0 1 a T T.0
D T( ) D.0 1 d T T.0
Aliphatic tails of DMPC-molecules may aggregate/adsorb on each other.
Degree of aggregation: Free volume
Fluid state Gel state Fractality
EOS:
……………………………….
1
A= -1873 barB=7942D=-8997C=333.34
a=-0.54b=-0.051d=-0.429c=-2.534
Virial expansion ... Adsorption term
00.20.40.60.80
500
10001000
0
pdata
q.40 data T40
q.1 data
q.25 data T25
01 data
40 C
25 C
30 C
Experimental Data*
* R. Winter et al.,JNE 32(2007),p.41
DMPC Thermal Equation of State (EOS)Correlation of Isothermal Data
3. Proteins (Example): Myosin from Chicken Muscle
Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure (X-Ray)
Voet&VoetBiochemistryWiley,N.Y.1995
Protein(P) - Water(W) Interactions (E4)
P: Conformational Changes, Unfolding
W: Adsorption, Intrusion, Coating of (P) > Stabilization
Native State (N):compact, surface area small
Unfolded State (D):expanded, surface area high
Ref.: T. Randolph, U of Colorado, USA
Protein(P) - Water(W) – Sugar(S) Interactions
S: Adsorption, Desorption upon unfolding of protein.
S-W: Coadsorption on surface may stabilize (P).
Ref.: Randolph
Thermal Denaturation of Myoglobine
3
D DDN
N N
DN D0 N0
D
153 Amino acids
Seize: (44x44x25)Å
Molecular Weight 18kD
N ... Native (folded) State
D ... Denaturated (unfolded) State
Equilibrium at T=const, p=const
xG p,T R T ln
x
G
Approx.: N
DN D N
DN D N
1
G 0 x x ...N...stable
G 0 x x ...N...unstable
T/K 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340
GDN
(kJ/mol)-3.16 5.13 11.8 15 15.8 11.8 5.13
-
3.53
HDN
(kJ/mol)-289. -204 -115 -23 72.2 170 272 376
SDN
(kJ/mol
K)
-1.06-
0.75
-
0.44
-
0.130.18
0.4
90.81 1.12
-5
0
5
10
15
20
T/KGD
N (
kJ
/mo
l)
Experimental Data
(U. von Stockar, EPFL,et al., MV Seminar,2000)
4. Kleiber’s Law of Metabolism in Aerobic Living Systems
Allometry
Metabolic Rate
0a T,T M
a (1 2)mW / g
21
3
3
4
Figure A3Metabolic rate of oxygen consumption based living systems. Mouse-Elephant-curve, B. Ahlborn, 2004. This curve also holds for bacteria (M 10-4 g).B. Ahlborn, Zoological Physics
JETC 11 Chemnitz 2011 JUK 153
: 50.000 :1
: (0,8 1,2)
: 0,8 /
Size
Diameter m
Density g cm
Bacteria Streptococcus Mutans(Caries), Clarke (1924)
Bacteria: Colony Forming Units (CFU)
Staphylococcus aureus
JETC 11 Chemnitz 2011 JUK 16
Creature Mass/kg Metabolic
Rate
J0 / W
Food
Substrate
Heating
Value
MJ/kg
Consump-
tion
kg/day
Bacteria
Staphylococcus
aureus
0,5•10-15 120 nW glucose 15,6 0,665.
10*(-9)
Men 80 kg 94 W various 20 0,40
Lion 120 kg 127 W meat 30 0,37
Elephant 3000 kg 1,418 W grass 10 12,3
Activation factor : J0→(2-5)J0
Basic Metabolic Rate of Living Systems
BC 17
* */* *( , ) .( ). q RTB Ba a T T A T T e
B
*
*
T .... Characteristic temperature
of living system
T ....Environmental temperature
q ....Energy(metabolism, heat transfer)
Enviromental temperaturefor maximum metabolism
*1/ 2
* *
max 1 1 4 /2
B
qT RT q
R
Example : Dogs,hair cut,TB=41 CData : Jeroch et.al.(1999)
Kleiber‘s Constant : Temperature Dependence
Bacteria growth processes, sterilisation.
0 20 400
200
400
600507
0
J0data
a x( )
5010 Tdata x
BC 18
0
0
J h M
J aM
1 1
0 0
0
( )
aM M
h
aM t M t t
h
1
max 0 0
0
0
M
ht t M
a
Living period: Example : Staph. AureusM0=0,5 pg; Δh=18 MJ/kg;
maxt 4h
M-α+1(t)
t0
t
tmax
M-α+1
0
tg α ≈ Δh / a
α
Autometabolism of Bacteria and CFUs
Lack of substrate: Living period ? Heat production ?
4c. Bacterial Metabolism for Stationary States
Net metabolic reaction:
Energy balance
Entropy balance
0 1N
k kk
C ( )
0 2N
i ii
H h n Q ( )
0 3N
i i Si
QS s n P ( )
T
Entropy production
Metabolic rate
TIP
Kleiber‘s Law
2 Organisms with same metabolism:
4i idn d ( )
0N
S i ii
(1 - 4) P
5N
i ii
L ( )
6ma M ( )
1
2
1
2
L M(5, 6):
L M
Q
1 1 8 0 5 0 2. . .C H O N
i i
i i
C , J
h , s
j j
j j
C , J
h , s
4d. Bacterial Metabolism – External Stability Limits
: Thermodynamic system:Stability of Accompanying equilibrium state
T const, p const
0 7N
i ii
d dn ( )
1
4
i i N
N
i i kk
i i
T,p,x ...x
x n n
dn d ( )
7 0 8ii k
ki,k T,p
( ) ( )n
1
4 7 0 8
8 0
ii k
kik T,p
N
( , ) ( )n
( ) (T,p,x ...x )
8( )
P
T
Stability
Instability
0
References (Selection 1)
1. PLANCK M. : Vorlesung über Thermodynamik, 11. Aufl.,1964, W. de Gruyter, Berlin – New York.
2. ADAM G., LÄUGER P., STARK G.: Physikalische Chemie undBiophysik, 4. Aufl., 2003, Springer, Berlin etc.
3. VOET D & VOET J G: Biochemistry, J.Wiley&Sons,2nd Ed. 1995,New York
4. VON STOCKAR U., VAN DER WIELEN L.A.M.,Back to Basics: Thermodynamics in Biochemical Engineering,Adv. in Biochemical Engng. / Biotechnology, 80 (2003), p. 1-17.
1. HAINIE D.T. : Biological Thermodynamics, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
2. RAFFA R.B. : Editor: Drug – Receptor Thermodyn., Introduction& Applications, J. Wiley & Sons, 2001, New York etc.
References (Selection 2)
Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, Review Articles, W.de Gruyter, Berlin – New York, since 1976 :
1.WINTER R., LOPES D., GRUZIELANEK ST., VOGTT K.Towards an Understanding of the Temperature / Pressure Configurational andFree-Energy Landscape of Biomolecules, 32(2007),p. 41 - 97.
2.HUBBUCH J., KULA M.-R.Isolation and Purification of Biotechnological Products, 32(2007), p.99 - 127.
3.RUBI J.M., NASPREDA M., KJELSTRUP S., BEDEAUX D.Energy Transduction in Biological Systems: A MesoscopicNon-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Approach, 32(2007), p. 351-...
4.JENNISSEN H.P. et al.Protein Adsorption Hysteresis, in preparation, 33(2008)
5.KELLER J.U. et al.An Outlook on Biothermodynamics I,II
JNE 33(2008) 297 - 389, 34(2009) 1-34