An overview of Arbovirology in Brazil and

neighbouring countries.

Edited by:

Amélia P. A. Travassos da Rosa Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos

Jorge F. S. Travassos da Rosa

BELÉM INSTITUTO EVANDRO CHAGAS

1998

"The viroses, instead of being single-minded agents of disease and death, now begin to

look more like mobile genes. Evolution is still an infinitely long and tedious biologic game,

with only lhe winners staying at lhe table, but lhe rules are beginning to look more flexible.

We live inadancingmatrix ofviruses,' theydart, ratherlike bees,from organism to organism,

from plant to insect to mammal to me and back again, and into lhe sea, tugging along

pieces of this genome, strings of genes from that, transplanting grafts of DNA, passing

around heredity as thought at a great party. They may be lhe mechanism for keeping new,

mutant kinds ofDNA in widest circulation among us./fthis is true, lhe oddvirus disease, on

which we must focus so much of our attention in medicine, may be looked on as an accident,somethimg dropped. "

Lewis Thomas

18

Part 1: Classification, systematics and molecular biology

Arboviruses

isolated in the Evandro Chagas Institute, includingsome described for the first time in the Brazilian Arnazonregion, their known hosts, and their pathology for mano

Jorge F. S. TRAVASSOS DA ROSAlAmélia P.A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSAl

Pedro F. C. V ASCONCELOSlFrancisco P. PINHEffiO2Sueli G. RODRIGUESl

Elizabeth S. TRAVASSOS DA ROSAlLeonidas B. DIAS3Ana C. R. CRUZl

1. Centro Colaborador de Investigação e Adestramento em Arboviroses da Organização Mundial da Saúde,Serviço de Arbovirus, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Fundação Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde. Av.Almirante Barroso, 492, 66090-000, Cx. Postal 1128, Belém, Pará, Brazil.

2. PanAmerican Health Organization, 525 Twenty-third Street, Washington, DC, 20037-2895, USA.3. Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Dr. Paulo Azevedo, Belém, Pará, Brazil.

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Arbovirus studies conducted in many areas of the Brazilian Amazon region over the past 40 years revealedthe presence of a large number of agents. Between November 1954 and Oecember 1994, almost 10,000isolations ofat least 186 different virus types have been made. Ofthese arboviruses, 157 were first isolated inBrazil, and 84 ofthem have been confirmed to be new to the world. Thirty four ofthese serotypes are knownto be pathogenie to mau, causing rever, rever with rash, hemorrhagic disease and encephalitis. Twenty-nine ofthem have been isolated from natural infections and three from acquired laboratory infections. Ofthe threearboviruses responsible for encephalitis (EEE, WEE & SLE) only SLE has been isolated twice from personsin the region, with no signs of encephalitis. Antibodies to these agents have been found at low rates in themajority ofthe towns in Para State (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1982; Pinheiro ~., 1986; Vasconcelos ~.,

1991).It is important to emphasize that the majority of arboviruses cause a mild disease with a benign evolution,

without death or incapacity. A few exception have been associated with a fatal outcome. In this latter groupare included yellow rever and Xingu viroses. Yellow rever virus has been isolated in sporadic or ongoingoutbreaks. Xingu virus was isolated from a single fatal case in whom it was associate with hepatitis B vírusinfection. Arboviruses with indetermined pathogenicity to mau constitute the majority of the arboviruses inAmazon region. It is difficult to appraise the importance of such agents as human pathogens.

The arboviruses found in the Amazon are distributed in 20 serological groups containing 134 differentserotypes (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1986). The remaining viroses are ungrouped. The Changuinola group,with 42 serotypes, is the largest in number, followed by the Phlebotomus rever group, with 18 types, of whichthree are pathogenic to mano The remaining groups, A, B, C, Bunyamwera, Guama, Capim, California,Anopheles A, Simbu, Turlock, Gamboa, VSV, Timbo, Mossuril, Kwata, Hart Park, Tacaribe and Corriparta,contain eight or fewer agents. Two groups -C and Guama -were initially formed ofviruses exclusively fromthe Brazilian Amazon, but later, arboviruses from other regions of the Americas were discovered andincorporated into these groups.

Based on their physic-chemical properties, the arboviruses of the Brazilian Amazon are distributed intotive families: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae and Rhabdoviridae. Agents are algorecognised in the families Arenaviridae, Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Coronaviridae. Inthe following pages, these arboviruses are listed according to their systematic and antigenic position, and lheprincipal sources from which virus has been obtained: human febrile cases, sentinel animaIs, forest arthropodsand wild animaIs.

TOGAVIRIDAE,Alphavirus (former group A arboviruses)At present, eight viroses have been assigned to the genus Alphavirus (Table I). They include the previously

unknown Aura (AURA), Una (UNA), Mucambo (MUC) and Pixuna (PIX) viroses, as well as, EEE andWEE isolated for the first time in USA, and Mayaro (MAY) originally isolated in Trinidad, Port of Spain.

AURA and UNA have been isolated in Brazilian Amazonia only from mosquitoes chiefly Aedes serratusand Psorophora ferox, respectively. MUC virus has been isolated from alI four types of source (man, wild andsentinel animaIs, and arthropods). PIX virus has been obtained twice from mosquitoes (Anopheles nimbusand Trichoprosopon digitatum) and once from a wild rodent (Proechimys guyannensis). This virus was algoassociated with no fatal laboratory acquired infection. MAY virus causes a febrile exanthematic disease,associated with persistent joint paio (Pinheiro ~, 1981), and the members of maintenance cycle areHaemagogus mosquitoes, primates and probably birds (Pinheiro, 1982). EEE virus has been isolated frommosquitoes (Culex and Aedes taeniorhynchus), mammals, birds as well from sentinel chicken, mouse andmonkey, while WEE has been isolated from mosquitoes (Culex andAedesfulvus), birds and once from sentinelmouse (Hervé ~., 1986).

Triniti virus may be a member ofthe family Togaviridae, but there is insufficient information regarding itto warrant further genus placement (Calisher & Karabatsos, 1988). In Amazonia it has been isolated from arodent (Dasyprocta aguti) and mosquitoes (Sabethes spp) and Oryzomys sp (Hervé ~., 1986).

20

21

* Isolates first roade in lhe IEC;** Monkeys, chickens, and/or roice.

1. Isolations froro roan were obtained in other countries.

FLAVIVIRIDAE, Flavivirus (former group B arboviruses)Eight tlaviviruses have been isolated (Table 2) in the Amazon region. Bussuquara (BSQ) and Cacipacoré

(CPC) viroses were previously unknown. Ilheus (ILH) virus has been isolated for the first time in east regionof Brazil. St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus was recovered for the first time in the USA. Yellow rever (YF)was originally isolated in Africa, and the dengue (DEN) virus (serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4) have been beforeisolated in other continents.

Table 1. Togaviruses isolated in Brazilian Amazonia between 1954-1994.

TAXONOMY VIRUS

ARTHROPOD VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN INFECTION

Antigenic group Wild animals

Group A

Mosquito mammals Bird Reptilian Others

Sentinel

**

natural

Laboratory acquired

AURÁ *

EEE 1

MAYARO

MUCAMBO*

PIXUNA *

UNA*

WEE 1

Not grouped

TRINITI

TAXONOMY VIRUS

ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN INFECTION

Antigenic group Group B

Mosquito Others mammals Bird Sentinel natural

BUSSUQUARA* 1

CACIPACORÉ*

DENGUE 1

DENGUE 2

DENGUE 4

ILHÉUS

SLE

YELLOW FEVER 2

BSQ vírus has beeo frequeotly isolated from seotioel mice andmonkeys, and wild rodeots (Proechimysguyannensis), as well as Culicidae mosquitoes. A siogle isolatioo ofCPC virus has beeo obtaioed from wildbird Perenosto/a rnbifrans. ILH virus has beeo isolated io Amazooia from febrile patieots, seotioel monkeys,ooce from a bat and and several times from mosquitoes principally Psorophora ferox. SLE virus has beenisolated in Amazonia from forest birds, monkeys, marsupiaIs (Didelphis marsupia/is), sloth (Bradypustridacty/us), monkey and chicken sentinels, Culicidade mosquitoes (chiefly Culex), once from Giganto//oe/apssp rnites and twice from mau (Pinheiro ~., 1981; Travassos da Rosa ~., 1982). YF virus has beeoisolated from mosquitoes especially Haemagogus janihinomys,monkeys and mau whereas Dengue viroseshave beeo isolated from mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and mau, These two viroses are described in more detailsin another chapters.

BUNYA VIRIDAEThe Bunyaviridae family of arboviruses in the Amazon region includes 44 members of the genus Bunyavirus

21 agents in the genus Phlebovi rus and few others provisionally placed in this family but that have not beenassigned to a genus or group.

Genus BunyavirusWithin this genus (the fonner Bunyamwera supergroup), 10 serogroups arerecognized which are subdivided

in ten serogroups on the basis oftheir antigenic relationships. Theyare : groups C, Anopheles A, Bunyamwera,Califomia, Capim, Gamboa, Guamá, Simbu, Turlock, and Pacora. Table 3 lists these viroses and it algoprovides infonnation on the source of the isolares (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1986).

Anopheles A group: Excepting Lukuni isolated from the first time from mosquitoes in Port of spain,Trinidad, lhe other viroses were isolated for the first time in lhe Brazilian Amazonia. In Amazon regionLukuni has been isolated only from mosquitoes (Aedes scapularis and Anopheles nimbus). Tacaiuma vírusis the only one responsible for naturally acquired human disease, and has algo been isolated from mosquitoes(principally Haemagogus sp), and sentinel monkeys. Trombetas has been isolated once from ungulate Tayassuipecari

and anopheline mosquitoes. Arumateua, Caraipé and Tucuruí viroses have been isolated exclusivelyfrom anopheline mosquitoes (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1994).

Bunyamwera group: Up to now this group has fumished eight different serotypes. With the exception oftheKairi virus, isolated forthe first time in Port ofSpain, Trinidad, from a pool ofAedes scapularis, the remainderhave been isolated originally in the Brazilian Amazonia. Kairi has been isolated from mosquitoes Aedes scapularisand once from sentinel monkey. Iaco has been isolated from mosquitoes Wyeomyia sp. Macauã has been isolatedfrom Sabethes soperi mosquitoes and once from Proechimys guyannensis rodent. Sororoca has been isolatedexclusively from Sabethini mosquitoes. Maguari has been isolated from several species of mosquitoes and algofrom sentinel mire. Tucunduba has been isolated from several species of mosquitoes and algo from a child withrever and encephalitis. Taiassui has been isolated from several species of mosquitoes and once from sentinelmouse. Xingu vírus was obtained from a singie isolation from a human fatal case. This reported case wasassociated with hepatitis B virus infection. Nothing is known of its natural cycle (Shope ~., 1988).

Group C -Viruses of group C were among the first agents isolated at Belém Vírus Laboratory (BVL).Eight antigenic types have been identified, and excluding Nepuyo vírus, isolated for lhe first time in Port ofSpain, Trinidad, the remainder are new vírus types isolated at BVL and have been isolated from febrilepatients. Wild rodents and marsupiaIs have been implicated as lhe main vertebrate hosts for the group Cviroses. Numerous strains have been obtained from Culex mosquitoes, and they are believed to be majorvectors. Several strains have algo been obtained from sentinel mice and monkeys. Caraparu virus emerges asthe most commonly isolated type, and in fact it is the most frequently found of alI viroses of Amazonian area

(Shope ~., 1988).California group: Serra do Navio vírus is known from a single isolation from a pool of Aedes fulvus.

Melao virus originally isolated in Port ofSpain, Trinidad, has been recorded from several species ofmosquitoeschiefly Aedinii, and once from sentinel monkey. Guaroa virus, originally isolated from man in Bogotá,Colombia, has been isolated from man and anopheline mosquitoes.

Capim group: Seven different types were isolated in the group Capim, and none has been obtained frommano With the exception of Bush Bush and Moriche viroses isolated before in Port of Spain, Trinidad, theother types were firstly isolated in the BVL. Moriche virus has been isolated once from the rodent Proechimysguyannensis. Bush Bush has been recovered from Culex sp mosquitoes, Proechimys guyannensis rodent andsentinels mire. Acara and Benfica viroses have been isolated from Nectomys squamipes rodents, sentinelsmire and Culex sp mosquitoes. Benevides virus has been isolated from Culex mosquitoes and sentinel mice,but antibodies have been encountered in Nectomys squamipes rodents. Guajará has been isolated fromProechimys guyannensis rodents, sentinels mire and Culex mosquitoes. Capim vírus has been obtained from

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Proechimys guyannensis, Oryzomys goeldi rodents, Caluromys philander marsupiais, sentinels mice andmosquitoes, especially Culex sp (Karabatsos, 1985).

Gamboa group: Several strains of Gamboa-like vírus have been obtained from birds and Aedeomyiasquamipennis mosquitoes, which feed principally on birds (Oégallier ~., 1992). -

Guamá group: Viruses of this group were algo among the first agents isolated at BVL. Seven differentserotypes have been isolated, and Bimiti is the only vírus that had been previously isolated in Port of Spain,Trinidad, from a pool of Culex spissipes mosquitoes. In Amazon regiDo, it has algo been isolated from Culexspissipes, Cx. portesi, Proechimys guyannensis rodent and sentinel mice. Caro and Guama viruses have beenisolated from man, several species of rodents and marsupiaIs, bats, sentinel mire and monkeys, and severalspecies ofmosquitoes, especially Cx. portesi. Caro and Guama viruses are the second and third most frequently

Table 3. Bunyaviruses ofthe genus Bunyavinls isolated in Brazilian Amazonia, 1954-1994.

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TAXONOMY VIRUS

ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN INFECCTIONS

Antigenic group Group Anopheles A

Mosquito Midge Mammals Birds Other Sentinel natural laboratory acquired

ARUMATEUA*

CARAIPÉ*

LUKUNI

TACAIUMA*

TROMBETAS*

TUCURUI*

Group Bunyamwera

IACO*

KAIRI

MACAUÃ*

MAGUARI*

SOROROCA*

TUCUNDUBA*

TAIASSU*

XINGÚ*

Group C

APEÚ*

CARAPARÚ*

ITAQUÍ*

MARITUBA*

MURUTUCÚ*

NEPUYO 1

ORIBOCA*

CARAPARÚ-LIKE*

Group California

GUAROA

MELAO

SERRA DO NAVIO*

Group Capim

ACARÁ*

BENEVIDES*

BENFICA*

BUSH BUSH

CAPIM*

GUAJARÁ*

MORICHE

Group Gamboa

GAMBOA-LIKE

Group Guamá

ANANINDEUA*

BIMITI

CATÚ*

GUAMÁ*

MIRIM*

MOJÚ*

TIMBOTEUA*

Group Simbu

JATOBAL*

OROPOUCHE

UTINGA*

Group Turlock

TURLOCK

Bunyavirus-like Group Pacora

PACORA-LIKE

BUNYAVIRIDAE Ungrouped

BELÉM*

M. DOS CAMPOS*

PARÁ*

SANTARÉM*

* Isolates first made in the IEC.

1 Isolated in other countries.

encountered viroses at the BVL, afterthe group C agent Caraparu. Moju virus has been isolated from rodents(Proechimys guyannensis, Oryzomys goeldi and Nectomys squamipes), marsupial (Didelphis marsupialis),edentata (Choloepus didactylus) sentinels mice and chiefly Culex mosquitoes. Mirim virus has been isolatedchiefly from sentinel mire, ODce from sentinel monkey and several species ofmosquitoes. Ananindeua virushas been isolated from marsupiaIs (Caluromys philandel; Caluromys sp and Didelphis marsupialis), sentinelsmire, monkey and chicken, several species of mosquitoes, especially Culex (Mel.) sp., and Doce from a birdThamnophilus murinus. Timboteua virus has been isolated only from a rodent Ptoechimys guyannensis andsentinels miçe. No vector has been identified (Shope ~., 1988).

Simbu group: Jatobal, Oropouche and Utinga viroses comprise the Simbu group in Amazonia. Jatobalhas been isolated once from a carnivorous Nasua nasua. Utinga virus has been isolated only Eram edentataBradypus tridactylus. Oropouche virus was originally isolated in 1955 from a mau in Port of Spain, Trinidad.The first isolations of the agent in Brazilian Amazonia were made in 1960 from a Bradypus tridactylus and

24

from a pool of Aedesserratus mosquitoes. Since then, many urban epidemics have been reported in theAmazon region of Brazil, in which the biting midge Culicoides paraensis seems to play a major role in vírustransmission (Pinheiro ~o,1994). This vírus is studied in details in other chapter (see pages 0000.).

Turlock group: A single serotype, Turlock vírus has beco isolated in this group in the Brazilian Amazonregion, from several species of migrating birds which may explain their relatively widespread distributionoCulex mosquitoes that have been frequently found infected with Turlock vírus, are incriminated as maiovectors. ,o

Table 4. Viruses ofthe genus Phlebovirus, isolated in the Amazonian Brazil, between 1954-1994

* Isolates first made in the IEC.

1 Transovarian transmission

25

TAXONOMY VIRUS

ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN INFECTIONS

Antigenic group Gr. Phlebotomus

Mosquito Sandflies Other Mammals

Bird Sentinel natural laboratory acquired

ALENQUER* AMBÉ* ANHANGA* ARIQUEMES* BELTERRA* BUJARÚ* CANDIRÚ* ICOARACI* ITAITUBA* ITAPORANGA* JACUNDÁ* JOA* MORUMBI* MUNGUBA* ORIXIMINÁ* PACUÍ* 1 SERRA NORTE* TAPARÁ* TURUNA* URIURANA* URUCURI*

isolated in São Paulo State, Brazil, from sentinel mouse, has been isolated in Arnazon basin severaltimes from marsupiais (Caluromys philandel; Caluromys sp. Didelphis marsupialis), bird(Thamnophilus aethiops), sentinels mice, monkey, chicken and from Culex and Coquillettidiamosquitoes (Trapp ~.; 1965). Pacui vírus has been isolated several times from Oryzomys goeldirodents and Lutzomyiajlaviscutellata (Aitken ~., 1969). Ariquemes vírus has been isolated froma pool of male phlebotominae tlies, in Ariquemes, Rondonia State.

Genus unassigned and serogroup inderteminedlncluded among these possible members ofthe Bunyaviridae family are tive ungrouped viruses.

Pacora-like has been isolated from birds Automolus chrolaenus and Phlegopsis nigromaculata andfrom Culex mosquitoes. Belém virus has been isolated only from birds Pyriglena leucoptera andHylophilax naevia. Mojuí dos Campos has been isolated Doce from a Chiroptera species. No vectorsare known. Santarém virus has been isolated from a rodent Oryzomys sp and from Lutzomyia carreraisandflies. Pará virus is known only from a single isolation from sentinel mouse in Brazilian Amazonia,however another isolation was recorded in Argentina from a pool of Culex acossa mosquitoes

(Karabatsos, 1985).

REOVIRIDAE, OrbivirusTwo serogroups comprize the orbiviroses in the Amazon regiDo: Changuinola and Corriparta. Three

ungrouped mosquito bome have been placed in the genus on morphologic grounds (Travassos da Rosa tl.ill.,

1984; Karabatsos, 1985).Group Changuinola -Fifiy-two viroses in this serogroup have been isolated on single occasions from

phlebotomine flies, three from mosquitoes, two others from mammals (Oryzomys goeldi rodent, Choloepusdidactylus sloth), and one from Dasypus novemcinctus armadillo.

Corriparta serogroup -Acado-like and Jacareacanga viroses have been isolated from Culex mosquitoes.Ungrouped viruses -leri, ltupiranga and Tembe viroses have been isolated exclusively from mosquitoes.

leri has previously isolated in Port of Spain, Trinidad, while ltupiranga and Tembe are autochthonous

(Karabatsos, 1985).

Table 5. Reoviruses isolated Eram differents groupes in the Brazilian Amazon region,

between,1954-1994.

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TAXONOMY VIRUS

ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS

Antigenic group Group Changuinola

Mosquitoes

Sandflies Wild mammals

ACATINGA* ACURENÊ* ALMERIM* ALTAMIRA* ANAPÚ* ARAÇAÍ* ARATAÚ* ARUANÃ* ARAWETÊ* ASSURINIS* BACAJAÍ* BACURI* BALBINA* BARCARENA* CANINDÉ* CANOAL*

RhabdoviridaeTwo genera have been established within this family. The genus Vesiculoviros includes the vesicular

stomatitis serogroup (VSV) while the genus Lyssavirus includes rabies and the rabies-related viroses.Other serogroups such as Hart Park, K watta, Timbo and Mossuril are assigned to the familyRhabdoviridae, but not assigned to these genera. There are also other viroses in the family but withserogroup indetermined (Table 6).

27

27

* Isolates first made in the IEC.

CATETÊ* COARI* CUPIXI* GOROTIRE* GURUPI* IOPAKA* IPIXAIA* IRITUIA* IRUANA* ITABOCA* JAMANXI* JANDIÁ* JARI* JATUARANA* JUTAÍ* KARARAÔ* MELGAÇO* MONTE DOURADO* OURÉM* PACAJÁ* PARAKANÃ* PARANATI* PARAUAPEBAS* PARÚ* PEPENDANA* PINDOBAÍ PIRATUBA* PURUS* SARACÁ* SERRA SUL* SURUBIM* TAPIROPÉ* TEKUPEU* TIMBOZAL* TOCANTINS* TOCAXÁ* TUERÊ* TUMUCUMAQUE* UATUMÃ* UXITUBA* XARAIRA* XIWANGA* Group Corriparta ACADO-LIKE JACAREACANGA* Not grouped IERI ITUPIRANGA* TEMBE*

Group VSV -Piry virus was isolated from a marsupial Philander opossum. No other isolations have beenmade from naturally infected human beings, animais or insects, but several human cases ofPiry virus infectionhave resulted from laboratory exposures (Pinheiro & Travassos da Rosa, 1994). Cocal virus was originallyisolated from Gigantolaelaps sp mites in Port of Spain, Trinidad and later from mites of the same genus inPará State. Jurona virus was isolated once from a pool of Haemagogus sp. It was isolated later from a febrilehuman being in Costa Marques, Rondonia State, Brazil. Carajás and Marabá viroses were isolated morerecently from Lutzomyia sp sandflies (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1984).

Hart Park serogroup -Mosqueiro virus is the single serotype isolated in Brazilian Amazon region. It hasbeen isolated from only from Culex, Mansonia, and J-J)leomyia mosquitoes. Little is yet known about thisvirus (Karabatsos, 1985).

Kwatta serogroup -A Kwatta-like virus has been isolated from culicine mosquitoes and birds in theAmazon basin (Karabatsos, 1985).

Timbó serogroup -Timbó, Chaco and Sena Madureira viroses have not been associated with a vector andhave been isolated on1y from lizards (Ameiva ameiva) in Brazilian Amazonia (Karabatsos, 1985).

Mossuril serogroup -Cuiabá virus has been isolated from a toado Marco virus has been isolated on1yfrom a lizard (Karabatsos, 1985).

Antigenically ungrouped rhabdoviruses -Aruac virus was originally isolated from a pool ofTrichoprosopon theobaldi mosquitoes, in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Later, it was isolated in BrazilianAmazonia from Culex mosquitoes. Inhangapi virus was isolated once from phlebotominae flies.Xiburema virus is known by a single isolation from a pool of Sabethes intermedius mosquitoes

(Karabatsos, 1985).

Table 6. Rhabdoviruses isolated in Brazilian Amazonia, between 1954-1994.

~

OTHER VIRUSESSix viruses belonging to the families Arenaviridae, Coronaviridae, Herpesviridae,

Paramyxoviridae and Poxviridae are shown in the Table 7.

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TAXONOMY VIRUS

ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN INFECTIONS

Antigenic group Group Hart Park

Mosquitoes Sandflies Others Mammals Birds Reptilians Others natural acquired

laboratory

MOSQUEIRO* Group Kwatta KWATTA-LIKE Group Timbó CHACO* SENA MADUREIRA* TIMBÓ * Group VSV CARAJÁS* COCAL JURONA* MARABÁ* PIRY* Group Mossuril CUIABÁ* MARCO* Ungrouped ARUAC INHANGAPI* XIBUREMA * Isolates first made in the IEC.

Table 7. Viroses from other families isolated in Brazilian Amazonia, between 1954-1994.

* Isolates first made in the IECo

1 Latent infection.

ARENA VIRlDAE, Arena}l;rus

A single genus constitutes the family Arenaviridae and alI are members ofthe Tacaribe serogroup(Pinheiro ~" 1977). Amapari and Flexal viroses have been isolated from rodents and only Flexalhas been found responsible for human disease, a single case being acquired in the laboratory.

HERPES VIRID AEÁgua Preta virus was isolated Doce from the whole blood of a bat Carollia subrufa (Karabatsos,

1985).

POXVlRlDAEA Cotia-like virus was isolated once from the whole blood of a rodent Oryzomys sp (Karabatsos,

1985).

P ARAMYX o VIRID AEMapuera vírus was ísolated once from the salivary gland of a bat Saturnia lillium (Karabatsos,

1985).

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TAXONOMY VIRUS

VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN INFECTION

Antigenic group

Mammals

Reptilians

laboratory acquired

ARENAVIRIDAE Arenavirus Group Tacaribe

AMAPARI* 1 FLEXAL Not grouped HERPES VIRIDAE Not grouped

ÁGUA PRETA* POXIVIRIDAE Not grouped

COTIA-LIKE PARAMYXOVIRI- DAE – Not grouped

MAPUERA* CORONAVIRIDAE Not grouped

BOCAS

CONCLUSION

Many areas of this vast region remain to be expIored for the presence of arboviruses, particuIarIy thosepathogenic to man and domestic animaIs. The rapid coIonization ofthe Amazon region and the consequentincrease of human popuIations. Many of which, are in constant contact with forest areas, together withenvironmentaI changes in the region, raises the concem that this may Iead to an exacerbation of arboviruseshazardous to man and also the opportunity for the appearençe of new serotypes.

CORONA VIRIDAEBocas vírus was ísolated once froro the braín of a reptíle Ameiva ameiva.

UNCLASSIFIED VIRUSESSixteen viroses have not been characterized sufficiently by physicochemical, electron microscopi,

biological, or molecular methods to warrant placement in a taxaDo These viroses are listed in theTable 8. Breu Branco, Codajás, Galibi, Marajo, Tracambe, Trocara and Uruara are known for asingle isolation from culicine mosquitoes. Iriri, Mucura and Papura viroses were isolatade oncefrom phlebotomine sandflies. Itacaiunas was recovered once from a pool of Culicoides sp midges.Parixá virus was isolated once from a bat Lonchophylla thomasi. Araguari virus was isolated oncefrom a marsupial Philander opossum. Cajazeira and Juruaçá are viroses recovered once from viscerasofundetermined bats.

Table 8. Viroses isolated in Brazilian Amazonia between 1954-1994 and not yet classified into families, genusor groups.

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VIRUS ARTROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS

Mosquito Sandflies Midge Wild mammals

ARAGUARI BREU BRANCO CAJAZEIRA CODAJÁS CURIONÓPOLIS GALIBI IRIRI ITACAIUNAS JURUAÇÁ MARAJÓ MUCURA PAPURA PARIXÁ TRACAMBÉ TROCARÁ URUARÁ

REFERENCESAITKEN THG, WOODALL JP, ANDRADE AHP, BENSABATH G, SHOPE RE. -1969 -Pacuí, a neotropical

animal virus ~ssociated with phlebotomine flies. An Meet Am Soc tropMed Hyg, p.609-611.CALISHER CH, KARABATSOS N. -1988 -Arbovirus serogroups: definition and geographic distribution.

In: The arbovirnses -Epidemiology and ecolog,v. Monath TP (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, I,p.19-57.

DÉGALLIER N, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, VASCONCELOS PFC, HERVÉ J-P, SÁ FILHO GC,TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS; TRAVASSOS DA ROSA ES, RODRIGUES ES. -1992 -Modificationsof arbovirus transmission in relation to construction of dams in Brazilian Amazonia Ciência e Cultura(J Brazilian Assoc. Advanc. Sci.) 44(2/3): 124-135.

HERVÉ J-P, DÉGALLIER N, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, SÁ FILHO GC. -1986 -Aspectos ecológicosdos Arbovírus. Instituto Evandro Chagas: 50 anos de contribuição às Ciências Biológicas e à MedicinaTropical, Belém, PA. 1:409-437.

KARABATSOS N. -1985 -International Catalogue of Arboviruses including certain other viruses ofvertebrates.. Am Soc Trop Med Hyg, San Antonio, USA, Il41p.

PINHEIRO FP. Simpósio Internacional sobre Arbovírus dos Trópicos e Febres Hemorrágicas, Belém, 1980.Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 1982. 481p.

PINHEIRO FP, FREITAS RB, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS, GABBAY YB, MELLO WA, LEDUC JW. -1981 -An outbreak ofMayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. I. Clinical and virological findings. AmJTropMed Hyg. 30:674-681.

PINHEIRO FP, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, FREITAS RB, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS,VASCONCELOS PFC -1986 -Aspectos clinico-epidemiológicos dos arbovirus. Instituto EvandroChagas: 50 anos de contribuição às Ciências Biológicas e à Medicina Tropical, Belém, PA, 1 :375-408.

PINHEIRO FP, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA & VASCONCELOS PFC -1994 -Oropouchefevel: In:BERAN, G.W. (ed.). CRC Handbookseriesinzoonoses; SectionB. Viral Zoonoses. Boca Raton, Florida,USA, CRC Press, 1994, p.214-217.

PINHEIRO FP, LEDUC JW, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, LEITE OF. -1981 -Isolation of St. Louisencephalitis virus from a patient in Belém, Brazil. Am. J Trop Med Hyg, 30: 145-148.

PINHEIRO FP, WOODALL JP, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS. -1977 -Studies on arenaviruses in Brazil. Medicina (Buenos Aires). 37:175-181.

SHOPE RE, ANDRADE AHP, BENSABATH G, CAUSEY O, HUMPHREY PS. -1966 -The epidemiologyof EEE, WEE, SLE and Turlock viroses with special reference to birds in a tropical raio forest nearBelém, Brazil. Proc Soc Exp BiolMed, 122:531-535.

SHOPE RE, WOODALL JP, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA. -1988 -The epidemiology ofdiseases causedby viroses in Groups C and Guama (Bunyaviridae). In: The Arboviruses -Epidemiology and Ecology,Monath TI> (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 111, p.37-52.

TRAPP EE, ANDRADE AHP, SHOPE RE. -1965 -Itaporanga, a newly recognized arbovirus from SãoPaulo State, Brazil. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 118:421-422.

TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, TESH RB, PINHEIRO FP, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS, PETERSON NE.-1983 -Characterization of eight new Phlebotomus rever serogroup arboviroses (Bunyaviridae:Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region ofBrazil. Am JTropMed Hyg, 32:1164-1171.

TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, TESH RB, PINHEIRO FP, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS, PERALTA PA,KNUDSON DL. -1984 -Characterization afilie Changuinola serogroup viroses (Reoviridae: Orbivirus).Intervirology, 21:38-49.

TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, TESH RB, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS, HERVÉ J-P, MAIN JR. PJ. -1984 -Carajás and Marabá viroses, two new vesiculoviroses isolated from phlebotomine sand flies inBrazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 33:999-1006.

TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, SHOPE RE, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS, NAKAUTH CM &VASCONCELOS PFC -1986 -Aspectos virológicosdos arbovirus. Instituto Evandro Chagas: 50-anos de contribuição às Ciências Biológicas e à Medicina Tropical, Belém, PA. 1 :365-373.

TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS, FREITAS EN, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA, APA, PINHEIRO FP. -1982 -Epidemiologia do vírus da encefalites S. Luís na Amazônia. In: Simpósio Internacional sobre Arbovírusdos Trópicos e Febres Hemorrágicas, Belém, 1980. Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de Ciências.

TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, DÉGALLIER N, VASCONCELOS PFC -1992 -Caracterização e relacionamento antigênico de três novos Bunyavirus do grupo Anopheles A(Bunyaviridade) dos arbovirus. Rev. Saúde Pública S. Paulo., 26(3): 173-178.

VASCONCELOS PFC1 TRAVASSOS DA ROSA JFS, TRAVASSOS DA ROSA APA, DÉGALLIER N,PINHEIRO FP, SA FILHo GC. -1991 -Epidemiologia das encefalites por arboviros na AmazôniaBrasileira. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 33(6):465-467.

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