Anaerobe zuivering van huishoudelijk

afvalwater; energie produktie &

grondstoffen terugwinning

22-04-2014, Grietje Zeeman; WUR-ETE

Grietje.Zeeman@WUR.nl

large quantities of water for toilet flushing

Dilution of toilet waste water

Industrialized

countries

screens grit

chamber

Raw sewage

primary sedimentation

tank

activated sludge tank

secondary sedimentation

tank

sludge digestion

sludge dewatering

Sludge

Treated effluent

Basic setup of

aerobic treatment

screens grit

chamber

Raw sewage

high-rate anaerobic treatment

effluent polishing

pond

sludge drying beds

Sludge

Treated effluent

Basic setup of

anaerobic treatment

AWWT plant

Bucaramanga,Colombia

UASB

UASB (Upflow

Anaerobic Sludge

Bed) reactor

• Developed by Lettinga (1970’s)

Low temperature

& low

concentration

Large UASB reactors

Low

temperature &

low

concentration

UASB-sludge digester

Under development

Lei Zhang, Tim L.G. Hendrickx, Weiguang Li, Christel Kampman, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman (2013). Co-digestion to support low temperature anaerobic pre-treatment of municipal sewage in a UASB-Digester. Bioresource technology 148, 560-566

Mahmoud N, Zeeman G, Gijzen H, Lettinga G. 2004. Anaerobic sewage treatment in a one-stage UASB reactor and a combined UASB-Digester system. Water Research 38: 2347-2357.

Separation at source

‘New Sanitation’

BW K

GW

Recovery

system

en

erg

y

organic

feritilizer

treatment

food

‘New Sanitation’; restore the cycle with agriculture

Barrel system

End of the 19th century:

Feces & urine collected in barrels

Hygienic ?

Barrel system

Abraham: ’’what, not yet forbidden….?’’

Van Zon, 1986

Black water &

Kitchen waste

(g p-1d-1)

% of total domestic

Wastewater &

Kitchen waste

N 12.3 g 92

P 1.6 g 80

K 3.9 g 84

organics 111 g COD 69

Raw materials; BW & KW

adapted from Zeeman & Kujawa-Roeleveld, 2011

The potential for recovery

World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .

BW + KW (tons per year)

Fertilizer production (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27

..

Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. (2009). The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Global Environmental Change, 19, 292-305.

Phosphorus is a finite resource

Recovery and

reuse of nitrogen

needed?

..

78%

Haber-Bosch

process

N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3

Energy use :

*37-45 kJ/g N;

*Maurer, M., Schwegler, P., and Larsen, T. A. (2003). Nutrients in urine: energetic aspects of removal and recovery.

Water Science and Technology, 48 (1), 37-46.

The potential for recovery

World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .

BW + KW (tons per year)

Fertilizer production (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27

N *30.9*106 ##121*106 25 1.1*103 PJ/y

The potential for recovery

BW + KW (tons per year)

% coverage

Energy equivalent

COD 280*106

±cooking energy

69*109

m3 CH4 per year

‘New Sanitation’

DESAH BV

• Collection (WC) & transport with

minimal water use

•vacuum toilets

•water free urinals

•urine separation toilets

• Separation at source

•BW separate from GW

Modern vacuum

collection and

transport

• comfort

• minimal water use (≤ 1Litre per flush)

EET & STOWA supported

‘New Sanitation’

Full scale

application

Vila Flora; Venlo

DESAH BV

‘New Sanitation’

Full scale

application

Sneek; 250 houses

DESAH BV

New sanitation in NIOO building

New sanitation‘Brouwershuis’

New sanitation ‘Brouwershuis’

Black water UASB treatment,

nitritation-anammox & struvite-precipitation

1.8 m3 CH4/m3

UASB Autotrophic N-removal

N2

P-recovery

De Graaff et al.(2010), Water ;De Graaff et al., (2010), Water Research;De Graaff et al., (2011),Water Research 2*;De Graaff et al., (2011),WS&T

Black water treatment

UASB

Air Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Effluent

Biogas

MP & Pathogens

Sludge

UASB

MP & Pathogens

Local use

Black water treatment

UASB

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Agriculture

Effluent

Biogas

Sludge

UASB

MP & Pathogens

MP & Pathogens

Energy

Liquid Eff. N,K

COD

Black Water P-granules

Sludge

Simultaneous AD & Ca-phosphate precipitation

Taina H. Tervahauta, Renata D. van der Weijden, Roberta L. Flemming, Luc´ıa Hern´andez Leal, Grietje Zeeman,,Cees J. N. Buisman (submitted) Calcium phosphate precipitation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Water Research 48 (2 014 ) 632-642

33

Simultaneous AD & Ca-phosphate

precipitation

Granule formation in black water UASB reactor (a) dried granule (b) and inorganic core of granule (burned at 550"C) (c)

Taina H. Tervahauta, Renata D. van der Weijden, Roberta L. Flemming, Luc´ıa Hern´andez Leal, Grietje Zeeman,,Cees J. N. Buisman (submitted) Calcium phosphate precipitation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Water Research 48 (2 014 ) 632-642

NH3-recovery; microbial fuel cell

Kuntke, P., Śmiech, K.M. , Bruning, H., Zeeman, G., Saakes, M. , Sleutels, T.H.J.A. , Hamelers, H.V.M., Buisman, C.J.N. (2012). Ammonium recovery and energy production from urine by a microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 46-8, 2627-2636

• migrational ion flux to the cathode

• driven by electron production

• anaerobic degradation of organic matter in urine.

N & P recovery; microalgae growth on

urine

Kanjana Tuantet, Marcel Janssen, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman, René H. Wijffels, and Cees J.N. Buisman (2013). Nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production on urine in a short light-path photobioreactor. Water R e search 5 5, 1 6 2 -1 7 4

N & P recovery; microalgae growth on BW

Schematic representation of current and future black water according to new sanitation concepts. Tania Fernandes, NIOO

effluent

polishing

BW

UASB

DBW

Vacuum

toilet

Biogas

PBR

NIOO-KNAW

Wetland

Algae

harvesting

H2O

C

LNV, 2007

NIOO-KNAW

N & P

To develop

Water scarcity

20th century:

• 6* increase water use

• > 2* population growth

..

2025

1.8 billion people live in countries with an absolute water shortage (UN, 2007)

..

Bio-flocculation of grey water (GW)

Grey water

biogas

Bioflocculated and

concentrated

organic matter

Black water and

kitchen refuse

Bioflocculation

unit

membrane

Effluent

Grey water

UASB

GW-sludge

Hernandez Leal L., Temmink H., Zeeman G., Buisman C.J.N. (2010b). Bioflocculation of Grey Water for improved energy recovery within decentralized sanitation concepts. Bioresource Technology, Volume 101, Issue 23, 9065-9070

Biogas

BW&KW

Treated grey; potential water source

Grey water management at community level (Hernandez, 2010)

41

Micro-pollutants

Micro-pollutants

(MPs)

*almost 200 micro-pollutants from personal care products in GW

**190 different pharmaceutical substances recorded

DESAH BV

*Eriksson, E.; Auffarth, K.; Eilerse, A. M.; Henze, M.; Ledin, A (2003). Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA, 29, 135–146. **Winker, M., Faika, D., Gulyas, H. and Otterpohl, R. (2008). A comparison of human pharmaceutical concentrations in raw municipal wastewater and yellow water. Science of the total environment

Lucia Hernandez

Fate MPs in

biological BW- or

GW-treatment

*Personal care products in GW

**Pharmaceutical residues & estrogens in BW

*Hernandez Leal L., Vieno, N., Temmink H., Zeeman G., Buisman C.J.N. (2010). Occurrence of Xenobiotics in Grey Water and Removal in Three Biological Treatment Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44 (17): 6835–6842 **de Graaff, M.S., Vieno, N.M., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G.; Temmink, H.; Buisman, C.J.N. (2011). Fate of hormones and pharmaceuticals during combined anaerobic treatment and nitrogen removal by nitritation-anammox in vacuum collected black water. Water Research, Volume 45, Issue 1; **T.Z.D. de Mes, K. Kujawa-Roeleveld, G. Zeeman and G. Lettinga (2007). Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with micro-aerobic post-treatment. Water Science & Technology Vol 56 No 5.

Marthe de Graaff Titia de Mes

Conclusies; anaerobe zuivering van

huishoudelijk afvalwater;

3 ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ toepassingen in Nederland

Verbeteringen ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ in ontwikkeling

Ontwikkeling UASB-slibvergisting systeem

Conclusies; anaerobe zuivering van

huishoudelijk afvalwater;

VRAGEN?