analysis and execution of road work

7/26/2019 Analysis and Execution of Road Work

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ANALYSIS AND EXECUTION OF ROAD WORK

ON NH-5

SAMARTH AGARWAL

(08248A0101)

KG RAHUL VARMA

(08241A0132)

Assistant professor of i!i" #n$ineerin$ %epart&ent'

Department of Cii! En"ineerin"

#o$ara%& Ran"ara%& In'tit&te of En"ineerin" an( Te)*no!o"+

,Affi!iate( to NTU.

H+(era/a(


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STUDENT DECLARATION

We ere* +e,"are tat te pro-e,t entit"e+ . A/ALSS ##UT/ 5

RA%WRKS / /H67. is te or9 +one * :s +:rin$ te a,a+e&i, *ear 201162012

an+ is s:&itte+ in partia" f:"fi""&ent of te re;:ire&ents for te aar+ of +e$ree of

a,e"or of te,no"o$* in VL #/G/##R/G fro&


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ACKNOWLED#E0ENT

S:,,ess is epito&e of ar+ or9= ,o$en,* for f:"fi""in$ te &ission= in+efati$a"e perse!eran,e

an+ &ost of a"" en,o:ra$in$ $:i+an,e an+ Steerin$'

t $i!es :s an i&&ense p"eas:re to epress o:r $ratit:+e to 1rof2 Dr2 #2 3en$ata Ramana= Hea+

of %epart&ent of i!i" #n$ineerin$ for is estee&e+ $:i+an,e an+ a"e s:per!ision +:rin$ te

,o:rse of te pro-e,t' His ,onstant en,o:ra$e&ent an+ ,o6operation &a+e tis pro-e,t a s:,,ess'

We are espe,ia""* tan9f:" to Dr2 2N2 0&rt*+= Brin,ipa"= GR#T= H*+eraa+= for pro!i+in$ te

ne,essar* fa,i"ities to ,arr* o:t te or9 s:,,essf:""*'

We o:"+ "i9e to epress o:r sin,ere tan9s to 4SC1L Infra'tr&)t&re' Limite(for pro!i+in$

:s an opport:nit* to ,o&p"ete o:r in+:stria" oriente+ &ain pro-e,t s:,,essf:""*= i, is a part of

,o:rse ,:rri,:":&' Tis trainin$ o:"+ not a!e een s:,,essf:""* ,o&p"ete+ ito:t te

$:i+an,e an+ s:pport of 0r2 K2 Sam/a'ia Rao(Bro-e,t Mana$er)= 0r2 N2 Srinia' (C'

Laorator* n ,ar$e)= 0r2 S*ia Ram Re((+ (S:r!e*in$ n ,ar$e)= 0r2 A/(&! K*a(ar

(Str:,t:res n,ar$e) an+ te entire tea&' We are +eep"* in+ete+ to pro-e,t tea& &e&ers o

ere a"a*s rea+* to e"p :s +:rin$ pro-e,t ti&e'

We are a"so tan9f:" to o:r interna" pro-e,t $:i+e ?'H'Maes an+ra9ant for is $:i+an,e in

o:r pro-e,t'

Sa&art A$ara"

Ases K:&ar Sin$

K Vi!e9 ?a:

KG Ra:" Var&a

A4STRACT

Roa+ Transport is !ita" to n+iaDs e,ono&*' t ena"es te ,o:ntr*Ds transportation se,tor

,ontri:te 4'> per,ent of n+iaEs $ross +o&esti, pro+:,t= in ,o&parison to rai"a*s tat


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,ontri:te+ 1 per,ent= in 200F62010= +espite rai"a*s an+"in$ of passen$er an+ p:re ,ar$o'

Roa+ transport as $aine+ in i&portan,e o!er te *ears +espite si$nifi,ant arriers an+

ineffi,ien,ies in inter6state frei$t an+ passen$er &o!e&ent ,o&pare+ to rai"a*s an+ air' Te

$o!ern&ent of n+ia ,onsi+ers roa+ netor9 as ,riti,a" to te ,o:ntr*Ds +e!e"op&ent= so,ia"

inte$ration an+ se,:rit* nee+s of te ,o:ntr*' n+iaDs roa+ netor9 ,arries o!er @7 per,ent of its

frei$t an+ ao:t 87 per,ent of passen$er traffi,' n+ian roa+ netor9 is a+&inistere+ * !ario:s

$o!ern&ent a:torities= $i!en n+iaDs fe+era" for& of $o!ern&ent' /ationa" i$a*s ,onne,t

,apita"s= i&portant p"a,es= ports an+ p"a,es of strate$i, i&portan,e of !ario:s states' To:$

nationa" i$a*s a,,o:nt for on"* 2 of te tota" roa+ "en$t= te* ,arr* near"* 13 of te tota"

traffi,'

5"ei"e pa!e&ent is ,o&pose+ of a it:&ino:s &ateria" s:rfa,e ,o:rse an+ :n+er"*in$ ase an+

s: ase ,o:rses' Te it:&ino:s &ateria" is &ore often aspa"t ose !is,o:s nat:re a""os

si$nifi,ant p"asti, +efor&ation' Most aspa"t s:rfa,es are :i"t on a $ra!e" ase= a"to:$ so&e

Df:"" +eptD aspa"t s:rfa,es are :i"t +ire,t"* on te s: $ra+e' %epen+in$ on te te&perat:re at

i, it is app"ie+= aspa"t is ,ate$oriIe+ as ot &i aspa"t (HMA)= ar& &i aspa"t= or ,o"+

&i aspa"t' 5"ei"e Ba!e&ent is so na&e+ as te pa!e&ent s:rfa,e ref"e,ts te tota" +ef"e,tion

of a"" s:se;:ent "a*ers +:e to te traffi, "oa+ a,tin$ :pon it' Te f"ei"e pa!e&ent +esi$n is

ase+ on te "oa+ +istri:tin$ ,ara,teristi,s of a "a*ere+ s*ste&'

t trans&its "oa+ to te s: $ra+e tro:$ a ,o&ination of "a*ers' 5"ei"e pa!e&ent +istri:tes

"oa+ o!er a re"ati!e"* s&a""er area of te s: $ra+e eneat' Te initia" insta""ation ,ost of a

f"ei"e pa!e&ent is ;:ite "o i, is * tis t*pe of pa!e&ent is &ore ,o&&on"* seen

:ni!ersa""*' Hoe!er= te f"ei"e pa!e&ent re;:ires &aintenan,e an+ ro:tine repairs e!er* fe

*ears'

Hi$a* s:r!e*s in!o"!e te "o,ation of a"i$n&ents an+ ,o&p:tation of !o":&es &ateria"s tat

&:st e a++e+= re&o!e+= or &o!e+' t initia""* re;:ires a topo$rapi, s:r!e* of te site' 5or "ar$e

pro-e,ts= poto$rapi, &eto+ i"" e :se+ to +e!e"op te ase &ap' Te ase &ap is :se+ *


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s:r!e*ors an+ oter professiona" to ,reate a ase p"an for te pro-e,t' After te a"i$n&ent as

een esta"ise+= te ;:antities of eart tat &:st e a++e+ or re&o!e+ are ,o&p:te+' Te $oa"

of &ost pro-e,ts is to &ini&iIe te a:"in$ +istan,es of te eart' Tis is +one :sin$ &ass

+ia$ra&s' #!ent:a""* s:r!e*ors "a*o:t te e"e!ation an+ s"ope of te !ario:s s:6$ra+es= ase=

an+ top ,oat &ateria"s' Te en+ res:"t is a s&oot a"i$n&ent it s&oot transitions fro&

strai$t to ,:r!e+ se,tions a""oin$ for safe p:"i, transportation'

Bro-e,t *

Sa&art A$ara"

Ases K:&ar Sin$

K Vi!e9 ?a:

KG Ra:" Var&a

ACWC

AI3

4C

D40

#S4

NH

NHAI

1U1

C


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RCC

3U1

W00

4C

0DD

O0C

C4R

W40

DLC

IRC

CONTENTS

a'

'


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Intro(&)tion

/ationa" Hi$a* 7 (/H67) is a &a-or /ationa" Hi$a* in n+ia tat r:ns a"on$ n+iaEs east

,oast tro:$ te states of rissa= An+ra Bra+es an+ Ta&i" /a+:' Te nortern ter&ina" is at


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C!a''ifi)ation of roa(' a' per IRC ,Na"p&r 1!an.

Nationa! Hi"*6a+'7 Tese are &ain i$a*s r:nnin$ tro:$ te "en$t an+ rea+t of te

,o:ntr* ,onne,tin$ &a-or ports= forei$n i$a*s= state ,apita"s= "ar$e in+:stria" an+ to:rist

,enters et,'

State Hi"*6a+' Tese are arteria" ro:tes of states "in9in$ +ire,t ea+;:arters an+ i&portant

,ities itin te state an+ ,onne,tin$ te& it /ationa" Hi$a*s or Hi$a*s of tenei$orin$ states'

0a%or Di'tri)t Roa('7 Tese are i&portant roa+s itin a +istri,t ser!in$ areas of pro+:,tion

an+ &ar9ets= an+ ,onne,tin$ tese it ea, oter or it te &ain i$a*s'

Ot*er Di'tri)t Roa('7 Tese are roa+s ser!in$ r:ra" areas of pro+:,tion an+ pro!i+in$ te&

it o:t"et to &ar9et ,enters= ta":9atesi" ea+;:arters= "o,9 +e!e"op&ent ea+;:arters= or

oter &ain roa+s'

3i!!a"e Roa('7 Tese are roa+s ,onne,tin$ !i""a$es or $ro:ps of !i""a$es it ea, oter an+ to

te nearest roa+ of i$er ,ate$or*'

#eometri) De'i"n Stan(ar('

Te "a*o:t an+ oter $eo&etri, feat:res of a roa+ a!e +ire,t inf":en,e on te initia" ,ost of its

,onstr:,tion an+ te effi,ien,* an+ e,ono&* of its :se * traffi,' Te safet* of operation is a"so


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si$nifi,ant"* affe,te+ * $eo&etri, +esi$n' Te $eo&etri, +esi$n of a i$a* is inf":en,e+

si$nifi,ant"* * terrain ,on+itions'

Terrain C!a''ifi)ation - Te terrain is ,"assifie+ * te $enera" s"ope of te ,o:ntr* a,ross te

i$a* a"i$n&ent= for i, te ,riterion $i!en in ta"e fo""oe+'

S!2 No2

82

92

:2

;2

Roa( !ane 6i(t*7

t is a"so ter&e+ te ri$t6of6a* is te "an+ a,;:ire+ for roa+ p:rposes' %esira"e i+t for

/ationa" an+ state Hi$a*s is 47&ts in open areas in ,ase of p"ain an+ ro""in$ terrain= an+

24&ts in ,ase of &o:ntaino:s an+ steep terrains'

i' Roa(6a+ 6i(t*7 te i+t of te roa+a* for sin$"e an+ to "ane roa+s in p"ain an+ro""in$ terrain is 12&ts for /ationa" an+ State i$a*s'

ii' Carria"e6a+ 6i(t*7 Te tota" i+t of te ,arria$ea* sa"" e +eter&ine+ in re"ation

to te +esi$n traffi, an+ ,apa,it* of te roa+a*' Te stan+ar+ i+t sa"" e as in+i,ate+

e"o'

Sin$"e "ane 3'>7&ts

To "ane ito:t raise+ 9ers >'0 &ts

To "anes it raise+ 9ers >'7&ts

M:"ti "ane pa!e&ents i+t per "ane 3'7&ts


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iii' 1aement )am/er or )ro'' fa!!7 te ,a&er or ,ross fa"" on strai$t se,tions of roa+s

so:"+ e as re,o&&en+e+ in ta"e $i!en e"o for !ario:s t*pes of s:rfa,es' 5or a $i!en

s:rfa,e t*pe= te steeper !a":es &a* e a+opte+ in areas a!in$ i$ intensit* of rainfa""'

Hi$6t*pe it s:rfa,in$ or ,e&ent ,on,rete 1'>62'0

(1 in @0 to 1 in 70)

Tin it s:rfa,in$ 2'062'7

(1 in 70 to 1 in 40)

Water o:n+ &a,a+a&= $ra!e" 2'763'0

(1 in 40 to 1 in 33)

#arten 3'064'0

(1 in 33 to 1 in 27)

i!' Hori


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S:per e"e!ation re;:ire+ on oriIonta" ,:r!es so:"+ e ,a",:"ate+ fro& te fo""oin$ for&:"a

eNV2227R

Were=

eN s:per e"e!ation in &eter per

&eter VN spee+ in 9&

RN Ra+i:s in &eters

!i' 3erti)a! a!i"nment7 Verti,a" A"i$n&ent so:"+ pro!i+e for a s&oot "on$it:+ina"profi"e

,onsistent it ,ate$or* of te roa+ an+ "a* of te terrain' Gra+e ,an$es so:"+ not e

fre;:ent as to ,a:se 9in9s san+ !is:a" +is,ontin:ities in te profi"e' %esira"* tere

so:"+ e no ,an$e in $ra+e it in a +istan,e of 170&ts'

a) 5or p"ain an+ ro""in$ terrain 1 in 30 is te r:"in$ $ra+ient an+ 1 in 17 is

#,eptiona" $ra+ient'

3erti)a! )&re'

Definition'7

i' Verti,a" :r!e Verti,a" ,:r!es a!e te sape of a parao"a an+ are :se+ to pro+:,e a

$ra+:a" ,an$e eteen tan$ent $ra+es'

ii' Boint of Verti,a" nterse,tion (BV) Te BV is te point ere te etension of to

tan$ent $ra+es interse,t

iii' Boint of Verti,a" :r!at:re (BV)' Te BV is te point at i, te tan$ent $ra+e en+s

an+ te !erti,a" ,:r!e e$ins'

i!' Boint of Verti,a" Tan$en,* (BVT)' Te BVT is te point at i, te !erti,a" ,:r!e en+s

an+ te tan$ent $ra+e e$ins'

!' Gra+e S"opes (G1 or G2)' Te $ra+e s"ope is te rate of s"ope eteen to a+-a,ent BVDs

epresse+ as a per,ent' Te n:&eri,a" !a":e for per,ent is te !erti,a" rise or fa"" in


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feet for ea, 100 feet of oriIonta" +istan,e' Up$ra+es in te +ire,tion of stationin$ are

i+entifie+ as p":s (O)' %on$ra+es are i+entifie+ as &in:s (6)'

Different roa( materia!' &'e(7

Te &ost i&portant pa!e&ent &ateria"s are soi"s= &inera" a$$re$ates= it:&ino:s in+ers= an+

stai"iIers "i9e "i&e= ,e&ent= et,' Minera" a$$re$ates ,onstit:te ao:t F0 per,ent of tota" !o":&e

of roa+ ,onstr:,tion &ateria"s :se+' A"" roa+s a!e to e fo:n+e+ on soi" an+ are re;:ire+ to

&a9e opti&:& :se of te "o,a""* a!ai"a"e &ateria"s= if it is to e ,onstr:,te+ e,ono&i,a""*'

Materia"s :se+ in te str:,t:ra" "a*ers of te pa!e&ent so:"+ e se"e,te+ ase+ on a!ai"ai"it*=

e,ono&* an+ pre!io:s eperien,e'

Soi! a' roa( )on'tr&)tion materia!7


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S: $ra+e soi" is an inte$ra" part of te roa+ pa!e&ent str:,t:re as it pro!i+es s:pport to te

pa!e&ent as its fo:n+ation' Te &ain f:n,tion of te s: $ra+e is to $i!e a+e;:ate s:pport to te

pa!e&ent an+ for tis te s: $ra+e so:"+ possess s:ffi,ient stai"it* :n+er a+!erse ,"i&ati, an+

"oa+in$ ,on+itions' Te for&ation of a!e= ,orr:$ations= r:ttin$ an+ so!in$ in "a,9 top

pa!e&ents are $enera""* attri:te+ to poor s: $ra+e ,on+itions' Wen soi" is :se+ in e&an9&ent

,onstr:,tion= in a++ition to stai"it*= in,o&pressii"it* is a"so i&portant as +ifferentia" sett"e&ent

&a* ,a:se fai":re' Soi" is :se+ in its nat:ra" for& ($ra!e" an+ san+) or in a pro,esse+ for&

(stai"iIe+ "a*er) for pa!e&ent ,onstr:,tion' Soi" is a"so :se+ as a in+er in ater6o:n+ &a,a+a&

"a*ers' Soi" is terefore= ,onsi+ere+ as one of te prin,ipa" i$a* &ateria"s' Te fo:n+ation of

oter ,ross6+raina$e str:,t:res (,:"!erts= ri+$es an+ retainin$ a""s) rests on soi"s an+ teir

stai"it* +epen+s on te soi" stren$t= 9no"e+$e of soi" properties is ne,essar* to se"e,t te

e&an9&ent &ateria"= pa!e&ent str:,t:re= +raina$e s*ste& an+ fo:n+ation of str:,t:res' Wen a

i$ e&an9&ent rests on soft $ro:n+= its stai"it* ,an e pre+i,te+ * st:+*in$ te properties of

soi"' 5rost a,tion= ,o&&on in i$ a"tit:+es= ,an e ta9en ,are of if te soi" properties are e""

9non' Soi" ,onsists &ain"* of &inera"s &atter for&e+ * te +isinte$ration of ro,9s= * te a,tion

of ater= frost= te&perat:re= an+ press:re or * p"ant or ani&a" "ife' ?ase+ on te in+i!i+:a" $rain

siIe of te soi" parti,"es= soi" a!e een ,"assifie+ as $ra!e"= san+= si"t= an+ ,"a*'

Te ?S $i!es te fo""oin$ "i&its of parti,"e siIe'

Gra!e"

San+ ,oarse

Me+i:&

5ine

Si"t

"a*


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T+pe' of 'oi!7 Soi"s o,,:r in a fair"* i+e !ariet* in o:r ,o:ntr*' So&e of te &a-or soi" t*pes

fo:n+ in te ,o:ntr* are

i' A!!&ia! 'oi!'7 Tese are &ost"* fo:n+ in te in+o6$an$ati, p"ane' Genera""*= tese are

,o&pose+ of roa+"* &at,in$ fra,tions of san+= si"t= an+ ,"a*= an+ &a9e fair to $oo+ s:$ra+e &ateria"'

ii' Fine 'an(7 t is ,onfine+ &ost"* to +esert areas in te nort estern part of te ,o:ntr*'

Tis soi" "a,9s in+er fra,tion an+ is not e"" $ra+e+'

iii' Coa'ta! 'oi!'7 Te san+ssan+* soi"s for&in$ te ,oasta" a"":!i:& :s:a""* &a9e a $oo+

s:6$ra+e'

i!' 42C 'oi!'7 ?"a,9 ,otton soi"s o,,:r in parts of Ma+*a Bra+es= Maarastra= An+ra

Bra+es an+ Karnata9a' Tis soi" is ,ara,teriIe+ * prono:n,e+ !o":&e ,an$es

(se""in$ :pon ettin$ an+ srin9a$e after +r*in$) an+ "o stren$ts at i$ &oist:re

,ontent'

!' Re( "rae!!+ 'oi!'7 Te &oor:&s an+ re+ $ra!e""* soi"s are fo:n+ in !ario:s po,9ets an+

are "ess pro"e&ati,'

Te i+e ran$e of soi" t*pes as i$a* ,onstr:,tion &ateria"s a!e &a+e it o"i$ator* on te

part of te i$a* en$ineer to in+entif* an+ ,"assif* te +ifferent soi"s' Te ,"assifi,ation of soi"

as per S no&en,"at:re= te $enera" ran$e of te &ai&:& +r* +ensities of tese &ateria"s an+

teir approi&ate ?R !a":es are $i!en e"o'

C!a''ifi)ation of 'oi!' a' per IS '+'tem

Soi! "ro&p (e')ription

#m=)m:

We"" $ra+e+ $ra!e"s an+ $ra!e" san+ &it:re

(finesP7)

Boor"* $ra+e+ $ra!e" an+ $ra!e" san+ &it:re (fine


15/86

P 7)

Si"t* $ra!e" an+ $ra!e" san+ &it:re (finesQ12)

"a*e* $ra!e"s an+ $ra!e" san+ si"t &it:res

(finesQ12)

We"" $ra+e+ san+ an+ $ra!e""* san+ (finesP 7)

Boor"* $ra+e+ san+ an+ $ra!e""* san+ (finesP7)

Si"t* san+ an+ san+ si"t &it:res (finesQ12)

"a*e* san+s an+ san+ ,"a* &it:res

(5ines Q12)

nor$ani, si"t= !er* fine ro,9 f"oor

"a*e* si"t or fine san+= inor$ani, ,"a*= $ra!e""*=

san+* or si"t*'

r$ani, si"t an+ si"t* ,"a*s

nor$ani, si"t e"asti, an+ &i,a,eo:s si"ts

nor$ani, 5at ,"a*s

r$ani, si"t an+ ,"a*s

Roa( a""re"ate'7

Tese a!e to ear te stresses +:e to te ee" "oa+s an+ en,e te* so:"+ possess s:ffi,ient

stren$t to resist ,r:sin$' Te* so:"+ e *ar(eno:$ to resist ear +:e to arasi!e a,tion of

traffi,' Te a$$re$ates in te pa!e&ent are a"so s:-e,te+ to i&pa,t en,e to&"*ne''is anoter

+esira"e propert* of a$$re$ates' Te stones :se+ so:"+ e +:ra"e an+ resist +isinte$ration +:e

to a,tion of eater= tis propert* is ,a""e+ 'o&n(ne''2

Te fo""oin$ are te &ost ,o&&on"* a!ai"a"e ro,9s in n+ia fro& i, roa+ a$$re$ates ,an

e otaine+'

T+pe of Ro)$

?asa"t

Granite


16/86

Li&estone

C:artIite

San+ Stone

A$$re$ates &a* a!e ro:n+e+ ,:i,a" an$:"ar f"a9* or e"on$ate+ sape of parti,"es' Te f"a9* or

e"on$ate+ parti,"es i"" a!e "ess stren$t an+ +:rai"it* en,e too f"a9* an+ e"on$ate+ parti,"es

so:"+ e a!oi+e+' Te fo""oin$ are te p*si,a" re;:ire&ents of ,oarse a$$re$ates :se+ for

W?M as per S 238@'

Los An$"es arasion !a":e

r

A$$re$ate i&pa,t !a":e

o&ine+ f"a9iness an+ e"on$ation in+i,es

#ra(in" re>&irement'7 Te W?M is ,arrie+ o:t in "a*ers' Te ,oarse a$$re$ates for ea, "a*er

so:"+ ,onfir& to an* of (3) $ra+in$ e"o' Te :se of $ra+in$ no 1 sa"" e restri,te+ to s:

ase ,o:rses on"*'


17/86

Si&irement' of )oar'e a""re"ate' for 6ater /o&n( ma)a(am2

#ra(in" No2

1

2

3

Te ,o&pa,te+ ti,9ness for a "a*er it $ra+in$ no 1 sa"" e 100 && i"e for "a*er it

oter $ra+in$ i'e' 23 sa"" e >7 &&'


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App!i)ation of ')reenin"'7

To fi"" !oi+s in te ,oarse a$$re$ates= s,reenin$s are $enera""* ne,essar* an+ sa"" ,onsist if te

sa&e &ateria" as te ,oarse a$$re$ate' As far as possi"e= te s,reenin$ &ateria" so:"+ ,onfor&

to $ra+in$ $i!en in te ta"e'

#ra(in"

)!a''ifi)ation

A

?

#rae!7/on6B"asti, &ateria" s:, as &oor:& or $ra!e" &a* a"so e :se+ for fi""in$ te !oi+s in

te ,oarse a$$re$ates pro!i+e+ "i;:i+ "i&it an+ p"asti,it* in+e of s:, &ateria" are e"o 20 an+

@ respe,ti!e"* an+ fra,tion passin$ >7 &i,rons sie!e +oesnEt e,ee+ 10'

4it&mino&' materia!7

?it:&en is a !is,o:s "i;:i+= se&iso"i+ or so"i+ &ateria"= ,o"o:r !ar*in$ fro& "a,9 to +ar9 ron

a!in$ a+esi!e properties ,onsistin$ essentia""* *+ro,arons is +eri!e+ fro& +isti""ation of

petro"e:& ,r:+e or nat:ra" aspa"t an+ so":"e in ,aron +is:"pi+e' ?it:&ino:s &ateria"s :se+

for pa!in$ p:rposes are penetration $ra+e it:&en an+ "i;:i+ it:&en (,:ta,9s e&:"sion)'

Te it:&ino:s in+er so:"+ possess te fo""oin$ ;:a"ities'

A+e;:ate !is,osit* at te ti&e of &iin$ an+ ,o&pa,tion'

/ot i$"* te&perat:re s:s,epti"e'

So:"+ not strip fro& a$$re$ate in presen,e of ater'


19/86

Fo!!o6in" '&ita/i!it+ te't' are fo!!o6e(7

1' onsisten,* Test

Benetration test

Vis,osit* test

Softenin$ point test

%:,ti"it* test

2' o&position Test

Loss on eat test

So":i"it* test

Water ,ontent test

%isti""ation test

Spot test

3' Spe,ifi, Gra!it* Test

Varies fro& 1'00 to 1'28

4' 5"as 5ire Boint Test

Safet* test to in+i,ate te &a te&perat:re to i, te it:&ino:s &ateria" ,an e

safe"* eate+'

Meas:re&ent of penetration a 100 $& stan+ar+ stee" nee+"e into a it:&en in+er 9ept

into a it:&en in+er 9ept at 27 +e$rees itin 7 se, is 9non as penetration !a":e'

Vis,osit* is its i&portant p*si,a" propert* "o !is,o:s in+er &a* f"o off te

a$$re$ate +:rin$ transit fro& &iin$ p"ant to site an+ a i$ !is,o:s &ateria" &a*

pro!i+e an :nor9a"e &i' Vis,o&eter is :se+ to &eas:re te !is,osit* of te it:&en'

Te +:,ti"it* of a it:&ino:s &ateria" is &eas:re+ * te +istan,e in ,enti&eters to

i, it i"" e"on$ate efore rea9in$ en a ri;:ette spe,i&en of te &ateria" of te

for& is p:""e+ apart at a spe,ifie+ spee+ (70 &&&in) an+ spe,ifie+ te&perat:re of 2>

+e$rees6 it:&ino:s ri;:ette is s:-e,te+ to r:pt:re in te testin$ &a,ine'


20/86

Softenin" point7 Te te&perat:re at i, te it:&en attains te parti,:"ar +e$ree of softenin$

:n+er spe,ifie+ ,on+ition of test6 &eas:re+ it rin$ an+ a"" apparat:s'

F!a'* point7 t is te "oest te&perat:re at i, te !apo:r of it:&en &o&entari"* ta9es fire

in te for& of a f"as :n+er spe,ifie+ ,on+ition of test6 pens9*6&artens tester is te apparat:s

:se+ to test f"as point'

Fire point7 t is te "oest te&perat:re at i, te &ateria" $ets i$nite+ an+ :rns :n+er

spe,ifie+ ,on+ition of test6 &eas:re+ it pens9*6&artens tester'

1ropertie' of pain" /it&men7

Spe,ifi, $ra!it* at 2> +e$rees

Water ,ontent per,ent * ei$t= &a

5"as point in +e$ree ,enti$ra+e

Softenin$ point in +e$ree ,enti$ra+e

Benetration at 27 +e$rees

%:,ti"it* at 24 +e$rees

Loss on eatin$ per,ent * ei$t

Te a$$re$ates :se+ in it:&ino:s or9s sa"" satisf* te fo""oin$ p*si,a" re;:ire&ents

it:&en a$$re$ate &it:res


21/86

4it&mino&' )o&r'e'7

?it:&ino:s ,o:rses of +ifferent spe,ifi,ations are "ai+ on W?MWMM ase or eistin$ ?T

s:rfa,e' A BRM# AT o!er &a,a+a& ase at te rate of @ to F 9$s10 s;&s an+ TAK AT

of 2 to 3 9$ss;&s o!er eistin$ ?T s:rfa,e sa"" pre,e+e te it:&ino:s ,o:rses' Te

spe,ifi,ation for +ifferent ,"asses of ?T or9 !aries it respe,t to siIe of a$$re$ates an+

;:antit* of it:&en :se+' Te !oi+s in it:&ino:s s:rfa,e i"" e sea"e+ * app"i,ation of sea"

,oat'

Re>&irement' /efore !a+in" /it&mino&' )o&r'e'7

i' S:rfa,e so:"+ e ,"ean an+ +r*'ii' Tere so:"+ e no presen,e of or$ani, or inor$ani, s:stan,es'

iii' Te "e!e" of %?M "a*er so:"+ e ,e,9e+ efore "a*in$ it:&ino:s ,o:rse an+ if an*

error is fo:n+= it so:"+ e ,orre,te+'

i!' A$$re$ates :se+ so:"+ a"so e ,"ean an+ +r*'

!' Loose soi" if present so:"+ e s,rat,e+ o:t'

Te fo""oin$ ta"e sos te it:&ino:s $enera""* :se+

S!2no

1

2

3

4


22/86

Apart fro& ,onfor&it* it $ra+in$ an+ ;:a"it* re;:ire&ents in+i!i+:a" in$re+ients te

&i sa"" &eet te re;:ire&ents of Marsa"" test'

Mini&:& stai"it*(9$ at @0 +e$ree ,enti$ra+e)5"o (&&)

o&pa,tion "e!e" (no of "os)

Ber,ent air !oi+s

Ber,ent !oi+s in &inera" a$$re$ate (VMA)

Ima"e7 ?it:&ino:s ,o:rse


23/86

E?e)&tion of 'ite 6or$7

Site ine'ti"ation7

A site in!esti$ation report is te asis for a"" te s:se;:ent +e,isions re$ar+in$ ,"ean:p of a

,onta&inate+ site' Tis report +es,ries te fin+in$s of te +es9 st:+* an+ te fie"+ or9 an+

+is,:ss teir i&p"i,ations it respe,t to te propose+ +e!e"op&ent of te site' An assess&ent is

&a+e in ter&s of "i9e"ioo+ of te presen,e of ,onta&ination tat &a* affe,t te feasii"it* of te

site for te inten+e+ :se'

Te se;:en,e of a site in!esti$ation is as fo""os

%es9 St:+*

Site Re,onnaissan,e Bre"i&inar* report or feasii"it* st:+* Bre"i&inar* Gro:n+ n!esti$ation 6 B"annin$ of &ain G

Bre"i&inar* report Main Gro:n+ n!esti$ation Laorator* testin$

5ina" report

Objectives of site investigation

Te prin,ipa" o-e,ti!es for a i$a* +esi$n Site n!esti$ation are as fo""os

S:itai"it* Are te site an+ s:rro:n+in$s s:ita"e for te i$a*

%esi$n tain a"" te +esi$n para&eters ne,essar* for te or9s'


24/86

onstr:,tion Are tere an* potentia" $ro:n+ or $ro:n+ ater ,on+itions tat o:"+ affe,t

te ,onstr:,tion

Materia"s Are tere an* &ateria"s a!ai"a"e on site= at ;:antit* an+ ;:a"it*

#ffe,t of ,an$es Ho i"" te +esi$n affe,t a+-a,ent properties an+ te $ro:n+ ater

+entif* A"ternati!es s tis te est "o,ation

n a++ition to tese= it is ne,essar* to in!esti$ate eistin$ feat:res s:, as s"opes' f tere is a

fai":re of s:, a feat:re ten it is ne,essar* to in!esti$ate te fai":re an+ s:$$est re&e+ia" or9s'

De'$ 't&(+7

Te +es9 st:+* is or9 ta9en :p prior to ,o&&en,in$ te or9 on site an+ te Gro:n+

n!esti$ation' t so:"+ a"a*s e te first sta$e of te Site n!esti$ation an+ is :se+ to p"an te

Gro:n+ n!esti$ation' Te or9 in!o"!es resear,in$ te site to $ain as &:, infor&ation as

possi"e= ot $eo"o$i,a" an+ istori,a"'

Site reconnaissance:

Te Site Re,onnaissan,e pase of a site in!esti$ation is nor&a""* in te for& of a a"9 o!er

s:r!e* of te site' &portant e!i+en,e to "oo9 for is

H+(ro"eo!o"+ Wet &ars* $ro:n+= sprin$s or seepa$e= pon+s or strea&s an+ We""s'

S!ope In'ta/i!it+ Si$ns of s"ope instai"it* in,":+e ent trees= :&&o,9s on te $ro:n+

an+ +isp"a,e+ fen,es or +rains' 0inin" Te presen,e of &inin$ is often si$ns of s:si+en,e an+ possi"* +is:se+ &ine

safts' pen ,ast &inin$ is in+i,ate+ * +i!erte+ strea&s rep"a,e+ or re&o!e+

fen,ee+$e "ines'

A))e'' t is essentia" tat a,,ess to te site ,an e easi"* otaine+' Bossi"e pro"e&sin,":+e "o o!erea+ ,a"es an+ ater,o:rses'

Planning a site investigation:

Te &ain in!esti$ation is te f:"" in!esti$ation of te site :sin$ oreo"es an+ tria" pits an+

in,":+es te preparation of te site6 in!esti$ation report it re!ise+ p"ans an+ se,tions=

interpretation an+ re,o&&en+ations for +esi$n'

Te* ,onsi+er tat tere are to aspe,ts to te site in!esti$ation 'Te $eo"o$i,a" str:,t:re an+

,ara,ter of te site an+ te testin$ of te soi" ot in te "aorator* an+ in6sit:'

Ground investigation:

Gro:n+ in!esti$ation is ta9en to e tat oter tan te infor&ation a!ai"a"e fro& te a"9 o!er

s:r!e* as +is,:sse+ pre!io:s"*'


25/86

Tere are to prin,ipa" &eto+s of in!esti$atin$ te $ro:n+ ,on+itions= tria" pits an+ oreo"es'

n a++ition= te rea+er so:"+ e aare of $eop*si,a" te,ni;:es s:, as seis&i, s:r!e*s= i,

are not +is,:sse+ ere'

Samp!in"7

Sa&p"in$ ,an e eiter :n+ist:re+= of i, in6sit: testin$ is a for&= or +ist:re+' n o:r site=

e :se+ ot +ist:re+ an+ :n+ist:re+representati!e'

Reportin"7

Te Site n!esti$ation report for a i$a* +esi$n s,e&e so:"+ anser a"" te ;:estions set

o:t in te p"annin$ pase of te n!esti$ation' Tis so:"+ in,":+e an assess&ent of te !iai"it*

of te propose+ ro:te an+ in+i,ation of an* a"ternati!es'

n,":+e+ in te report so:"+ e a "o,ation of a"" te oreo"es= tria" pits= oter e,a!ations an+

teir "o$s' Tese "o$s so:"+ $i!e as &:, infor&ation as possi"e on te soi" an+ ro,9 str:,t:reas it is possi"e to otain'

Te soi" an+ ro,9 +es,riptions so:"+ e +efine+ an+ so:"+ ,ontain te infor&ation +es,rie+

e"o

Soi" %es,ription 6 ften re&eere+ :sin$ te a,ron*& MSSW o!io:s"*

Moist:re ontent 6 %r*= s"i$t"* &oist= &oist= !er* &oist or et' /ot te &eas:re+ !a":e

-:st te a* it appears in te an+'

o"o:r 6 Tis is an in+i,ator of ,e&i,a" an+ &inera"o$i,a" ,ontent' arts are a!ai"a"e

:t not often :se+' onsisten,* 6 Loose or +ense an+ oter +es,riptions +epen+ant on soi" t*pe' An

approi&ate re"ationsip ,an e &a+e eteen stifness an+ :n+raine+ sear strent$ (:)

an+ eteen +ensit* an+ te SBT D/D Va":es'

V


26/86

Str:,t:re 6 ?e++in$= "a&inatesfiss:re= -oints= fra,t:res= sear Iones et,'

Soi" T*pe 6 Gi!en * parti,"e siIes as +es,rie+ in ?S7F30 Ta"e @


27/86

ri$in 6 Tr* an+ i+entif* $eo"o$i,a" area an+ strato$rapi, :nit' Tis is +iffi,:"t an+ often

i&possi"e

Gro:n+Water on+itions 6 %ept to $ro:n+ater an+ an* oter oser!ations'

Ro,9 %es,riptions 6 Te a,ron*& &a9ers ,a&e :p it GTSWRS in a &o&ent of inspiration

o"or 6 Sa&e ter&ino"o$* as for soi"s it prin,ipa" an+ se,on+ar*

Grain SiIe 6 Ran$e of siIes present an+ te +o&inant siIes'

Tet:re 5ari, Borp*riti,= ,r*sta""ine= $ran:"ar= $"ass*= a&o:rpo:s= o&o$eneo:san+ &an* &ore as +es,rie+ in ?S7F30 Ta"e F'

Str:,t:re 6 %epen+ant on te t*pe of ro,9= referen,e so:"+ e &a+e to ?S7F30 Ta"e F'

%is,ontin:ities in te ro,9 ,an e ,a:se+ * te +ri""in$ a,tion= eatere+ s:rfa,es

in+i,ate nat:ra" an+ ,"ean s:rfa,e in+i,ate re,ent fra,t:res'

Ter&

#tre&e"*

Stron$

Ver* Stron$

Stron$

Mo+erate"*


28/86

Stron$

Mo+erate"*

ea9

Wea9

Ver* Wea9

Ver* Stiff

Site )!earan)e7

#enera!7

Site ,"earin$ $enera""* ,onsists of te ,:ttin$ an+or ta9in$ +on= re&o!a" an+ +isposa" of

e!er*tin$ ao!e $ro:n+ "e!e"= in,":+in$ o-e,ts o!eran$in$ te area to e ,"eare+ s:, as tree


29/86

ran,es= e,ept s:, trees= !e$etation= str:,t:res or parts of str:,t:res an+ oter tin$s i,

are +esi$nate+ in te ,ontra,t to re&ain or e re&o!e+ * oters to i, te en$ineer +ire,te+

to e "eft :n+ist:re+'

Te &ateria" to e ,"eare+ :s:a""* :t not ne,essari"* is "i&ite+ to trees= st:&ps= "o$s= r:s=

:n+er$rot= "on$ $rasses= ,rops= "oose !e$eta"e &atter an+ str:,t:re'


30/86

Te entire roa+ area sa"" e ,"eare+ as +es,rie+ ao!e= :n"ess oterise son on te +rain$

an+or +ire,te+ * te en$ineer'

Settin" o&t7

Te ri$t of a* (R''W) sa"" e s:r!e*e+ an+ set o:t efore an* site ,"earan,e is ,"eare+ o:t'

Woo+en pe$s :s:a""* in+i,ate te s:r!e*e+ ri$ts of a*s'

1ro)e(&re for 'ettin" o&t7

1' 5iin$ of ,entre "ine of a"i$n&ent * :sin$ tota" station= teo+e"ite'

2' a",:"atin$ ,:r!at:re an+ refra,t:res(for ,:r!es an+ e&an9&ent) * :sin$ a:to "e!e"s or

+:&p* "e!e"'

3' To esta"is tra!erse en, &ar9 (T?M) at re;:ire+ inter!a"s a+-a,ent to a"i$n&ents'4' Lo,ation of "e!e"s at &a-or ,onf"i,t -:n,tions'

7' To &ar9 te "on$it:+ina" an+ ,ross se,tiona" pa!e&ent str:,t:re'

@' To &a9e effi,ient= &ini&:& an+ +esire+ si$t +istan,e at &a-or ,onf"i,ts an+ terrain an+

a"so settin$ o:t of oriIonta" ,:r!es tro:$o:t te a"i$n&ent as +one * :sin$

teo+o"ite an+ tota" s:r!e* station'

Steps in!o"!e+ in s:r!e*in$

?en,&ar9

Te&porar* en,&ar9 at re$:"ar inter!a"s'

entre "ine &ar9in$

Roa+ &ar9in$s

Brofi"e &ar9in$ (for "on$it:+ina" an+ ,ross se,tiona" str:,t:res)

#sta"is&ent of +ifferent "e!e"s pro!i+in$ $ra+ients as per to +esi$n ,onsi+erin$

+ifferent fa,tors "i9e6

SS%(STBB/G SGHT %STA/#)


31/86

S%(V#RTAK/G SGHT %STA/#)

S%(/T#RM#%AT# SGHT %STA/#)

S:r!e*in$ :sin$ +:&p* "e!e"

1!ant' an( e>&ipment'7

Site ,"earin$ of trees= !e$etation= :n+er$rot= :ses an+ &inor str:,t:res are ,arrie+ o:t *

+oIers an+ or *+ra:"i, e,a!ators' Trees tat ,annot e fe""e+ * te aforesai+ e;:ip&ent sa""

e fe""e+ * :sin$ sas'

Ma-or str:,t:res tat ,annot pra,ti,a""* e ,"eare+ * *+ra:"i, e,a!ators an+or +oIers= tese

+e&o"itions ,an e ,arrie+ o:t :sin$ pne:&ati, too"s= ep"osi!es an+or oter


32/86

spe,ia"iIe+ e;:ip&ent +epen+in$ on te siIe an+ t*pe of str:,t:res' ?efore ,o&&en,in$

ep"osi!e +e&o"ition a"" ne,essar* per&its an+ "i,enses i"" e otaine+ an+ a "astin$ p"an

+etai"in$ te siIe of ,ar$es= "o,ations of o"es= s*ste& of +etonation an+ safet* pre,a:tion i""

e forar+e+ to te en$ineer to$eter it te re;:est seets'

Ima"e7 %o:"e arre" Aspa"t Bre&i p"ant'


33/86

Ima"e7 Sin$"e arre" Aspa"t Bre&i B"ant'


34/86

Ima"e7 Sensor Ba!er

Ima"e7 A$$re$ate r:ser

Se>&en)e of 6or$'7

Brior to te ,o&&en,e&ent of te site ,"earan,e= te fo""oin$ sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t eiter

in+epen+ent"* or -oint"* it te #n$ineerEs Representati!e'

' Te ri$t of a*s (R''W) sa"" e s:r!e*e+ an+ set o:t a,,or+in$ to te +ata state+

in te +rain$s'

A' Boto$raps sa"" e ta9en of str:,t:res= "an+s,apin$ trees an+ sr:s= fen,es=

te"epone an+ e"e,tri,a" po"es an+ oter if te* are pa*a"e :n+er in+i!i+:a" &eas:re+

ite& apart fro& te $enera" site ,"earan,e in te i"" of ;:antities'

?' Te ao!e site ,"earan,e ite&s sa"" e &eas:re+ a,,or+in$ to te &eto+ of

&eas:re&ent -oint"* it te #n$ineerEs Representati!es' Te "o,ation of tese ite&s

sa"" e i+entifie+ a,,or+in$ to te s:r!e* +ata or offsets fro& te ,enter"ine of te

propose+ a"i$n&ent in roa+ ,onstr:,tion'

V' Brior to +e&o"ition of eistin$ :i"+in$s= "iaison it te respe,ti!e a:torities

ter&inates te :ti"ities s:pp"* to te :i"+in$'

V' Re&o!a" of "an+s,apin$ trees an+ sr:s sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t it te prior appro!a" of

te ,on,erne+ a:torit*'

V' 5en,in$ or oters tat are to e re"o,ate+ or sa"!a$e+ sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t a,,or+in$ to

te +rain$s or as per te instr:,tions $i!en * #n$ineer'


35/86

V' tain ,onfir&ation tat te e&p"o*er or re"e!ant a:torit* a!e a,;:ire+ te ri$t of

a* "an+s'

V' A,,ess roa+s to te site sa"" e ,onstr:,te+ if re;:ire+ to ena"e !ei,"es=

e;:ip&ent an+ p"ants to e ro:$t into te site'

' So"i+ aste +:&ps sites sa"" e pre+eter&ine+ itin or o:tsi+e te site for te

+:&pin$ of te site ,"earin$ &ateria"s'

' Te site ,"earan,e ten sa"" e pro,ee+e+ to ,"ear te trees= !e$etation=

:n+er$rot= :ses an+ &inor str:,t:res * *+ra:"i, e,a!ators or +oIers'


36/86

E?)aation for )&ttin"7

Con'tr&)tion met*o(7

Te e,a!ation of ,:ttin$ sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t in a,,or+an,e it te +rain$s an+ to te s"opes=

"e!e"s= +epts= i+ts an+ ei$ts son on te +rain$s' Brior to ,o&&en,e&ent of or9s=

s:r!e*or i"" :se te s:r!e* +ata of roa+ a"i$n&ent an+ T?M pro!i+e+ * te en$ineer for

settin$ o:t te etent of ,:ttin$ in a,,or+an,e it te ,ross se,tions an+ p:t in s:, pe$s= ars=

si$t rai"s an+ referen,e &ar9ers ne,essar* to ,ontro" te or9s'

A s:r!e* tea& sa"" &onitor an+ ,ontro" ea, sta$e of or9' A"" te &a-or settin$ o:t or9s i""

e ,arrie+ o:t -oint"* it te en$ineerEs s:r!e*or' At te sa&e ti&e= te ,:t &ateria" e"o te

top soi" "e!e" sa"" e sa&p"e+ an+ teste+ for "aorator* ,o&pa,tion= "aorator* ?R= $ra+in$

an+ in+e properties= so tat it &a* e ,"assifie+ as s:ita"e or not for te !ario:s ,ate$ories to

fi""' Re;:ests for appro!a"s for :se of tat &ateria" as fi"" i"" ten e s:&itte+'

?efore ,o&&en,e&ent of ,:tfi""= it i"" e ens:re+ tat te a:" roa+s a!e s:ffi,ient i+t for

to an+ fro traffi, an+ for s&oot &o!e&ent of te p"ant' Te +i!ersion of traffi,= arnin$ si$ns=

f"a$&en et, to te a$ree+ traffi, &ana$e&ent p"an sa"" e +ep"o*e+ for te safet* of te or9s=

an+ a"" ne,essar* ra&ps e pro!i+e+ to &aintain eistin$ a,,esses to an+ off te roa+'

?efore startin$ te &ass e,a!ation te top soi" sa"" e strippe+ fro& te area= eiter to a

ti,9ness a$ree+ fro& te soi" sa&p"in$ o"es= or as +ire,te+ on site * te en$ineer or is

+esi$nate+ staff= an+ afterar+s &eas:re+ * "e!e"in$' Re;:ests for appro!a" for ,o&&en,e&ent

of ,:ttin$ sa"" ten e s:&itte+'

Wen appro!a"s are re,ei!e+= te &ass e,a!ation sa"" e starte+ fro& te top of te i$

$ro:n+ +on to te for&ation "e!e"s' At te spe,ifie+ fre;:en,* an+ at an* ,an$e of


37/86

&ateria" te en$ineer i"" e notifie+ an+ te &ateria" i"" e sa&p"e+ an+ teste+ for ,ontin:e+

s:itai"it* of :se' f te ,an$e+ &ateria" is ,onsi+ere+ to e Har+ Ro,9 a re;:est for appro!a"

for re ,"assifi,ation i"" e s:&itte+'

S"opes in ,:ttin$ sa"" e tri&&e+ &e,ani,a""* to neat an+ e!en s:rfa,es in a,,or+an,e it te

+esi$ne+ $ra+ients' Te to"eran,e for i+ts of e,a!ations sa"" not e,ee+ te +i&ensions

son on te +rain$s * &ore tan 170&& or spe,ifie+ "i&its' #rosion prote,tion &eas:res if

+esire+ * te en$ineer sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t after te ,o&p"etion of tri&&in$'

Te ,onstr:,tion of si+e +rain sa"" fo""o ,"ose"* to te s"ope tri&&in$ an+ s:rfa,e ater sa""

e re$:"ate+ to +is,ar$e to te si+e +rain'

f +ire,te+ * te en$ineer te s"ope of ,:ttin$ sa"" e ,"eare+ of a"" ro,9 o:"+ers or ro,9

fra$&ents= i, &o!e en= presse+ * te ,roar'

Te for&ation of s: $ra+e on te ,:t area sa"" e sa&p"e+ an+ teste+ for "a ,o&pa,tion= "a

?R= an+ $ra+in$ an+ in+e properties' f fo:n+ to e s:ita"e for s: $ra+e tis i"" e

,o&pa,te+ an+ teste+ as to '301 an+ '307' Re;:est for appro!a" for p"a,in$ of s: ase i""

ten e s:&itte+' f tere is "i9e"* to e a +e"a* in i&&e+iate"* p"a,in$ te s: ase ten a

prote,ti!e "a*er 300&& ti,9 sa"" e "eft in p"a,e ao!e te s: $ra+e "e!e" for re&o!a" at a

"ater +ate'

0a)*iner+ &'e(7

i' #,a!ator


38/86

Ima"e7


39/86

Ima"e7 ?a,9oes

Fi!!in" for em/an$ment7


Te e&an9&ent sa"" e ,onstr:,te+ to te "e!e"= ei$ts= i+ts an+ s"opes son on te

+rain$ it fo""oin$ pro,e+:res'

#enera!7

Te area to re,ei!e fi"" sa"" e sa&p"e+ an+ teste+ e"o topsoi" in a,,or+an,e it te

spe,ifi,ation' f te test res:"ts in+i,ate tat te &ateria" is for s:ita"e to re,ei!e fi"" ten a

re;:est of Appro!a" startin$ ,o&pa,tion of eistin$ $ro:n+ i"" e s:&itte+' ?efore startin$ te

,o&pa,tion of te eistin$ $ro:n+ te topsoi" i"" e strippe+ fro& te area= eiter to a ti,9ness

a$ree+ fro& te soi" sa&p"in$ o"es or as +ire,te+ on site * te #n$ineer or is +esi$nate+ staff

an+ afterar+s &eas:re+ * "e!e"in$' After ,o&pa,tin$ te eistin$ $ro:n+ to spe,ifie+ stan+ar+

+ensit* tests i"" e ,arrie+ o:t an+ a Re;:est for Appro!a" to start fi""in$ i"" e s:&itte+'

Were it is te intention to ,o&&en,e fi""in$ i"" e ,o&&en,e * ,:ttin$ to fir& &ateria"= for

,ross fi""'

5i"" &ateria"s for :se in for&in$ e&an9&ents sa"" e s:ita"e &ateria" otaine+ fro&

e,a!ation ,:ttin$s or orro pits'


40/86

Brior to ,o&&en,e&ent of te or9s= te se"e,te+ sa&p"e fro& te so:r,e of ,:ttin$ or orro

pits sa"" e sent for "aorator* test'

Tria" ,o&pa,tion sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t at te +esi$nate+ area of te site to +eter&ine te pattern of

,o&pa,tion for t*pe of &ateria" to e :se+' Tis sa"" in,":+e te :se of ,o&pa,tion p"ant an+

te n:&er of passes in re"ation to te "oose +ept of &ateria" to a,ie!e +esire+ ,o&pa,tion'

Te approi&ate ;:antit* of ater re;:ire+ per :nit area to rin$ te fi"" ,"ose eno:$ to te

pti&:& Moist:re ontent to a,ie!e te spe,ifie+ ,o&pa,tion stan+ar+ e,ono&i,a""* sa"" e

,o&p:te+ an+ tereafter :nifor&"* &ie+ tro:$o:t te &ateria" +ept an+ i+t to e

,o&pa,te+'

After te re;:ire+ passes for ,o&pa,tion as een a,,epte+= te fi""in$ sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t in

"a*er not e,ee+in$ 200 && ,o&pa,te+ +ept an+ sa"" e ,o&pa,te+ * te ,o&pa,tion p"ant

as :se+ an+ a,ie!e+ in te tria" areas'

Te +ensit* test sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t in e!er* ,o&pa,te+ "a*er of appro' 200 && +ept an+ te

/os' of test sa"" e +one in a,,or+an,e it te MRTH spe,ifi,ation'

Te #n$ineerEs Site representati!e i"" itness te test an+ te res:"t sent to te #n$ineer for

appro!a" to pro,ee+ f:rter it net "a*er'

n te fi"" s"ope= te fi""in$ sa"" e in "a*er an+ it eten+e+ etra i+t for ,:t a,9 to for&

te ,o&pa,te+ s"ope'

Brior to te ,o&&en,e&ent of &assi!e ,:tfi""= te a:" roa+s sa"" e ,onstr:,te+ it s:ffi,ient

i+t for to an+ fro traffi, an+ to ens:re s&oot &o!e&ent of te p"ant'

#,a!ators sa"" e +ep"o*e+ for e,a!ation an+ "oa+in$ te ,:t &ateria" on te +:&p tr:,9s for

fi""in$' At te fi""in$ area= te +:&p tr:,9s transport te &ateria" to te sprea+ spot an+ tip fro&

one en+' ne :""+oIer or $ra+er sa"" e :se+ for sprea+in$ te &ateria" into "oose "a*ers to te

ti,9ness in+i,ate+ * te ,o&pa,te+ ti,9ness or "ess' Water sa"" e sprea+ an+ &ie+ in as

re;:ire+ :nti" te o"e "a*er is of one :nifor& &oist:re ,ontent an+ te !iratin$ ro""er sa"" e

:se+ for ,o&pa,tin$ te "a*er' 5ie"+ %ensit* tests sa"" ,arr* o:t= an+ if te res:"ts in+i,ate

,o&p"ian,e it te spe,ifi,ation ten a Re;:est for Appro!a" to p"a,e te net "a*er i"" e

s:&itte+'


41/86

Te s"ope tri&&in$ sa"" e ,o&p"ete+ after te pa!e&ent an+ so:"+ers are ,o&p"ete+'

Te tri&&e+ s"ope is to e t:rne+= if spe,ifie+'

S&/'oi! (rain7

#enera!7

Tis or9 sa"" in,":+e te s:pp"* an+ insta""ation of s:soi" +rains ,onstr:,te+ in a,,or+an,e

it te ,ontra,t spe,ifi,ation at te "o,ations an+ in a,,or+an,e it te "ines= "e!e"s an+ $ra+es

as son on te +rain$s an+ or as +ire,te+ * te #n$ineer'

0ateria!'7

/R#T# BB#S R Bo"*!in*" ,"ori+e (BV) pipes for te s:soi" +rains sa"" ,o&p"* it

te re"e!ant ,ontra,t spe,ifi,ation'

5i"ter &ateria" :se+ in te ,onstr:,tion of s:soi" +rains sa"" ,onsist of ar+= ,"ean= ,r:se+ ro,9

or $ra!e" a!in$ a $ra+in$ "i&its $i!en in te spe,ifi,ation' Te a$$re$ate ,r:sin$ !a":e of te

&ateria" sa"" not e,ee+ 30'


42/86

Te fi""er ,"ot sa"" e $eoteti"e fari, as spe,ifie+ in te ,ontra,t'


#,a!ation of "on$it:+ina" an+ ,ross tren,es sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t a"" in a,,or+an,e it te

approi&ate pro!isions of spe,ifi,ation an+ +rain$s' At te ,o&p"etion of e,a!ation= Re;:est

for Appro!a" for&s for p"a,in$ fi"ter &ateria"s i"" e s:&itte+ to te #n$ineer'

5i"ter ,"ot sa"" ten e p"a,e+ to ,o!er te peri&eter of te "on$it:+ina" tren, e,a!ate+= it

te top open to fa,i"itate te p"a,e&ent of fi"ter &ateria"' S:soi" ,ross pipe is ten "ai+ in te

,ross tren, at &ini&:& 1 s"ope= it te in"et fa,e ,o!ere+ it fi"ter ,"ot an+ te o:t"et

ein$ free o:tfa""' Te in"et of ,ross pipe is to e i&e++e+ in te fi"ter &ateria" fi"" p"a,e+ in te

"on$it:+ina" tren,' are sa"" e ta9en a$ainst +a&a$e of fi"ter ,"ot +:rin$ te ,onstr:,tion

sta$e'

5i"ter &ateria" sa"" e p"a,e+ in "on$it:+ina" tren, an+ :nifor&"* ,o&pa,te+' Te fi"ter ,"ot

sa"" e ,"ose+ at top an+ a,9fi""e+ it soi"' At te ,o&p"etion of p"a,in$ fi"ter &ateria"s a

Re;:est for Appro!a" for p"a,in$ ,o&pa,te+ a,9fi"" i"" e s:&itte+' %:rin$ a,9fi""in$

ran+o& fie"+ +ensit* ,e,9 tests i"" e ,arrie+ o:t'

#ran&!ar '&/-/a'e7

#enera!7

S: ase is te "oest of a"" te pa!e&ent "a*ers ,onsistin$ of nat:ra" san+= &oora&= $ra!e"=

,r:se+ stone or ,o&ination tereof ne,essar* to ,o&p"* it te $ra+in$ re;:ire&ents of

Ta"e 40061 Gra+in$ '

0ateria!'7

Brior to te "a*in$ of s: ase= a Re;:est for Appro!a" of Materia" sa"" e s:&itte+ i, i""

in+i,ate ,o&p"ian,e it te spe,ifie+ properties of s: ase &ateria"'

a) 5ra,tion of &ateria" passin$ te 22'4 && sie!e sa"" a!e a soa9e+ ?R of 30 or

$reater'


43/86

) Te fra,tion passin$ te 0'427 && sie!e sa"" a!e Li;:i+ Li&it not $reater tan 27 an+

a B"asti,it* n+e not $reater tan @'

,) Te soa9e+ 10 fines !a":e (K/) sa"" e $reater tan 70'

+) f te ater asorption is $reater tan 2 te So:n+ness Test S 383 sa"" e ,arrie+

o:t'

Te $ra+in$ sa"" e as fo""os

SEI3E SI@E ,00.

>7

73

2@'7

F'7

4'>7

2'3@

0'427

0'0>7

La+in" e>&ipment7

Te fo""oin$ p"ants are re;:ire+ for te "a*in$ of s:6ase6

i' Motor Gra+er

ii' Tipper Tr:,9s

iii' Virator* Ro""er

i!' Water Tan9er

Wet mi? ma)a(am7

#enera!7


44/86

Wet &i &a,a+a& (WMM) is a ase &ateria" in roa+ pa!e&ent str:,t:re= i, is at,e+ fro&

a &iin$ p"ant= an+ "ai+ in position it a pa!er'

0ateria!'7

WMM ,onsists of ,r:se+ $ra+e+ a$$re$ate an+ $ran:"ar &ateria" pre &ie+ it ater'

E>&ipment'7

onstr:,tiona" p"ants re;:ire+ are as fo""os6

A)

?)

)

%)

#)

1ro)e(&re'7

Wor9 sa"" ,o&&en,e on site :pon Appro!a" an+ A,,eptan,e of te s:6ase "a*er'

Te et &i &a,a+a& sa"" e p"ant &ie+ it &oist:re ,ontent itin reasona"e "i&its of te

pti&:& Moist:re Va":e= as +eter&ine+ in a,,or+an,e it S 2>20 (Bart 8)'

Te appro!e+ et &i &a,a+a& sa"" e +e"i!ere+ to site * tipper tr:,9s' To pre!ent te "oss of

&oist:re= te &ateria"s sa"" e ,o!ere+= if ne,essar*'

i' Te et &i &a,a+a& sa"" e "ai+ * :sin$ a pa!in$ &a,ine'

ii' Se$re$ation at "o,a"iIe+ areas sa"" e &a+e $oo+ * a,9 ,astin$ it fines or *

i&&e+iate re&o!a" an+ rep"a,e&ent of te fres"* "ai+ et &i &a,a+a&'iii' Trans!erse -oint sa"" e "appe+ an+ "on$it:+ina" -oints +:e to stoppa$e of or9 i"" a!e

te "oose re&o!e+ efore pa!in$ res:&es'

i!' o&pa,tion sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t :sin$ !irator* ro""er an+ as per spe,ifi,ations'


45/86

!' Te s:rfa,e of te et &i &a,a+a& sa"" e finise+ to te $ra+e an+ "ine as re;:ire+ *

te +rain$s= an+ itin spe,ifie+ to"eran,e "i&its'

!i' n ,o&p"etion of "a*in$ an+ ,o&pa,tion= appro!a" of te #n$ineer i"" e otaine+ for

,o&p"ian,e it te spe,ifie+ re;:ire&ent= efore pro,ee+in$ it te net "a*er'

!ii' Sa&p"in$ of &it:re sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t at te p"ant or site'

Den'e /it&mino&' ma)a(am7

#enera!7

%?M is a it:&ino:s roa+ ase &i ,onsistin$ of $ra+e+ a$$re$ates= it:&en an+ fi""er' t is

:se+ in &ain pa!e&ent ,o:rse'

0ateria!'7

%?M ,onsists of te fo""oin$ &ateria"s

i' Roa+ ase &ateria" ,o&p"*in$ it S238@ (Bart6 1=3=4=7) an+ S2>20 (Bart 3>) an+

ta"e 70068 of te MST spe,ifi,ation an+ te $ra+in$ sa"" e itin te ran$e son

e"o an+ te +esi$n &i sa"" e appro!e+ fro& te #n$ineer'

ii' Te p"asti,it* in+e of te fra,tion passin$ te 4276&i,ron sie!e so:"+ not e,ee+ 4'

iii' ?it:&en (@6>0) penetration $ra+e' Te ;:antit* i"" e as spe,ifie+ in te ,ontra,t an+

it:&en 4'0 per,ent'

i!' e&ent "i&estone +:st6 as spe,ifie+ in te ,ontra,t'

!' Te&perat:re of &ateria"s'

!i' Te a$$re$ates sa"" e s:rfa,e +r* an+ sa"" e &ie+ at 177o to 1@3

o te&perat:re

it in+er te&perat:re at 170o to 1@3

o' te &ie+ &ateria" as +e"i!ere+ to te "a*in$

site sa"" e eteen 120o to 1@0

o'

0i?in"7

Te &ateria"s in,":+in$ an* a++e+ fi""er= sa"" e ei$e+ or &eas:re+ into a &e,ani,a" &ier

an+ toro:$"* &ie+ in s:, a &anner tat a"" parti,:"ars of te a$$re$ate are ,o&p"ete"* an+

:nifor&"* ,oate+'


46/86

E>&ipment'7

B"ant re;:ire+ to pro+:,e %?M

i' Bre&i B"ant

ii' Wee" Loa+er

Ma,ineries re;:ire+ for "a*in$

i2 Tipper Tr:,9s

ii2 Aspa"t Ba!er

iii2 Tan+e& Ro""er 806100 K&

i2 ?it:&en Spra*er

1ro)e(&re7

Wor9 sa"" ,o&&en,e on site :pon appro!a" an+ a,,eptan,e of te et &i &a,a+a& an+ pri&e

,oatin$' Ta,9 ,oat sa"" e spra*e+ on te s:rfa,e= to re,ei!e te %?M'

Te +ense it:&ino:s &a,a+a& sa"" e p"ant &ie+ as spe,ifie+ in +esi$n &i'

Te appro!e+ %?M &i sa"" e +e"i!ere+ to site * tipper tr:,9s' To pre!ent te "oss of eat=

te &it:re sa"" e ,o!ere+'

Te +ense it:&ino:s &a,a+a& sa"" e "ai+ * pa!er in 70 to 100&& "a*er as spe,ifie+ in te

,ontra,t'

f te "ai+ s:rfa,e is open6tet:re+= a,9 ,astin$ sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t an+ te i$$er siIe

a$$re$ates re&o!e+ efore ro""in$'

At te en+ of te pa!in$ operation= te trans!erse -oint sa"" e featere+ +on' Lap -oint sa""

e pro!i+e+ for te net operation of pa!in$'

o&pa,tion sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t :sin$ te spe,ifie+ e;:i!a"ent t*pe of ,o&pa,tors an+ for

ro""in$ pattern sa"" e as per spe,ifi,ations'

Ro""in$ sa"" a"a*s ,o&&en,e fro& te "oer to te i$er si+e of te ,arria$ea*' Te

&ini&:& ro""in$ te&perat:re sa"" e 100o'


47/86

Te s:rfa,e of te +ense it:&ino:s &a,a+a& sa"" e finise+ to te $ra+e an+ "ine as re;:ire+

* te +rain$s= itin te spe,ifie+ to"eran,e "i&its of O@ &&'

n ,o&p"etion of "a*in$ an+ ,o&pa,tion= ,e,9s sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t to !erif* ,o&p"ian,e it

te spe,ifie+ re;:ire&ents'

4it&mino&' )on)rete 6earin" )o&r'e

#enera!7

Te ?'' earin$ ,o:rse is te fina" "a*er of te pa!e&ent'

Te &ateria" ;:a"it* sa"" &eet te re;:ire&ents of MRTH Te,ni,a" spe,ifi,ations'

Te a$$re$ate sa"" e s:rfa,e +r* an+ sa"" e &ie+ at 177 +e$ree e"si:s to 1@3 +e$ree

e"si:s te&perat:re' Te &i &ateria" as +e"i!ere+ to te "a*in$ site sa"" e 120 to1@0 +e$rees

e"si:s'

E>&ipment'7

B"ant re;:ire+ to pro+:,e W sa"" e

i' Aspa"t Bre&i B"ant

ii' Wee" "oa+er

Ma,ineries re;:ire+ for "a*in$ W

i' Tipper Tr:,9s

ii' Aspa"t Ba!er

iii' Tan+e& Ro""er

i!' ?it:&en Spra*er

1ro)e(&re'7

Tria" &i an+ tria" "a* sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t to assess te s:itai"it* of te &iin$= "a*in$ an+,o&pa,tin$ p"ant an+ to esta"is te se;:en,e of te "a*in$ operation'

Wor9s sa"" ,o&&en,e on site :pon appro!a" an+ a,,eptan,e of te aspa"t ,on,rete earin$

,o:rse'

Te s:rfa,e to re,ei!e te Aspa"t ,on,rete earin$ ,o:rse sa"" e free+ of a"" +irt= "oose

&ateria"s an+ stan+in$ ater'


48/86

Ta,9 ,oat of appro!e+ it:&en e&:"sion or ,:t a,9 sa"" e app"ie+ as per te spe,ifi,ations on

te prepare+ s:rfa,e prior to "a*in$ of te aspa"ti, ,on,rete earin$ ,o:rse'

Te AW sa"" e p"ant &ie+ it it:&en ,ontent as esta"ise+ in te


49/86

0ateria!'7

A"" te &ateria"s re;:ire+ in te ,onstr:,tion i"" e fro& te so:r,e appro!e+ * te #n$ineer

an+ a,,or+in$ to te re"e!ant ,"a:ses of MRTH spe,ifi,ations &entione+ in te ,ontra,t'

e&ent

oarse a$$re$ates

5ine A$$re$ates

Water

A$$re$ate $ra+ation $i!en in ta"e @0061 of MRTH spe,ifi,ations sa"" e a+opte+ after"en+in$ te ,oarse an+ fine a$$re$ates'

Siee De'i"nation

2@'70 &&

1F'00 &&

F'70 &&

4'>7 &&@00'00 Mi,ron

>7'00 Mi,ron

A$$re$ates are fe+ into te ,o"+ ins fro& on"ine stora$e ins of a 46sta$e ,r:ser or fro& te

appro!e+ sta,9s' e&ent is otaine+ eiter in a$s or :"9 an+ ne,essar* s:pport s*ste& i"" e

e&p"o*e+ for fee+in$ te 1206140 MT stora$e si"os of te ,on,rete at,in$ p"ant'

Mi for +r* "ean ,on,rete i"" e appropriate"* proportione+ to a,ie!e te stren$t re;:ire&ents

&entione+ in te spe,ifi,ations an+ prior appro!a" sa"" e ta9en fro& te en$ineer efore

a+optin$ for te site tria"s'

Te ,a"iration tria" of te at,in$ p"ant i"" e :n+erta9en it te appro!e+ proportions after

te ,a"iration of te p"ant' Te appro!e+ &i i"" ten e :se+ on te trai" "en$t a"rea+*

i+entifie+ -oint"* * te representati!es of te ,ontra,tor an+ te en$ineer'


50/86

E>&ipment7

Te fo""oin$ p"ants an+ e;:ip&ent i"" e +ep"o*e+ for te ,onstr:,tion of %L

i' on,rete at,in$ p"ant (200 :&r) it a"" te re;:ire+ a,,essories an+ stora$e

fa,i"ities'

ii' Tippers

iii' Sensor Ba!er

i!' #,a!ator


51/86

,on+:,tin$ tria" "a*in$ of %L' Te pa!in$ i"" e +one on te sa&e +a* &at,in$ it

te first "ane'

ii' n ,ase of :se of SB 1@00= te %L is "ai+ to f:"" i+t it $:i+e ires fie+ on ot

si+es re"ati!e to te "ine an+ $ra+e an+ ,ross6 s"ope as per te +rain$s' Te ,on,rete is

+:&pe+ in front of te pa!er an+ it is sprea+ a,ross te i+t * te sprea+er'

iii' t i"" e ens:re+ tat tra!erse an+ "on$it:+ina" ,onstr:,tion -oints are sta$$ere+ * 7006

1000 && an+ 2006400 && respe,ti!e"* fro& te ,orrespon+in$ -oints in te o!er"a*in$

pa!e&ent ;:a"it* ,on,rete'

Tran'portin"7

Te ,on,rete is transporte+ in tippers fro& te at,in$ p"ant an+ to te p"a,e of "a*in$' Te

tippers are ,o!ere+ it tarpa:"ins in or+er to pre!ent ater "oss +:e to e!aporation +:rin$

transit' t i"" e ens:re+ tat tere i"" e s:ffi,ient n:&er of tippers for :ninterr:pte+ s:pp"*

of &ateria" to te pa!in$ e;:ip&ent'

Compa)tion7

Te ,o&pa,tion is ,arrie+ o:t i&&e+iate"* after te &ateria" is "ai+ an+ "e!e"e+' Ro""in$ sa"" e

,ontin:e+ on f:"" i+t ti"" tere is no f:rter !isi"e &o!e&ent :n+er te ro""er an+ s:rfa,e is

,o&pa,t' Te re;:ire+ ,o&pa,tion effort in ter&s of n:&er of passes is as,ertaine+ *

e&p"o*in$ one sin$"e +r:& s&oot ee"e+ !irator* ro""er an+ one +o:"e +r:& s&oot

ee"e+ !irator* ro""er on te trai" stret, of %L' After arri!in$ at te effi,ien,* of te

propose+ set :p in te tria" "en$t= +epen+in$ :pon te pro$ra&&e+ ;:antit* an+ perio+ of

"a*in$= a++itiona" ro""ers i"" e +ep"o*e+' nitia" to passes i"" e p"ain passes on or+er to ro""

+on te "oose %L' Ten !irator* pass i"" e $i!en fo""oe+ * p"ain passes for pro!i+in$ a

finise+ an+ ,"ose+ s:rfa,e'

C&rin"7

:rin$ of te %L i"" e +one * ,o!erin$ te s:rfa,e * $:nn* a$s or essian ,"ot= i,

i"" e 9ept ,ontin:o:s"* &oist for se!en +a*s * sprin9"in$ ater :sin$ ater tan9ers'


52/86

Te'tin"7

After te ,onstr:,tion of te tria" "en$t= te in6sit: +ensit* of fres"* "ai+ &ateria" i"" e

+eter&ine+ * san+ rep"a,e&ent &eto+ it 20 ,& +ia&eter +ensit* ,one' Te +ensit* i"" e

ta9en at tree "o,ation a"on$ te +ia$ona" tat ise,ts te trai" "en$t' Te "o,ations for testin$

i"" e at "east 70 ,& fro& te e+$es' Te a!era$e +ensit* of tree o"es i"" e ,onsi+ere+ as

100 an+ te fie"+ +ensit* of re$:"ar or9 i"" e ,o&pare+ it tis referen,e +ensit* in

a,,or+an,e it ,"a:ses @01'7'7'1 an+ F03'7'1'2 of MRTH spe,ifi,ations' o:rse i"" e ,:t

to ,e,9 se$re$ation or an* oter +efi,ien,*' Te ro:tine ;:a"it* ,ontro" tests for "e!e"s

a"i$n&ent an+ &ateria" i"" e eer,ise+ as per te fre;:en,* nor&s $i!en in ta"e F006@' ter

tests i"" e +one at te fre;:en,* &entione+ terein' f tere ,o:"+ e an* re+:,tion in tota"

n:&er tests +epen+in$ :pon te ,onsisten,* of te res:"ts= ration i"" e ta9en :p it te#n$ineer'

De')ription

Testin$ of ,:es

n6sit: +ensit*

Ti,9ness

Repair'7

Re,tifi,ation= if an* i"" e ta9en :p efore o!er"a*in$ BC' Te "o spots= "oose &ateria"= pot

o"es et, i"" e &a+e $oo+ * :sin$ fres "ean ,on,rete &ateria" +:"* ,o&pa,tin$ te sa&e as

per spe,ifi,ations' 5or repairin$ one* ,o&e+ s:rfa,e= an+ an* oter spots i, ,annot e

repaire+ it %L &ateria"= ,on,rete it a$$re$ates of siIe 10&& an+ e"o i"" e :se+ after

ro:$enin$ te s:rfa,e for proper 9e*in$ in'


53/86

T+pi)a! )on'tr&)tion of )ro'' 'e)tion in *i"*6a+7

Compa)tion of 'oi!'7

Te roa+ ,r:st is fo:n+e+ on s: $ra+e an+ an* +efi,ien,ies in te stai"it* of eartor9 res:"ts

in sett"e&ents an+ oter +istress +e!e"op in pa!e&ent +:rin$ ser!i,e :n+er traffi,' Terefore

$oo+ stai"it* is ne,essar* for te s: $ra+e' Broper ,o&pa,tion at appropriate &oist:re is te

&ost effe,ti!e an+ e,ono&i,a" a* to i&pro!e te stai"it* of soi"s'Te +ensit* test is te

prin,ipa" &eans * i, te en$ineer +eter&ines eter or not te spe,ifie+ ,o&pa,tion

re;:ire&ents a!e een &et'

0oi't&re (en'it+ re!ation'*ip ,02D2D O202C.7


54/86

5or a $i!en ,o&pa,tion effe,t as te &oist:re ,ontent is

,an$e+ +ensit* of soi" !aries an+ &ai&:& +ensit* is

a,ie!e+ at opti&:& &oist:re' Soi" is ,o&pa,te+ in

pro,torEs apparat:s an+ +r* ei$t is assesse+ for +ifferent

&oist:re ,ontents' Te res:"ts are p"otte+ an+ te

&ai&:& +r* ei$t is te i$est point of te ,:r!e an+

is ,a""e+ pro,torEs +ensit* of soi"'

Em/an$ment an( '&/ "ra(e formation7

Te &ateria"s :se+ in e&an9&ent sa"" e soi"= &oor:&=

$ra!e"= an+ a &it:re of tese' Te &ateria"s satisf*in$ te

+ensit* re;:ire&ents sa"" e e&p"o*e+ for ,onstr:,tion of

e&an9&ent an+ s: $ra+e'

T+pe of 6or$

#&an9&ent :pto3 &eters ei$t not

s:-e,te+ to etensi!e f"oo+in$

#&an9&ent e,ee+in$ 3 &eters ei$t or

#&an9&ent of an* ei$t s:-e,te+ to "on$

perio+s of in:n+ation

S: $ra+e an+ earten so:"+ers!er$es

Te siIe of te ,oarse &ateria" in te &it:re of eart

sa"" or+inar* not e,ee+ >7&& en ein$ p"a,e+ in

te e&an9&ent an+ 70&& en p"a,e+ in te s:

$ra+e'

Te soi" for e&an9&ent an+ s: $ra+e &:st e teste+ for,o&pa,tion re;:ire&ents'

T+pe of 6or$=materia!


55/86

S: $ra+e an+ earten so:"+ers

#&an9&ent

#pansi!e soi"s

aQ S: $ra+e an+ 700&& portion -:st

e"o te s: $ra+e'

Q Re&ainin$ portion /ot "ess tan F0

"a*e* soi"s if an* so:"+ e re&o!e+ an+ rep"a,e+ * $oo+

$ran:"ar soi"'

Te e&an9&ent an+ s: $ra+e &ateria" sa"" e sprea+ in

"a*ers of :nifor& ti,9ness not e,ee+in$ 200 && ,o&pa,te+

ti,9nesses o!er te entire i+t of e&an9&ent' S:,,essi!e

"a*ers sa"" not e p"a,e+ :nti" te "a*er :n+er ,onstr:,tion

as een toro:$"* ,o&pa,te+ to te spe,ifie+ re;:ire&ents'

Moist:re ,ontent of ea, "a*er of soi" is ,e,9e+ in

a,,or+an,e it S62>20'

Determination of fie!( (en'it+7

Te in sit: +r* +ensit* of soi" in te e&an9&ents: $ra+e

&:st e teste+ to ,e,9 te +e$ree of ,o&pa,tion in te fie"+'

Te fie"+ +ensit* of soi" ,an e +eter&ine+ pop:"ar"* *

1Q ore ,:tter an+

2Q San+ rep"a,e&ent &eto+s'

Wei$t of te soi" otaine+ in te ,ore ,:tter of 9non

!o":&e is +eter&ine+ &oist:re ,ontent is assesse+ an+ +r*


56/86

+ensit* is ,a",:"ate+' n san+ rep"a,e&ent &eto+ pre6

,a"irate+ +ensit* of san+ is :se+ to &eas:re te !o":&e of

pit +:$ o:t fro& te s: $ra+e an+ te &oist:re ,ontent is

assesse+' Knoin$ te ei$t an+ !o":&e of e,a!ate+ soi"

an+ &oist:re ,ontent te fie"+ +ensit* ,an e ,a",:"ate+ i,

so:"+ not e "ess tan F7 an+ F> of pro,torEs +ensit* for

e&an9&ent an+ s: $ra+e respe,ti!e"*'

/:,"ear $a:$es are ein$ :se+ to &eas:re te fie"+ +ensit* of

soi"s= te prin,ip"e ein$ $a&&a ra*s e&itte+ into te soi" an+

n:&er of ra*s ret:rne+ an+ ,o:nte+ on a s,a"ar' A "o

$a&&a ra* ,o:nt in+i,ates i$ +ensit* an+ !ise !ersa'

Ca!ifornia /earin" ratio ,C4R. of 'oi!'7


57/86

Loa+ ,arr*in$ ,apa,it* of soi" is &eas:re+ fro& penetration resistan,e i'e' test ,on+:,te+ on

,o&pa,te+ spe,i&en an+ epresse+ as per per,enta$e of a stan+ar+ ,r:se+ ro,9s spe,i&en an+

,a""e+ as ?R of Soi"'

?R 100 Ber,ent (!iI) Loa+ of 13@0 9$ to +ri!e ,*"in+ri,a" p":n$er of 1F'30 s;,&s to a +istan,e

of 0'270 && at te rate of 0'127 && per &in:te'

T+pe of Soi!'

Gra!e" an+ san+ &it:res

San+ an+ Si"t &it:res

San+ an+ ,"a* &it:res

nor$ani, si"t ,"a*

r$ani, si"t ,"a*

#ran&!ar '&/ /a'e7

Tis is ein$ pra,ti,e+ to a,t as transition Ione eteen ar+ ase ,o:rses an+ s:6$ra+e as e""

a +raina$e "a*er to +rain po:t te seepa$e ater fro& ase ,o:rses an+ a!oi+ ,api""ar* ater

fro& s:6$ra+e'

Te ?R re;:ire&ent for s: ase "a*er is not "ess tan (17) per,ent' Te Materia" to e :se+ for

te or9 sa"" e nat:ra" san+= &oor:&= $ra!e"= r:se+ Stone or ,o&ination of tese' Te

&ateria" sa"" e non6p"asti, i'e' p"asti,it* in+e of &ateria" passin$ 427 &i,ron sie!e sa"" e

"ess tan (@) an+ "i;:i+ "i&it "ess tan 20 per,ent'

f ti,9ness of "a*er +oes not e,ee+ 100 && a s&oot ee"e+ ro""er of 8 to 10 tons ei$t

&a* e :se+' 5or ,o&pa,te+ sin$"e "a*er of 227&& te ,o&pa,tion sa"" e +one it te e"p

of a !irator* ro""er of 8 to 10 tons ei$t it p"ain +r:& or pa+ foot +r:&' Ro""in$ sa""

,o&&en,e at te "oer e+$e an+ pro,ee+ toar+s :pper e+$e "on$it:+ina""* for portions a!in$

:ni+ire,tiona" ,ross fa"" an+ s:per e"e!ation' Ro""in$ sa"" ,o&&en,e at e+$es an+ pro$ress

toar+s te ,enter for portions a!in$ ,ross fa"" on ot si+es' Te Spee+ of te ro""er sa"" not


58/86

e,ee+ 7 9&s per o:r' Ro""in$ sa"" e ,ontin:e+ ti"" te +ensit* a,ie!e+ is at "east F8 of te

&ai&:& +r* +ensit* for te &ateria" as per S 2>20 (Bart 8)'

Water /o&n( ma)a(am /a'e

Te asi, nee+ of W?M ase is to +istri:te te "oa+ o!er a soft s:6$ra+e in s:, a a* tat

tere i"" e no sin9in$ of te roa+ ,r:st into te s:6$ra+e' W?M is ,onstr:,te+ it ar+ an+

soft &eta"s ,a""e+ a$$re$ates otaine+ fro& rea9in$,r:sin$ of ro,9s' Te a$$re$ates sprea+ in

"a*ers are inter"o,9e+ * ro""in$ an+ on+in$ to$eter it s,reenin$s= "in+in$ &ateria" an+

ater'

Roa( a""re"ate'7 Tese a!e to ear te stresses +:e to te ee" "oa+s an+ en,e te*

so:"+ possess s:ffi,ient stren$t to resist ,r:sin$' Te* so:"+ e *ar(eno:$ to resist ear

+:e to arasi!e a,tion of traffi,' Te a$$re$ates in te pa!e&ent are a"so s:-e,te+ to i&pa,t

en,e to&"*ne''is anoter +esira"e propert* of a$$re$ates' Te stones :se+ so:"+ e +:ra"e

an+ resist +isinte$ration +:e to a,tion of eater= tis propert* is ,a""e+ 'o&n(ne''2 Te

fo""oin$ are te &ost ,o&&on"* a!ai"a"e ro,9s in n+ia fro& i, roa+ a$$re$ates ,an e

otaine+'

T+pe of Ro)$

?asa"t

Granite

Li&estone

C:artIite

San+ Stone


59/86

A$$re$ates &a* a!e ro:n+e+ ,:i,a" an$:"ar f"a9* or e"on$ate+ sape of parti,"es' Te

fo""oin$ are te p*si,a" re;:ire&ents of ,oarse a$$re$ates :se+ for W?M as per S 238@'

Los An$"es arasion !a":e

r

A$$re$ate i&pa,t !a":e

o&ine+ f"a9iness an+ e"on$ation in+i,es

#ra(in" re>&irement'7 Te W?M is ,arrie+ o:t in "a*ers' Te ,oarse a$$re$ates for ea, "a*er

so:"+ ,onfir& to an* of (3) $ra+in$ e"o' Te :se of $ra+in$ no 1 sa"" e restri,te+ to s:

ase ,o:rses on"*'

Si&irement' of )oar'e a""re"ate' for 6ater /o&n( ma)a(am2

#ra(in" No2


60/86

Te ,o&pa,te+ ti,9ness for a "a*er it $ra+in$ no 1 sa"" e 100 && i"e for "a*er

it oter $ra+in$ i'e' 23 sa"" e >7 &&'

App!i)ation of ')reenin"'7

To fi"" !oi+s in te ,oarse a$$re$ates= s,reenin$s are $enera""* ne,essar* an+ sa"" ,onsist if te

sa&e &ateria" as te ,oarse a$$re$ate'

As far as possi"e= te s,reenin$ &ateria" so:"+ ,onfor& to $ra+in$ $i!en in te ta"e'

#ra(in"

)!a''ifi)ation

A


61/86

?

#rae!7

/on6B"asti, &ateria" s:, as &oor:& or $ra!e" &a* a"so e :se+ for fi""in$ te !oi+s in te

,oarse a$$re$ates pro!i+e+ "i;:i+ "i&it an+ p"asti,it* in+e of s:, &ateria" are e"o 20 an+ @

respe,ti!e"* an+ fra,tion passin$ >7 &i,rons sie!e +oesnEt e,ee+ 10'

Con'tr&)tion operation'7

Te ,oarse a$$re$ates sa"" e sprea+ :nifor&"* an+ e!en"* :pon te prepare+ s: $ra+es:

asease to proper profi"e * :sin$ te&p"ates p"a,e+ at @ &ts apart an+ a"" i$ or "o spots

re&e+ie+ * re&o!in$ or a++in$ a$$re$ates' &&e+iate"* after sprea+in$ of ,oarse a$$re$ates

ro""in$ sa"" e starte+ it poer ro""er of 8 to 10 tons of ,apa,it* or !iration ro""er of 8 to 10

tons ei$t' 5irst te e+$e sa"" e ,o&pa,te+ an+ &o!e inar+ para""e" to te ,entre "ine of te

roa+ +:"* "appin$ pre,e+in$ tra,9s * at "east one a"f i+t' Ro""in$ is ,ontin:e+ :nti" te

a$$re$ates are e"" ,o&pa,te+ an+ no a!efor& is seen en te ro""er is a+!an,in$' S,reenin$

sa"" e app"ie+ $ra+:a""* roo&in$ an+ +r* ro""in$ is ,ontin:e+ :nti" no &ore s,reenin$s e

for,e+ into !oi+s of te ,oarse a$$re$ates' A"" tis operations sa"" e ,arrie+ o:t in on"* s:,"en$ts of roa+= i, ,o:"+ e ,o&p"ete+ itin one +a*' /o te s:rfa,e e ,opio:s"*

sprin9"e+ it ater= et s,reenin$s sept an+ ro""e+ :nti" te ,oarse a$$re$ates as een

toro:$"* 9e*e+ e"" on+e+ an+ fir&"* set in its f:"" +ept' Te in+in$ &ateria" sa"" e

app"ie+ s:,,essi!e"* in 2 or &ore tin "a*ers an+ te s:rfa,e sa"" e ,opio:s"* sprin9"e+ it

ater= te res:"tin$ s":rr* sept in it roo&s to fi"" te !oi+s' Te ro""in$ sa"" e ,ontin:e+

:nti" te res:"tin$ s":rr* after fi""in$ !oi+s for&s a a!e aea+ of ee"s of te &o!in$ ro""er'


62/86

After fina" ,o&pa,tion te pa!e&ent sa"" e a""oe+ to +r* o!er ni$t an+ no traffi, is a""oe+

for 2 or 3 +a*s :nti" te &a,a+a& as set' Te roa+s sa"" e 9ept atere+ so tat it re&ains in

+a&p ,on+ition :n+er traffi, for ao:t a fortni$t'

Wet mi? ma)a(am7 ,W00.

Gra+e+ a$$re$ate an+ $ran:"ar &ateria" an+ ater are pre&ie+ in p:$ &i"" an+ sa"" e "ai+ in

one or &ore "a*ers' Te ti,9ness of a sin$"e ,o&pa,te+ "a*er sa"" not e "ess tan >7&& an+

,an e in,rease+ to 200&& en ,o&pa,tion is it !irator* ro""er' Te a$$re$ates sa""

satisf* te p*si,a" re;:ire&ent of a$$re$ates i'e' i&pa,t !a":e of 30 per,ent (&a) an+ f"a9iness

in+e 30 per,enta$e (&a)'

Te a$$re$ates sa"" ,onfir& to te fo""oin$ $ra+in$'

IS 'iee

73&&

47&&

22'4&&

11'2&&

4'>7&&

2'3@&&

@00 &i,ron

>7 &i,ron

Te &i sa"" e sprea+ :nifor&"* :sin$ a pa!er finisers or &otor $ra+er an+ no se$re$ation of

"ar$er an+ finer parti,"es e a""oe+' Wi"e ,onstr:,tin$ WMM ,onfine&ent of &i a$ainst

"atera" &o!e&ent sa"" e ens:re+ * si&:"taneo:s so:"+er +e!e"op&ent' Traffi, sa"" not e

a""oe+ :nti" te &i as +rie+ at "east for 24 o:rs'

4it&mino&' paement7

Ba!e&ent &a+e of a$$re$ates an+ it:&en as in+in$ &ateria" are s&oot= +:st free an+ a!e

i$er "oa+ ,arr*in$ ,apa,it* an+ "on$er "ife perio+ of 10 to 17 *ears en,e &ost of te roa+s are

ein$ ,onstr:,te+,on!erte+ to "a,9 top'


63/86

4it&mino&' materia!7

?it:&en is a !is,o:s "i;:i+= se&iso"i+ or so"i+ &ateria"= ,o"o:r !ar*in$ fro& "a,9 to +ar9 ron

a!in$ a+esi!e properties ,onsistin$ essentia""* *+ro,arons is +eri!e+ fro& +isti""ation of

petro"e:& ,r:+e or nat:ra" aspa"t an+ so":"e in ,aron +is:"pi+e' ?it:&ino:s &ateria"s :se+

for pa!in$ p:rposes are penetration $ra+e it:&en an+ "i;:i+ it:&en (,:ta,9s e&:"sion)'

Te it:&ino:s in+er so:"+ possess te fo""oin$ ;:a"ities'

A+e;:ate !is,osit* at te ti&e of &iin$ an+ ,o&pa,tion'

/ot i$"* te&perat:re s:s,epti"e'

So:"+ not strip fro& a$$re$ate in presen,e of ater'

Te fo""oin$ s:itai"it* tests are fo""oe+'

Con'i'ten)+ te't7

Benetration test

Vis,osit* test

Softenin$ point test

%:,ti"it* test

Compa)tion te't7

Loss on eat test

So":i"it* test

Water ,ontent test

%isti""ation test

Spot test

Spe)ifi) "rait+ te't7

Varies fro& 1'00 to 1'28

F!a'* an( fire point te't7


64/86

Safet* test to in+i,ate te &a te&perat:re to i, te it:&ino:s &ateria" ,an e safe"*

eate+'

Meas:re&ent of penetration a 100 $& stan+ar+ stee" nee+"e into a it:&en in+er 9ept into a

it:&en in+er 9ept at 27 +e$rees itin 7 se, is 9non as penetration !a":e'

Vis,osit* is its i&portant p*si,a" propert* "o !is,o:s in+er &a* f"o off te a$$re$ate +:rin$

transit fro& &iin$ p"ant to site an+ a i$ !is,o:s &ateria" &a* pro!i+e an :nor9a"e &i'

Vis,o&eter is :se+ to &eas:re te !is,osit* of te it:&en'

Te +:,ti"it* of a it:&ino:s &ateria" is &eas:re+ * te +istan,e in ,enti&eters to i, it i""

e"on$ate efore rea9in$ en a ri;:ette spe,i&en of te &ateria" of te for& is p:""e+ apart at

a spe,ifie+ spee+ (70 &&&in) an+ spe,ifie+ te&perat:re of 2> +e$rees6 it:&ino:s ri;:ette is

s:-e,te+ to r:pt:re in te testin$ &a,ine'

Softenin" point7 Te te&perat:re at i, te it:&en attains te parti,:"ar +e$ree of softenin$

:n+er spe,ifie+ ,on+ition of test6 &eas:re+ it rin$ an+ a"" apparat:s'

F!a'* point7 t is te "oest te&perat:re at i, te !apo:r of it:&en &o&entari"* ta9es fire

in te for& of a f"as :n+er spe,ifie+ ,on+ition of test6 pens9*6&artens tester is te apparat:s

:se+ to test f"as point'

Fire point7 t is te "oest te&perat:re at i, te &ateria" $ets i$nite+ an+ :rns :n+er

spe,ifie+ ,on+ition of test6 &eas:re+ it pens9*6&artens tester'

1ropertie' of pain" /it&men7

Spe,ifi, $ra!it* at 2> +e$rees

Water ,ontent per,ent * ei$t= &a

5"as point in +e$ree ,enti$ra+e

Softenin$ point in +e$ree ,enti$ra+e

Benetration at 27 +e$rees

%:,ti"it* at 24 +e$rees

Loss on eatin$ per,ent * ei$t


65/86

Te a$$re$ates :se+ in it:&ino:s or9s sa"" satisf* te fo""oin$ p*si,a" re;:ire&ents'

Bropert*

"ean"iness (%:st)

Barti,"e sape

Stren$t

%:rai"it*

Water asorption

Strippin$

4it&mino&' )o&r'e'7

?it:&ino:s ,o:rses of +ifferent spe,ifi,ations are "ai+ on W?MWMM ase or eistin$ ?T

s:rfa,e' A BRM# AT o!er &a,a+a& ase at te rate of @ to F 9$s10 s;&s an+ TAK AT

of 2 to 3 9$ss;&s o!er eistin$ ?T s:rfa,e sa"" pre,e+e te it:&ino:s ,o:rses' Te

spe,ifi,ation for +ifferent ,"asses of ?T or9 !aries it respe,t to siIe of a$$re$ates an+

;:antit* of it:&en :se+' Te !oi+s in it:&ino:s s:rfa,e i"" e sea"e+ * app"i,ation of sea"

,oat'


66/86

Te fo""oin$ ta"e sos te it:&ino:s $enera""* :se+'

S!2 No Item of

6or$

1 Bre&i

,arpet

2 ?it:&ino

&a,a+a&

3 %ense

it:&ino:

&a,a+a&

4 Se&i +en

it:&ino:

,on,rete

7 ?it:&ino

,on,rete

Apart fro& ,onfor&it* it $ra+in$ an+ ;:a"it* re;:ire&ents in+i!i+:a" in$re+ients te

&i sa"" &eet te re;:ire&ents of Marsa"" test'


67/86

Mini&:& stai"it*(9$ at @0 +e$ree ,enti$ra+e)

5"o (&&)

o&pa,tion "e!e" (no of "os)

Ber,ent air !oi+s

Ber,ent !oi+s in &inera" a$$re$ate (VMA)

0i?in" an( 'prea(in" operation7

Te &i for it:&en ,o:rses sa"" e prepare+ in ot &i p"ant (HMB)' Te p"ant i"" a!e ,o"+

a$$re$ate fee+ s*ste& it &ini&:& (4) ins a!in$ e"t ,on!e*or arran$e&ent an+ !aria"e

spee+ +ri!e &otors= +r*er :nit it :rner ,apa"e of eatin$ te a$$re$ate an+ it:&en s:pp"*

:nit ,apa"e of eatin$ an+ spra*in$ of it:&en at spe,ifie+ te&perat:re' Te p"ant so:"+ a!e

,entra"iIe+ ,ontro" pane" ,ain to ens:re for ;:a"it* of &i'

Te &i fro& te HMB sa"" e transporte+ to te site an+ sprea+ on te roa+ s:rfa,e :sin$ pa!er

an+ ,o&pa,te+ it s:ita"e ro""ers' Te fo""oin$ te&perat:re sa"" e &aintaine+ +:rin$ te

pro,ess'

Te&perat:re of in+er at te ti&e of &iin$ 170 to 1@3 +e$ree ,enti$ra+e'

Traffi, i"" e +i!erte+ :nti" te ro""in$ is finise+ an+ te ,o:rse is e"" set'

A""re"ate /!en(in"7

Te a$$re$ates fro& te ,r:ser are store+ in ?/S' 5or $ettin$ te +esire+ &i tree or fo:r

a$$re$ates a!e to e &ie+ an+ proper proportionin$ of +ifferent a$$re$ates is ,a""e+ a$$re$ate

"en+in$'

Te fo""oin$ ta"e i"":strates a$$re$ates "en+in$ of %?M'

Sie!es 3>'7

Min Bass 100

Ma

Bass

A!$ Bass


68/86

%esi$ne+

?in6 A

?in6?

?in6

?in6%

'

Dr+ !ean )on)rete ,DLC.7

%r* "ean ,on,rete is :se+ for ,onstr:,tion of ase ,o:rse :n+er te ,on,rete pa!e&ent' Te %L

$enera" ,onsists M6 10 ,on,rete of ti,9ness not "ess tan 112 && "ai+ o!er tin "a*er of

W?MWMM' Gra+e+ a$$re$ate of siIe !ar*in$ fro& 27 && to 4'>7 && are :se+' Te &i sa""

e proportione+ it a &ai&:& a$$re$ate ,e&ent ratio of 17 1 an+ ater ,e&ent ratio aro:n+

0'>0' Te &ini&:& ,e&ent ,ontent sa"" not e "ess tan 1709$s,:& of ,on,rete an+ te

a!era$e ,o&pressi!e stren$t sa"" not e "ess tan 100 9$,&2 at (>) +a*s'

Te &i is pro+:,e+ in te ,entra" at,in$ an+ &iin$ p"ant an+ transporte+ to te pa!in$ site

in tr:,9s' on,rete pa!ers e;:ippe+ it ta&pers an+ !irators are :se+ for sprea+in$ ito:t

se$re$ation' Te ,o&pa,tin$ an+ finisin$ sa"" e itin (F0) &in:tes of ,on,rete &iin$'

Lon$it:+ina" an+ tra!erse ,onstr:,tion -oints sa"" e pro!i+e+ as per +rain$' :rin$ sa"" e

+one * ,o!erin$ te s:rfa,e it $:nn* a$sessian= i, sa"" e 9ept ,ontin:o:s"* for (>)

+a*s * sprin9"in$ ater' nitia" ,:rin$ ,an a"so e +one * spra*in$ "i;:i+ ,:rin$ ,o&po:n+ an+

et essian for 3 +a*s' Li$t !ei,"es &a* e a""oe+ after (>) +a*s of ,onstr:,tion' Tria" &ies

it !arie+ &oist:re ,ontents of 7 to > sa"" +eter&ine te opti&:& &oist:re an+ tria" "en$t


69/86

of &ini&:& @0 &eters "en$t sa"" e ,onstr:,te+ an+ +r* +ensit* of te &i sa"" e +eter&ine+

to e :se+ as referen,e +ensit*'

Cement )on)rete paement7

Tis or9 ,onsists ,onstr:,tion of :nreinfor,e+= +oe" -ointe+= p"ain ,e&ent ,on,rete pa!e&ent'

Te ti,9ness of pa!e&ent s"a= $ra+e of ,on,rete an+ -oint +etai"s sa"" e stip:"ate+ in te

+rain$s' r+inar* Bort"an+ ,e&ent of 43 Gra+e or i$er is $enera""* :se+' Te ,oarse

a$$re$ate sa"" e of ,r:se+ stone &ai&:& siIe not e,ee+in$ 27 && an+ sa"" e +e!oi+ of

soft f"a9s= e"on$ate+= sp"inter* pie,es an+ ater asorption sa"" not e &ore tan 2' Te fine

a$$re$ate sa"" e nat:ra" san+ or ,r:se+ stone or ,o&ination of te to' Te ,e&ent ,on,rete

sa"" not e "ess tan 370 9$s,:& of ,on,rete an+ ater ,ontent ratio sa"" e 0'70' Te &i is

pro+:,e+ in &e,aniIe+ at, &i p"ant an+ transporte+ it +:&pers or transit &iers' Te

&i fro& te p"ant sa"" e transporte+ in tr:,9stippers an+ sprea+in$ an+ finisin$ sa"" e

,o&p"ete+ itin (F0) &in:tes of ,on,rete &iin$= ,:rin$ sa"" e for (14) +a*s :sin$ "i;:i+

,:rin$ ,o&po:n+ an+ ,o!erin$ it &oist essian' A separation &e&rane sa"" e :se+

eteen ,on,rete s"a an+ te s: ase' Te "o,ation an+ t*pe of -oints sa"" e as son in te

+rain$s'

Different !a/orator+ te't' on fie!(7

La/orator+ te't for C4R7,Ca!ifornia 4earin" Ratio.

O/%e)tie7 To +eter&ine te ?R of soi"s fro& te re6 &o:"+e+ spe,i&ens * +*na&i,

,o&pa,tion &eto+ in soa9e+ state at "aorator*'

C4R7 Te ratio of te for,e per :nit area re;:ire+ to penetrate a soi" &ass it a p":n$er of

70&& +ia&eter at te rate of 1'27&&&in:te to te re;:ire+ ,orrespon+in$ penetration of

stan+ar+ &ateria"'

Genera""* te ratio is +eter&ine+ for 2'7&& an+ 7'0&& penetrations= an+ ere te ratio at

7'00&& is ,onsistent"* i$er tan tat at 2'7&&= te ratio at 7'00&& is ,onsi+ere+'


70/86

Apparat&'7 *"in+ri,a" &o:"+ = &eta" ra&&er= spa,er +is,= &eta" ei$ts= perforate+ ase

p"ate= &eta" tripo+ stan+= penetration p":n$er= "oa+in$ &a,ine it &o!in$ ea+= sie!es=

a"an,es= o!en = air ti$t ,ontainer= tra*= troe"= &eas:rin$ -ar'

1ro)e(&re7

i' Ta9e a representati!e sa&p"e to e teste+= po:r it in te for& of a eap an+ +i!i+e into 4 e;:a"

parts * ;:arterin$ &eto+ an+ &i te &ateria" in one of te to +ia$ona"s an+ sie!e it

tro:$ 1F&& sie!e= te &ateria" retaine+ sa"" e rep"a,e+ * te e;:a" a&o:nt of passin$

tro:$ 1F&& sie!e= :t retaine+ on 4'>7&& sie!e= otaine+ fro& te &ateria" of te oter

to +ia$ona"s= so tat te passin$ &ateria" sa"" ei$ a &ini&:& of 7700$&'

ii' B"a,e it in a tra* an+ &i it te e;:a" a&o:nt of tat ater re;:ire+ otainin$ M'

iii' /ote te e&pt* ei$t of te ,*"in+ri,a" &o:"+ to te nearest 1 $&'

i!' B"a,e te &o:"+ on a so"i+ ase= s:, as ,on,rete f"oor or p"int'

!' Ma9e te ater &ie+ soi" into 7 e;:a" parts= p"a,e te spa,er +is, in te &o:"+ an+ a

fi"ter paper an+ p"a,e one part into te &o:"+ fitte+ it ,o""ar'

!i' o&pa,t te soi" it te &eta" a&&er * +istri:tin$ te 77 "os e;:a""* on te

s:rfa,e of te soi"'

!ii' ontin:e tis pro,ess ti"" te fo:rt "a*er= &a9e an i&pression on te fo:rt "a*er of te

,o&pa,te+ soi" to a +ept of 27&&= so tat te net "a*er i"" p":$ into tis an+ a!oi+separation of te top "a*er fro& te pre!io:s i"e re&o!in$ te ,o""ar'

!iii' A++ fift "a*er an+ ,o&pa,t it it &eta" a&&er * $i!in$ 77 "os'

i' Re&o!e te ,o""ar an+ a"so re&o!e te e,ess soi" :p to te "e!e" ea,t"* e;:a" to te

,*"in+ri,a" &o:"+ * :sin$ troe" or spat:"a' /ote te ei$t of te sa&p"e it te

&o:"+ to te nearest 1 $&'

' Re!erse te ,o&pa,te+ &o:"+= ti$ten te &o:"+ on te ase p"ate= p"a,e te perforate+

+is, it s:r,ar$e ei$ts of 79$ on te ,o&pa,te+ soi" spe,i&en it te &o:"+ an+

soa9 it in ater for F@o:rs' Maintain ,onstant ater "e!e" in te tan9 tro:$o:t te

soa9in$ perio+'

i' After te soa9in$ perio+= ta9e o:t te &o:"+ it te soi" spe,i&en fro& te ater tan9

an+ a""o it to +rain free ater ,o""e,te+ in te &o:"+= +onar+ for 17 &in:tes'


71/86

Ima"e7 ?R apparat:s

#rain 'i7&&= 1F&&= 4'>7&&= 427

&i,rons an+ >7 &i,rons an+ r:er pest"e= ater ti$t tra*s or a :,9et'

1ro)e(&re7

i' Te soi" sa&p"e re,ei!e+ fro& te fie"+ sa"" e +rie+ in te o!en at 107 to 110 +e$ree

,enti$ra+e'

ii' Te o!en +rie+ sa&p"e sa"" e ta9en * ;:arterin$ &eto+ to a!e a &ini&:& ei$t'

iii' Te &ass of te sa&p"e ta9en for testin$ sa"" e ei$e+ to nearest 0'1$&'

i!' Bo:r ater in te sa&p"e it ater ti$t tra* an+ "ea!e it for 2rs'

!' Was te sa&p"e :n+er ater * a""oin$ te ase+ ater to $o tro:$ te "oest siIe of

sie!e'

!i' Was i$$er siIe a$$re$ate first * r:in$ in eteen to an+s= ens:re tat te >7 &i,rons

sie!e ne!er $ets o!er"oa+e+= sin,e it &a* $et +a&a$e+'


72/86

!ii' Was te sa&p"e ti"" te ater passin$ te sie!e is s:stantia""* ,"ean= ,o""e,t a"" te &ateria"

retaine+ on >7 &i,rons= +rain o:t te e,ess ater an+ 9eep it in o!en for 24rs at 107 to 110

+e$ree ,enti$ra+e'

!iii' A""o te sa&p"e to ,oo"= an+ perfor& +r* sie!in$ it te "ar$est siIe of sie!e first an+ te

net siIes ,onse,:ti!e"*'

i' #ns:re tat te sie!in$ is ,o&p"ete= an+ te a&o:nt of &ateria" retaine+ on ea, sie!e sa""

e ei$e+ an+ note+'

' Te ,:&:"ati!e &ass of te soi" fra,tion sa"" e ten ,a",:"ate+= an+ per,enta$e of passin$

on ea, sie!e sa"" ten e reporte+'

i' Te &ateria" passin$ 100&& sie!e an+ retains on >7&& sie!e is ,a""e+ o"eE'

ii' Te &ateria" passin$ >7&& sie!e an+ retains on 4'>7&& sie!e is ,a""e+ Gra!e"E'

iii' Te &ateria" passin$ 4'>7&& sie!e an+ retains on >7 &i,rons is ,a""e+ San+E'

i!' Te &ateria" passin$ >7 &i,rons sie!e is ,a""e+ Si"tE'

Determination of free '6e!! in(e? of 'oi!7

To +eter&ine te free se"" in+e of soi" as per S 2>20 (Bart L) 1F>>' 5ree se"" or

+ifferentia" free se""= a"so ter&e+ as free se"" in+e= is te in,rease in !o":&e of soi" ito:t

an* eterna" ,onstraint en s:-e,te+ to s:&er$en,e in ater' Te apparat:s :se+

i) S Sie!e of siIe 427&

ii) !en

iii) ?a"an,e= it an a,,:ra,* of 0'01$

i!) Gra+:ate+ $"ass ,*"in+er6 2 nos'= ea, of 100&" ,apa,it*

1ro)e(&re to (etermine free '6e!! in(e? of 'oi!7

i' Ta9e to spe,i&ens of 10$ ea, of p:"!eriIe+ soi" passin$ tro:$ 427& S Sie!e an+

o!en6+r*'

ii' Bo:r ea, soi" spe,i&en into a $ra+:ate+ $"ass ,*"in+er of 100&" ,apa,it*'

iii' Bo:r +isti""e+ ater in one an+ 9erosene oi" in te oter ,*"in+er :pto 100&" &ar9'

i!' Re&o!e entrappe+ air * $ent"* sa9in$ or stirrin$ it a $"ass ro+'


73/86

!' A""o te s:spension to attain te state of e;:i"iri:& (for not "ess tan 24o:rs)'

!i' 5ina" !o":&e of soi" in ea, of te ,*"in+er so:"+ e rea+ o:t'

Reportin" of re'&!t'7

5ree se"" in+e N XV+6 V9Y V9 100

Were=

V+N !o":&e of soi" spe,i&en rea+ fro& te $ra+:ate+ ,*"in+er ,ontainin$ +isti""e+ ater' V 9

N !o":&e of soi" spe,i&en rea+ fro& te $ra+:ate+ ,*"in+er ,ontainin$ 9erosene'

Determination of (r+ (en'it+ an( optim&m moi't&re )ontent of 'oi!7

Tis test is +one to +eter&ine te &ai&:& +r* +ensit* an+ te opti&:& &oist:re

,ontent of soi" :sin$ ea!* ,o&pa,tion as per S 2>20 (Bart 8) 1F83'Te apparat:s

:se+ is


74/86

i' *"in+ri,a" &eta" &o:"+ it so:"+ e eiter of 100&& +ia' an+ 1000,, !o":&e or

170&& +ia' an+ 2270,, !o":&e an+ so:"+ ,onfor& to S 100>4 1F82'

ii' ?a"an,es one of 109$ ,apa,it*= sensiti!e to 1$ an+ te oter of 200$ ,apa,it*= sensiti!e

to 0'01$

iii' !en ter&ostati,a""* ,ontro""e+ it an interior of non ,orro+in$ &ateria" to &aintain

te&perat:re eteen 107 an+ 110o

i!' Stee" strai$te+$e 30,& "on$

!' S Sie!es of siIes 4'>7&&= 1F&& an+ 3>'7&&

1reparation of 'amp!e7

A representati!e portion of air6+rie+ soi" &ateria"= "ar$e eno:$ to pro!i+e ao:t @9$ of &ateria"

passin$ tro:$ a 1F&& S Sie!e (for soi"s not s:s,epti"e to ,r:sin$ +:rin$ ,o&pa,tion) or

ao:t 179$ of &ateria" passin$ tro:$ a 1F&& S Sie!e (for soi"s s:s,epti"e to ,r:sin$ +:rin$

,o&pa,tion)= so:"+ e ta9en' Tis portion so:"+ e sie!e+ tro:$ a 1F&& S Sie!e an+ te

,oarse fra,tion re-e,te+ after its proportion of te tota" sa&p"e as een re,or+e+' A$$re$ations

of par

analysis and execution of road work

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