analysis of dise 2006-07 for assessment of infrastructure gaps

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ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006- ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006- 07 07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

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Page 1: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF FOR ASSESSMENT OF

INFRASTRUCTURE GAPSINFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Page 2: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Analysis of DISE have already been done for DISE Analysis of DISE have already been done for DISE data 2004-05 and 2005-06.data 2004-05 and 2005-06.

In 2006-07 analysis have been completed for 613 In 2006-07 analysis have been completed for 613 districts of the Country after computing target of districts of the Country after computing target of 2006-07,2007-08 & 2008-09.2006-07,2007-08 & 2008-09.

Analysis for 2006-07 has been done for various Analysis for 2006-07 has been done for various parameters so as to arrive at definite gaps, time parameters so as to arrive at definite gaps, time taken and to find out ways and means to complete taken and to find out ways and means to complete the gaps with in project period. the gaps with in project period.

To target those districts first where special efforts To target those districts first where special efforts are needed to complete the gaps as per DISE 2006-are needed to complete the gaps as per DISE 2006-0707

The total gaps worked out are 601666 classrooms.The total gaps worked out are 601666 classrooms.

Page 3: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

The States having large gaps as per analysis are as underThe States having large gaps as per analysis are as under..

S.NOS.NO StatesStates Nos of district with Nos of district with 2000-3000 classrooms2000-3000 classrooms

District with more District with more than 3000 classroomsthan 3000 classrooms

11 Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh 77 00

22 AssamAssam 33 11

33 BiharBihar 77 2424

44 ChattisgarhChattisgarh 22 44

55 GujaratGujarat 33 00

66 JharkhandJharkhand 77 55

77 Madhya PradeshMadhya Pradesh 1111 55

88 MaharashtraMaharashtra 11 22

99 Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 88 66

99 UttarakhandUttarakhand 00 11

TotalTotal 4949 4848The State of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Uttrakhand are likely to complete the gaps with in project period. We have to concentrate on balance 6 states and these are Assam, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

Page 4: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Further analysis shows that there are 415 districts Further analysis shows that there are 415 districts with less than 1000 classrooms gaps, 101 districts with less than 1000 classrooms gaps, 101 districts between 1000-2000, 49 districts between 2000-3000 between 1000-2000, 49 districts between 2000-3000 gap and 48 districts with more than 3000 gaps.gap and 48 districts with more than 3000 gaps.

Major concern is for 48 & 49 districts where the Major concern is for 48 & 49 districts where the State may plan maximum classrooms in the next State may plan maximum classrooms in the next AWP&B. The States will have to built the capacity for AWP&B. The States will have to built the capacity for taking up large number of classrooms in these taking up large number of classrooms in these districts.districts.

The districts having more than 3000 classrooms The districts having more than 3000 classrooms have been termed SFD where the allocation can be have been termed SFD where the allocation can be planned up to 50% of the budget allocation.planned up to 50% of the budget allocation.

In addition, the districts having PS to UPS ratio more In addition, the districts having PS to UPS ratio more than 2.5 : 1 may also be termed SFD. than 2.5 : 1 may also be termed SFD.

Page 5: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Available Classrooms

Enrolment Pry U.pry Total Pry U.pry Pry U. Pry Pry U. Pry

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 216541 7130144 52472 11679 64151 22148 42003 37680 477 626 2355 366 -1878 260

2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 10504 249483 2425 273 2698 2208 1073 907 758 323 804 245 -46 78

3 ASSAM 104355 4549188 59276 11773 71049 40758 30807 30807 154 50 0 0 154 50

4 BIHAR 162509 14863019 204205 43396 247601 80209 167392 165323 18291 6793 17057 822 1234 5971

5 CHHATTISGARH 104785 3657195 30594 18091 48685 16625 32060 27246 4056 4028 1956 4600 2100 -572

6 GOA 3016 60276 378 67 445 91 354 354 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 GUJARAT 164708 6073578 27213 10656 37869 11174 26695 26695 100 0 0 0 100 0

8 HARYANA 73318 2079975 9812 1906 11718 9413 2529 2380 112 723 104 727 8 -4

9 HIMACHAL PRADESH 46736 860216 836 1974 2810 3704 15 0 0 368 0 88 0 280

10 JAMMU & KASHMIR 49131 1003224 9190 2532 11722 3336 8386 7905 5773 1553 3647 538 2126 1015

11 JHARKHAND 85721 5915727 80936 12668 93604 12415 81189 56131 6021 5116 14376 7737 -8355 -2621

12 KARNATAKA 174384 5463043 24819 7780 32599 23415 10722 7362 1765 440 1682 2666 83 -2226

13 KERALA 51710 1204472 862 535 1397 2039 0 0 248 2 168 2 80 0

14 MADHYA PRADESH 240999 11029332 94842 45911 140753 43892 96861 84204 10301 2136 244 6355 10057 -4219

15 MAHARAHSTRA 253266 7815102 30396 10657 41053 20739 20314 20304 5235 138 4025 138 1210 0

16 MANIPUR 11090 206834 534 72 606 1307 0 0 245 38 245 38 0 0

17 MEGHALAYA 9100 209135 1995 300 2295 1595 835 544 1264 798 764 1222 500 -424

18 MIZORAM 8226 167594 156 168 324 286 114 30 164 196 289 164 -125 32

19 NAGALAND 9751 204979 472 378 850 2474 155 155 3 60 5 56 -2 4

20 ORISSA 164645 4602815 23128 8950 32078 31362 10534 8132 4324 2410 5144 2675 -820 -265

21 PUNJAB 33185 867476 5281 2611 7892 7585 791 766 42 137 121 134 -79 3

22 RAJASTHAN 277589 8488555 40479 8438 48917 57843 4490 4490 17411 12798 714 103 16697 12695

23 SIKKIM 6130 100292 107 28 135 345 0 0 24 4 19 0 5 4

24 TAMIL NADU 187522 5082280 8596 4634 13230 14879 1585 1257 336 1485 337 1846 -1 -361

25 TRIPURA 18662 650536 3234 1290 4524 728 3796 3632 587 214 636 143 -49 71

26 UTTAR PRADESH 454565 22820650 209850 20520 230370 132794 97947 97102 6763 13865 7151 13636 -388 229

27 UTTARAKHAND 37075 917760 6787 2133 8920 3837 6196 5818 783 718 1141 810 -358 -92

28 WEST BENGAL 175775 8602220 70504 13791 84295 79529 6867 6485 0 4000 288 3400 -288 600

29 A & N ISLANDS 2304 45144 67 25 92 88 31 31 4 2 4 0 0 2

30 CHANDIGARH 2295 77163 243 79 322 70 252 228 0 0 12 0 -12 0

31 D&NAGAR HAVELLI 818 39942 313 91 404 71 333 0 8 5 58 86 -50 -81

32 DAMAN & DIU 400 16299 66 41 107 2 105 105 0 0 0 0 0 0

33 DELHI 47371 1514944 5065 1141 6206 669 5537 5537 10 0 8 0 2 0

34 LAKSHWDEEP 313 7532 9 1 10 29 0 0 7 4 4 2 3 2

35 PONDICHERRY 3685 90123 158 46 204 180 82 56 10 0 37 0 -27 0

3192184 126666247 1005298 244637 1249935 627839 660050 601666 85276 59030 63395 48599 21881 10431

As per DISE 2006-07

State/UTsSl.No.

GRAND TOTAL

GAP in school buildings

Additional rooms required as per norms

Rooms sanctioned during 2006-07, 2007-08 & 2008-09

GAP in class

rooms

New schools sanctioned during 2006-07, 2007-08 &

2008-09

Buildings sanctioned for such

schools during 2006-07, 2007-08 &

2008-09

Final Gap after

rationali- zation

STATE WISE ABSTRACT OF ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS BASED ON SCHOOL WISE ANALYSIS AS PER DISE 2006-07 INCLUDING TARGET 2008-09 A

Page 6: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored States shown as more than 2000-3000

Page 7: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored States shown as more than 3000

Page 8: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

TIME REQUIRED FOR COMPLETION OF GAPSTIME REQUIRED FOR COMPLETION OF GAPS

In order to work out time period, district wise gaps In order to work out time period, district wise gaps were taken and achievements from district plan of were taken and achievements from district plan of 2006-07, 2007-08 were compiled and time period 2006-07, 2007-08 were compiled and time period was worked out.was worked out.

The data have revealed that there are 19 districts The data have revealed that there are 19 districts which will take more than 10 years to complete the which will take more than 10 years to complete the gaps (Chattisgarh & Gujarat not taken).gaps (Chattisgarh & Gujarat not taken).

The Number of these districts state wise are as The Number of these districts state wise are as under. These districts need special monitoring at all under. These districts need special monitoring at all levels.levels.

Page 9: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

S.NoS.No StateState District requiring more than 10 years for District requiring more than 10 years for completing the gaps.completing the gaps.

11 Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh 11

22 BiharBihar 11

33 Chattisgarh &GujratChattisgarh &Gujrat Not worked outNot worked out

44 Jammu&KashmirJammu&Kashmir 11

55 JharkhandJharkhand 22

66 Madhya PradeshMadhya Pradesh 11

77 MaharashtraMaharashtra 22

88 Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 11

99 UttrakhandUttrakhand 11

1010 Daman & DiuDaman & Diu 11

1111 DelhiDelhi 88

TotalTotal 1919

Note: the district wise is attached for ready reference.

Page 10: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

S.No District

Gaps after rationalization

computing 2008-09 Target

Nos of Classrooms built in a year

(Average 2006-07 & 2007-08)

(Completion Rate)

No of years required for completion of

balance gaps State

1 Adilabad 2182 198 11.02 Andhra Pradesh

2 Samastipur 11837 1160 10.20 Bihar

3 Leh 110 8 13.75 Jammu & Kashmir

4 Giridih 7372 153.5 48.03 Jharkhand

5 Hazaribagh 6348 466.5 13.61 Jharkhand

6 Morena 5794 453.5 12.78 Madhya Pradesh

7 Mumbai (Suburban) 4461 217.5 20.51 Maharashtra

8 Sindhudurg 277 26.5 10.45 Maharashtra

9 Chennai 253 25 10.12 Tamil Nadu

10 Pauri Garhwal 4378 258.5 16.94 Uttrakhand

11 Daman 51 4.5 11.33 Daman & Diu

12 Central Delhi 217 8.5 25.53 Delhi

13 East Delhi 727 13.5 53.85 Delhi

14 North Delhi 679 18.5 36.70 Delhi

15 North East Delhi 755 65.5 11.53 Delhi

16 North West Delhi 762 61.5 12.39 Delhi

17 South Delhi 1211 8.5 142.47 Delhi

18 South West Delhi 648 26 24.92 Delhi

19 West Delhi 463 8.5 54.47 Delhi

District requiring more than 10 years for completion of gaps

Note: 8 districts in NCT Delhi and 1 district in Daman & Diu will take more than 10 years because the completion rate/Achievement is very low

B

Page 11: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

SUMMARY TABLE OF DISTRICT WISE GAPS & NUMBER OF YEAR FOR COMPLETIONSUMMARY TABLE OF DISTRICT WISE GAPS & NUMBER OF YEAR FOR COMPLETION C

<1000 1000 to 2000 2000 to 3000 >3000 <2 years 2 to 3 years 3 to 4 years >4 years

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 23 37680 2 14 7 0 5 5 1 12

2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 16 907 16 0 0 0 13 2 1 0

3 ASSAM 23 30807 8 11 3 1 16 2 2 3

4 BIHAR 37 165323 2 4 7 24 10 16 4 7

5 CHATTISGARH 16 27246 7 3 2 4 13 0 0 3

6 GOA 2 354 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

7 GUJARAT 25 26695 15 7 3 0 3 2 2 18

8 HARYANA 20 2380 20 0 0 0 17 1 2 0

9 HIMACHAL PRADESH 12 0 12 0 0 0 12 0 0 0

10 JAMMU & KASHMIR 14 7905 12 2 0 0 1 3 3 7

11 JHARKHAND 22 56131 5 5 7 5 7 2 3 10

12 KARNATAKA 28 7362 26 2 0 0 21 1 4 2

13 KERALA 14 0 14 0 0 0 14 0 0 0

14 MADHYA PRADESH 48 84204 11 21 11 5 18 12 11 7

15 MAHARASTRA 35 20304 32 0 1 2 24 5 3 3

16 MANIPUR 9 0 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0

17 MEGHALAYA 7 544 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 0

18 MIZORAM 8 30 8 0 0 0 8 0 0 0

19 NAGALAND 11 155 11 0 0 0 11 0 0 0

20 ORISSA 30 8132 28 2 0 0 26 2 1 1

21 PUNJAB 19 766 19 0 0 0 19 0 0 0

22 RAJASTHAN 32 4490 31 1 0 0 31 0 0 1

23 SIKKIM 4 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0

24 TAMIL NADU 30 1257 30 0 0 0 29 0 0 1

25 TRIPURA 4 3632 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 3

26 UTTAR PRADESH 70 97102 30 26 8 6 36 17 8 9

27 UTTARAKHAND 13 5818 12 0 0 1 10 2 0 1

28 WEST BENGAL 20 6485 19 1 0 0 19 1 0 0

29 A & N ISLANDS 3 31 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

30 CHANDIGARH 1 228 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

31 D&NAGAR HAVELLI 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

32 DAMAN & DIU 2 105 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

33 DELHI 9 5537 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 9

34 LAKSHWDEEP 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

35 PONDICHERRY 4 56 4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0

613 601666 415 101 49 48 392 73 46 102

Sl.No.

GRAND TOTAL

Number of districts having Gaps Number of years required for completionNumber of

DistrictState/UTs

Classroom Gaps after

rationalization

Page 12: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Analysis reveal that major chunk of district will Analysis reveal that major chunk of district will complete the infrastructure gaps within 2 years complete the infrastructure gaps within 2 years or 2-3 years. The details are:or 2-3 years. The details are:

S.NoS.No Nos of districtsNos of districts Time taken for completionTime taken for completion

11 392392 <2 years<2 years22 7373 Between 2 to 3 yearsBetween 2 to 3 years33 4646 3 to 4 years3 to 4 years44 7777 >4 years>4 years

TotalTotal

Note:--Gujarat and chhatisgarh not included

Page 13: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored districts showing more than 2000-3000 ACR

Number of Districts = 3

STATES HAVING MAJOR GAPS BETWEEN 2000-3000 AND MORE THAN 3000

Page 14: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored districts showing more than 2000-300 ACR

Number of districts = 7

Page 15: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored (pink) districts showing more than 2000-3000 ACR and colored (Yellow) more than 3000

Number of districts for 2000-3000 = 7

Number of districts for more than 3000 = 24

Page 16: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored (Pink) districts showing more than 2000 ACR and Colored (yellow) 3000 ACR

Number of districts for 2000-3000 = 2

Number of districts for more than 3000 = 4

Page 17: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored districts showing 2000-3000 ACR

Number of districts = 3

Page 18: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored ( yellow) districts showing more than 3000 ACR and Colored (pink) 2000 ACR

Number of districts for 2000-3000 = 7

Number of districts for more than 3000 = 5

Page 19: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored districts showing more than 3000 ACR and Colored 2000 ACR

Number of districts for 2000-3000 = 11

Number of districts for more than 3000 = 5

Page 20: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored (yellow) districts showing more than 3000 ACR and Colored ( Orange) 2000

Number of districts for 2000-3000 = 1

Number of districts for more than 3000 = 2

Page 21: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored (Magenta) districts showing more than 3000 ACR and Colored (Yellow) 2000 ACR

Number of districts for 2000-3000 = 8

Number of districts for more than 3000 = 6

Page 22: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Colored districts showing more than 3000 ACR

Number of districts for more than 3000 = 1

Page 23: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

Saturation of GapsSaturation of Gaps Analysis has revealed that 6 states are Analysis has revealed that 6 states are

showing minus gaps, namely Himachal showing minus gaps, namely Himachal Pradesh,Kerala,Manipur,Sikkim,Dadar Nagar Pradesh,Kerala,Manipur,Sikkim,Dadar Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep. In fact these States Haveli, Lakshadweep. In fact these States have completed the infrastructure gaps. have completed the infrastructure gaps. Similarly 161 districts also reveal minus gaps, Similarly 161 districts also reveal minus gaps, there by these districts have saturated the there by these districts have saturated the gaps. The details are as under: the total minus gaps. The details are as under: the total minus gaps works out to be (minus) 46834 gaps works out to be (minus) 46834 classrooms classrooms

Page 24: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

STATES AND DISTRICTS, SATURATED THE CLASSROOMS GAPS ( DISE 2006-07)STATES AND DISTRICTS, SATURATED THE CLASSROOMS GAPS ( DISE 2006-07)

Sl.No. States/UTs Number of DistrictsNumber of District

with minus (-) Classroom Gaps

Overall Minus (-) Classroom Gaps in

the StateStates having no Gaps

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 23 0 0 Not Applicable 2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 16 7 -717 Not Applicable 3 ASSAM 23 2 -516 Not Applicable 4 BIHAR 37 0 0 Not Applicable 5 CHHATTISGARH 16 1 -109 Not Applicable 6 GOA 2 0 0 Not Applicable 7 GUJARAT 25 0 0 Not Applicable 8 HARYANA 20 3 -269 Not Applicable 9 HIMACHAL PRADESH 12 9 -909 No Gaps

10 JAMMU & KASHMIR 14 0 0 Not Applicable 11 JHARKHAND 22 1 -146 Not Applicable 12 KARNATAKA 28 12 -5326 Not Applicable 13 KERALA 14 11 -700 No Gaps14 MADHYA PRADESH 48 0 0 Not Applicable 15 MAHARAHSTRA 35 0 0 Not Applicable 16 MANIPUR 9 9 -701 No Gaps17 MEGHALAYA 7 5 -1164 Not Applicable 18 MIZORAM 8 6 -356 Not Applicable 19 NAGALAND 11 9 -1783 Not Applicable 20 ORISSA 30 9 -11296 Not Applicable 21 PUNJAB 19 14 -619 Not Applicable 22 RAJASTHAN 32 19 -13416 Not Applicable 23 SIKKIM 4 4 -216 No Gaps24 TAMIL NADU 30 21 -3991 Not Applicable 25 TRIPURA 4 0 0 Not Applicable 26 UTTAR PRADESH 70 2 -463 Not Applicable 27 UTTARAKHAND 13 9 -1727 Not Applicable 28 WEST BENGAL 20 5 -2295 Not Applicable 29 A & N ISLANDS 3 2 -29 Not Applicable 30 CHANDIGARH 1 0 0 Not Applicable 31 D&NAGAR HAVELLI 1 0 0 No Gaps32 DAMAN & DIU 2 0 0 Not Applicable 33 DELHI 9 0 0 Not Applicable 34 LAKSHWDEEP 1 0 0 No Gaps35 PONDICHERRY 4 1 -86 Not Applicable

613 161 -46834TOTAL

D

Page 25: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Overall gaps of classrooms works out to 601666, after Overall gaps of classrooms works out to 601666, after

computing targets of 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09computing targets of 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 District with more than 3000 gaps are 48 and between District with more than 3000 gaps are 48 and between

to 2000-3000 gaps are 49.to 2000-3000 gaps are 49. With the present level of achievement 19 district will With the present level of achievement 19 district will

take more than 10 years, 77 district including 19 will take more than 10 years, 77 district including 19 will take more than 4 years, 46 will take 3-4 years, 76 take more than 4 years, 46 will take 3-4 years, 76 between 2-3 years and 392 less than 2 years.(Gujrat between 2-3 years and 392 less than 2 years.(Gujrat and Chhatigarh not included)and Chhatigarh not included)

Analysis have shown that some of the districts although Analysis have shown that some of the districts although do not have large gaps but the targets for classrooms is do not have large gaps but the targets for classrooms is not being fixed proportionate. These districts may be not being fixed proportionate. These districts may be looked into and appropriate targets are proposed.looked into and appropriate targets are proposed.

Page 26: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS

6 states and 161 districts have completed gaps. 6 states and 161 districts have completed gaps. These district have minus gaps of 46834 These district have minus gaps of 46834 classrooms.classrooms.

States with large gaps will have to compile States with large gaps will have to compile perspective plan for 2/ 3 years and AWP&B 2009-perspective plan for 2/ 3 years and AWP&B 2009-10 will be part of it.10 will be part of it.

States with large gaps, will have to built up States with large gaps, will have to built up capacity at block, district and State level to capacity at block, district and State level to complete the gaps complete the gaps

Page 27: ANALYSIS OF DISE 2006-07 FOR ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS