analysis of emotional intelligence and on with creativity in medicine

Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and Correlation with Creativity in Field of Medicine

Bhvya Mehta (09HR-008)Nidhi Verma (09IT-015)Manish Kumar (09IT-012)Prakhar Srivastava (09HR-016)Vaibhav Ratra (09IT-028)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude and hearty appreciation to Dr. Bindu Gupta, Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad for her encouragement and valuable guidance in the successful completion of our project work. She helped us to visualize things from perspectives that we had never thought of and to appreciate knowledge of organizational behaviour and its implementation and application in the most logical and optimal manner.

We would also like to thank our batch mates for their critical comments and valuable suggestions given to us from time to time which helped us to recognize the flaws and involve a further new dimension to our thought process.

We further extend our thanks and appreciation to all the respondents of our survey, friends and family members for their comments and interest shown in our learning process by filling up the questionnaire which helped us in successful completion of the project.

OBJECTIVE

To study the relation between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Creativity of doctors in the medical industry.

Contents

Why Emotional Intelligence...................................................................................................................5

Origin of Emotional Intelligence............................................................................................................6

What Is Emotional Intelligence?............................................................................................................7

The ability-based model....................................................................................................................8

Mixed models of EI............................................................................................................................9

The Bar-On model of Emotional-Social Intelligence (ESI)................................................................10

The Trait EI model............................................................................................................................11

Alexithymia and EI...........................................................................................................................12

Creativity.............................................................................................................................................15

Creativity quotient...............................................................................................................................16

Psychometric approach...................................................................................................................16

Social-personality approach............................................................................................................17

Other approaches to measurement................................................................................................18

Creativity and Emotions at Work.........................................................................................................18

Methodology.......................................................................................................................................19

Analysis Data and Result......................................................................................................................20

Apollo Hospital................................................................................................................................20

Gangaram Hospital..........................................................................................................................20

Bhandari Hospital............................................................................................................................20

Analysis Inferences..............................................................................................................................20

Apollo Hospital Result Inferences:...................................................................................................20

Gangaram Hospital Result Inferences:.............................................................................................20

Bhandari Hospital Result Inferences:...............................................................................................20

Relevance of Emotional Intelligence....................................................................................................20

Appendix A1: Questionnaire................................................................................................................21

References...........................................................................................................................................21

Why Emotional IntelligenceSince he has been on Earth, Man has had to face a dangerous environment. As population increased, the need arose to share knowledge and organize resources. Language and conceptual thinking developed in sophistication, with specialized brain centers becoming adapted for the task. Teaching of young people concentrated on this rational aspect of intellect, which is a left brain activity, and right brain functions (including intuitive and emotional processing) were no longer part of the masculine stereotype. But this limited form of intelligence has its problems.

The Middle East conflict and many other events preceding and inevitably to follow, show that something is missing. The Western world is full of IQ teaching oriented to the left brain - rational and irrational focused thought processes, but not a single school for EQ (Emotional Intelligence) which fully encompasses and integrates right brain activity - non-verbal, holistic thought processes including emotions based on perception of real experience and holistic understanding and the resulting intuitive feelings.

Intelligence of the heart is lacking in our culture, so that all too often, instead of acting with integrated reason and feelings, we react with the emotional maturity of spoilt children. Instead of being recognized and understood consciously, emotions are supressed or resisted, giving them subconscious power. They then drive our behavior, and we use our rational intelligence to justify such behavior. Instead of conscious persons who understand why they feel and consequently behave as they do, we have become subconsciously driven and susceptible to cultural conditioning - even hypnosis and brainwashing. Our unempathetic and unethical behavior - and the corresponding lies and rationalizations that result - destroy our spiritual integrity.

There is clearly a great need for an increased understanding and practice of Emotional Intelligence in our culture. In the world of business, factors that are really important to succeed in an ethical manner are dependent on EQ: the cooperation of employees, creativity and open-mindedness, understanding of another's point of view, ability to use empathy in negotiations, the quality of leadership and communication.

These factors are equally important in the running of schools, health services, local government and politics. Thus the need to study and understand emotional intelligence.

Origin of Emotional Intelligence

The most distant roots of Emotional intelligence can be traced back to Darwin’s early work on the importance of emotional expression for survival and second adaptation. In the 1900s, even though traditional definitions of intelligence emphasized cognitive aspects such as memory and problem-solving, several influential researchers in the intelligence field of study had begun to recognize the importance of the non-cognitive aspects. For instance, as early as 1920, E. L. Thorndike used the term social intelligence to describe the skill of understanding and managing other people.

Similarly, in 1940 David Wechsler described the influence of non-intellective factors on intelligent behaviour, and further argued that our models of intelligence would not be complete until we can adequately describe these factors. In 1983, Howard Gardner's Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences introduced the idea of Multiple Intelligences which included both Interpersonal intelligence (the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people) and Intrapersonal intelligence (the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations). In Gardner's view, traditional types of intelligence, such as IQ, fail to fully explain cognitive ability. Thus, even though the names given to the concept varied, there was a common belief that traditional definitions of intelligence are lacking in ability to fully explain performance outcomes.

The first use of the term "Emotional Intelligence" is usually attributed to Wayne Payne's doctoral thesis, A study of emotion: Developing emotional intelligence from 1985. However, prior to this, the term "emotional intelligence" had appeared in Leuner (1966). Greenspan (1989) also put forward an EI model, followed by Salovey and Mayer (1990), and Goleman (1995).

As a result of the growing acknowledgement of professionals for the importance and relevance of emotions to work outcomes, the research on the topic continued to gain momentum, but it wasn’t until the publication of Daniel Goldman’s best seller Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ that the term became widely popularized. Nancy Gibbs' 1995 Time magazine article highlighted Goldman’s book and was the first in a string of mainstream media interest in EI. Thereafter, articles on EI began to appear with increasing frequency across a wide range of academic and popular outlets.

What Is Emotional Intelligence?As per Jack Meyer and Peter Salovey “Emotional intelligence is the innate potential to feel, use, communicate, recognize, remember,

describe, identify, learn from, manage, understand and explain emotions.”

In other words, each baby is born with a specific and unique potential for these components of emotioqnal intelligence:

1. Emotional sensitivity

2. Emotional memory

3. Emotional processing ability

4. Emotional learning ability

Because the definition offered here is based on an innate potential, it makes a very important distinction between this inborn potential and what actually happens to that potential over a person's life.

Here is one example, if we ask a person how they feel and they tell us they feel uncomfortable with something, but they cannot tell us why, it could be more because they lack innate emotional intelligence or because they were never taught to understand their feelings, to label their feelings and to analyze the cause and effect relationship between events and their feelings.

There’s a distinction between a person's inborn emotional potential versus their actual emotional skills and use of emotional intelligence later in life. The term "emotional intelligence" should be used only for a person's inborn, innate emotional potential. When we want to talk about their actual emotional skills and emotional management as we see by their behavior, the term "EQ" should be used

Jack Mayer and Peter Salovey have been the leading researchers in emotional intelligence since 1990. In that year they suggested that emotional intelligence is a true form of intelligence which had not been scientifically measured until they began their research work. Here is how they defined emotional intelligence in 1990.We define emotional intelligence as the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions. However their current definition given above is the one that is much more widely accepted and used.

Up to the present day, there are three main models of EI:

Ability-based EI models Mixed models of EI

Trait EI model

The ability-based model

Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer's conception of EI strives to define EI within the confines of the standard criteria for a new intelligence. Following their continuing research, their initial definition of EI was revised to: "The ability to perceive emotion, integrate emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotions, and to regulate emotions to promote personal growth."

The ability based model views emotions as useful sources of information that help one to make sense of and navigate the social environment. The model proposes that individuals vary in their ability to process information of an emotional nature and in their ability to relate emotional processing to a wider cognition. This ability is seen to manifest itself in certain adaptive behaviours. The model proposes that EI includes 4 types of abilities:

Perceiving emotions — the ability to detect and decipher emotions in faces, pictures, voices, and cultural artefacts- including the ability to identify one’s own emotions. Perceiving emotions represents a basic aspect of emotional intelligence, as it makes all other processing of emotional information possible.

Using emotions — the ability to harness emotions to facilitate various cognitive activities, such as thinking and problem solving. The emotionally intelligent person can capitalize fully upon his or her changing moods in order to best fit the task at hand.

Understanding emotions — the ability to comprehend emotion language and to appreciate complicated relationships among emotions. For example, understanding emotions encompasses the ability to be sensitive to slight variations between emotions, and the ability to recognize and describe how emotions evolve over time.

Managing emotions — the ability to regulate emotions in both ourselves and in others. Therefore, the emotionally intelligent person can harness emotions, even negative ones, and manage them to achieve intended goals.

Measurement of the ability-based model

Different models of EI have led to the development of various instruments for the assessment of the construct. While some of these measures may overlap, most researchers agree that they tap slightly different constructs. The current measure of Mayer and Salovey’s model of EI, the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) is based on a series of emotion-based problem-solving items. Consistent

with the model's claim of EI as a type of intelligence, the test is modelled on ability-based IQ tests. By testing a person’s abilities on each of the four branches of emotional intelligence, it generates scores for each of the branches as well as a total score.

Central to the four-branch model is the idea that EI requires attunement to social norms. Therefore, the MSCEIT is scored in a consensus fashion, with higher scores indicating higher overlap between an individual’s answers and those provided by a worldwide sample of respondents. The MSCEIT can also be expert-scored, so that the amount of overlap is calculated between an individual’s answers and those provided by a group of 21 emotion researchers.

Although promoted as an ability test, the MSCEIT is most unlike standard IQ tests in that its items do not have objectively correct responses. Among other problems, the consensus scoring criterion means that it is impossible to create items (questions) that only a minority of respondents can solve, because, by definition, responses are deemed emotionally 'intelligent' only if the majority of the sample has endorsed them. This and other similar problems have led cognitive ability experts to question the definition of EI as a genuine intelligence.

Mixed models of EI

The Emotional Competencies (Goleman) model

The EI model introduced by Daniel Goleman focuses on EI as a wide array of competencies and skills that drive leadership performance. Goleman's model outlines four main EI constructs:

Self-awareness — the ability to read one's emotions and recognize their impact while using gut feelings to guide decisions.

Self-management — involves controlling one's emotions and impulses and adapting to changing circumstances.

Social awareness — the ability to sense, understand, and react to other's emotions while comprehending networking.

Relationship management - the ability to inspire, influence, and develop others while managing conflict.

Goleman includes a set of emotional competencies within each construct of EI. Emotional competencies are not innate talents, but rather learned capabilities that must be worked on and developed to achieve outstanding performance. Goleman posits that individuals are born with a general emotional intelligence that determines their potential for learning emotional competencies. Goleman's model of EI has been

criticized in the research literature as mere pop-psychology (Mayer, Roberts, & Barsade, 2008).

Measurement of the Emotional Competencies (Goleman) model

Two measurement tools are based on the Goleman model:

1) The Emotional Competency Inventory (ECI) was created in 1999 and the Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (ESCI), which was created in 2007.

2) The Emotional Intelligence Appraisal, created in 2001, which can be taken as a self-report or 360-degree assessment (Bradberry and Greaves, 2005, The Emotional Intelligence Quick Book, Simon & Schuster).

The Bar-On model of Emotional-Social Intelligence (ESI)

Reuven Bar-On (2006) developed one of the first measures of EI that used the term "Emotion Quotient". He defines emotional intelligence as being concerned with effectively understanding oneself and others, relating well to people, and adapting to and coping with the immediate surroundings to be more successful in dealing with environmental demands. Bar-On posits that EI develops over time and that it can be improved through training, programming, and therapy. Bar-On hypothesizes that those individuals with higher than average E.Q.’s are in general more successful in meeting environmental demands and pressures. He also notes that a deficiency in EI can mean a lack of success and the existence of emotional problems. Problems in coping with one’s environment are thought, by Bar-On, to be especially common among those individuals lacking in the subscales of reality testing, problem solving, stress tolerance, and impulse control. In general, Bar-On considers emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence to contribute equally to a person’s general intelligence, which then offers an indication of one’s potential to succeed in life.

Serious doubts have been expressed about this model in the research literature (in particular about the validity of self-report as an index of emotional intelligence) and in scientific settings (see, e.g., Kluemper, 2008) it is being abandoned for the trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) model discussed below.

Measurement of the ESI Model

The Bar-On Emotion Quotient Inventory (EQ-I), is a self-report measure of EI developed as a measure of emotionally and socially competent behaviour that provides an estimate of one's emotional and social intelligence. The EQ-i is not meant to measure personality traits or cognitive capacity, but rather the mental ability to be successful in dealing with environmental demands and pressures. One hundred and

thirty three items (questions or factors) are used to obtain a Total EQ (Total Emotion Quotient) and to produce five composite scale scores, corresponding to the five main components of the Bar-On model. A limitation of this model is that it claims to measure some kind of ability through self-report items (see trait EI model).

The Trait EI model

Petrides et al. (2000a, 2004, 2007) proposed a conceptual distinction between the ability based model and a trait based model of EI. Trait EI (or ‘trait emotional self-efficacy’) refers to "a constellation of behavioural dispositions and self-perceptions concerning one’s ability to recognize, process, and utilize emotion-laden information". This definition of EI encompasses behavioural dispositions and self perceived abilities and is measured by self report, as opposed to the ability based model which refers to actual abilities as they express themselves in performance based measures. Trait EI should be investigated within a personality framework.

The trait EI model is general and subsumes the Goleman and Bar-On models discussed above. Petrides et al. are major critics of the ability-based model and the MSCEIT arguing that they are based on "psychometrically meaningless" scoring procedures (e.g., Petrides, Furnham, & Mavroveli, 2007).

The conceptualization of EI as a personality trait leads to a construct that lies outside the taxonomy of human cognitive ability. This is an important distinction in as much as it bears directly on the operationalization of the construct and the theories and hypotheses that are formulated about it.

Measurement of the Trait EI model

There are many self-report measures of EI, including the EQi, the Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test (SUEIT), the Six Seconds Emotional Intelligence Assessment (SEI), the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT), a test by Tett, Fox, and Wang. (2005) from the perspective of the trait EI model, none of these assess intelligence, abilities, or skills (as their authors often claim), but rather, they are limited measures of trait emotional self-efficacy (Petrides, Furnham, & Mavroveli, 2007). The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) is an open-access measure that was specifically designed to measure the construct comprehensively and is currently available in 15 languages.

The TEIQue provides an operationalization for Petrides and colleagues' model that conceptualizes EI in terms of personality. The test encompasses 15 subscales organized under four factors: Well-Being, Self-

Control, Emotionality, and Sociability. The psychometric properties of the TEIQue were investigated in a recent study on a French-Speaking Population, where it was reported that TEIQue scores were globally normally distributed and reliable.

The researchers also found TEIQue scores were unrelated to nonverbal reasoning (Raven’s matrices), which they interpreted as support for the personality trait view of EI (as opposed to a form of intelligence). As expected, TEIQue scores were positively related to some of the Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness) as well as inversely related to others (alexithymia, neuroticism).

Alexithymia and EI

Alexithymia from the Greek words λέξις and θυμός (literally "lack of words for emotions") is a term coined by Peter Sifneos in 1973 to describe people who appeared to have deficiencies in understanding, processing, or describing their emotions. Viewed as a spectrum between high and low EI, the alexithymia construct is strongly inversely related to EI, representing its lower range. The individual's level of alexithymia can be measured with self-scored questionnaires such as the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) or the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) or by observer rated measures such as the Observer Alexithymia Scale (OAS).

Criticism of the theoretical foundation of EI

EI is too broadly defined and the definitions are unstable

One of the arguments against the theoretical soundness of the concept suggests that the constant changing and broadening of its definition- which has come to encompass many unrelated elements — had rendered it an unintelligible concept:

"What is the common or integrating element in a concept that includes: introspection about emotions, Emotional expression, non-verbal communication with others, empathy, self-regulation, planning, creative thinking and the direction of attention? There is none."

Other critics mention that without some stabilization of the concepts and the measurement instruments, meta-analyses are difficult to implement, and the theory coherence is likely to be adversely impacted by this instability.

EI cannot be recognized as a form of intelligence

Goleman's early work has been criticized for assuming from the beginning that EI is a type of intelligence. Eysenck (2000) writes that

Goleman's description of EI contains unsubstantiated assumptions about intelligence in general, and that it even runs contrary to what researchers have come to expect when studying types of intelligence:

"Goleman exemplifies more clearly than most the fundamental absurdity of the tendency to class almost any type of behaviour as an 'intelligence'... If these five 'abilities' define 'emotional intelligence', we would expect some evidence that they are highly correlated; Goleman admits that they might be quite uncorrelated, and in any case if we cannot measure them, how do we know they are related? So the whole theory is built on quicksand: there is no sound scientific basis".

Similarly, Locke (2005) claims that the concept of EI in itself is a misinterpretation of the intelligence construct, and he offers an alternative interpretation: it is not another form or type of intelligence, but intelligence--the ability to grasp abstractions--applied to a particular life domain: emotions. He suggests the concept should be re-labelled and referred to as a skill.

EI has no substantial predictive value

Landy (2005) has claimed that the few incremental validity studies conducted on EI have demonstrated that it adds little or nothing to the explanation or prediction of some common outcomes (most notably academic and work success). Landy proposes that the reason some studies have found a small increase in predictive validity is in fact a methodological fallacy — incomplete consideration of alternative explanations:

"EI is compared and contrasted with a measure of abstract intelligence but not with a personality measure, or with a personality measure but not with a measure of academic intelligence." Landy (2005)

In accordance with this suggestion, other researchers have raised concerns with the extent to which self-report EI measures correlate with established personality dimensions. Generally, self-report EI measures and personality measures have been said to converge because they both purport to measure traits, and because they are both measured in the self-report form. Specifically, there appear to be two dimensions of the Big Five that stand out as most related to self-report EI – neuroticism and extraversion. In particular, neuroticism has been said to relate to negative emotionality and anxiety. Intuitively, individuals scoring high on neuroticism are likely to score low on self-report EI measures.

The interpretations of the correlations between self-report EI and personality have been varied and inconsistent. Some researchers have asserted that correlations in the .40 range constitute outright construct redundancy, while others have suggested that self-report EI is a personality trait in itself.

Criticism on measurement issues

Ability based measures are measuring conformity, not ability

One criticism of the works of Mayer and Salovey comes from a study by Roberts’s et.al. (2001), which suggests that the EI, as measured by the MSCEIT, may only be measuring conformity. This argument is rooted in the MSCEIT's use of consensus-based assessment, and in the fact that scores on the MSCEIT are negatively distributed (meaning that its scores differentiate between people with low EI better than people with high EI)....

Ability based measures are measuring knowledge (not actual ability)

Further criticism has been offered by Brody (2004), who claimed that unlike tests of cognitive ability, the MSCEIT "tests knowledge of emotions but not necessarily the ability to perform tasks that are related to the knowledge that is assessed". The main argument is that even though someone knows how he should behave in an emotionally laden situation, it doesn’t necessarily follow that he could actually carry out the reported behaviour.

Self report measures are susceptible to faking good

More formally termed socially desirable responding (SDR), faking good is defined as a response pattern in which test-takers systematically represent themselves with an excessive positive bias (Paulhus, 2002). This bias has long been known to contaminate responses on personality inventories (Holtgraves, 2004; McFarland & Ryan, 2000; Peebles & Moore, 1998; Nichols & Greene, 1997; Zerbe & Paulhus, 1987), acting as a mediator of the relationships between self-report measures (Nichols & Greene, 1997; Ganster et al., 1983).

It has been suggested that responding in a desirable way is a response set, which is a situational and temporary response pattern (Pauls & Crost, 2004; Paulhus, 1991). This is contrasted with a response style, which is a more long-term trait-like quality. Considering the contexts some self-report EI inventories are used in (e.g., employment settings), the problems of response sets in high-stakes scenarios become clear (Paulhus & Reid, 2001).

There are a few methods to prevent socially desirable responding on behaviour inventories. Some researchers believe it is necessary to warn test-takers not to fake good before taking a personality test (e.g., McFarland, 2003). Some inventories use validity scales in order to determine the likelihood or consistency of the responses across all items.

Claims for the predictive power of EI are too extreme

Landy distinguishes between the 'commercial wing' and 'the academic wing' of the EI movement, basing this distinction on the alleged predictive power of EI as seen by the two currents. According to Landy, the former makes expansive claims on the applied value of EI, while the later is trying to warn users against these claims. As an example. Goleman (1998) asserts that "the most effective leaders are alike in one crucial way: they all have a high degree of what has come to be known as emotional intelligence. ...emotional intelligence is the sine qua non of leadership". In contrast, Mayer (1999) cautions "the popular literature’s implication—that highly emotionally intelligent people possess an unqualified advantage in life—appears overly enthusiastic at present and unsubstantiated by reasonable scientific standards."

Landy further reinforces this argument by noting that the data upon which these claims are based are held in ‘proprietary databases', which means they are unavailable to independent researchers for reanalysis, replication, or verification. Thus, the credibility of the findings cannot be substantiated in a scientific manner, unless those datasets are made public and available for independent analysis.

Corporate uses and misuses of EI testing

Whenever a new assessment tool is proposed for hiring purposes, the concern arises that it might lead to unfair job discrimination. The use of EI tests, whose validity has not been established, may lead to arbitrary discrimination practices.

CreativityPeople often talk about creativity in terms of artistic expression, and while this is an important manifestation of creativity, it is not the whole picture. For most people, most creativity comes from solving the zillions of problems we all encounter every day.

Ironically, when we most need creativity, we tend to be in an emotional state where creativity is least accessible. Fear and distress activate the limbic system at the base of our brains. This shuts off the cerebral cortex,

where creativity and problem-solving live. Love is the antidote to fear and the wellspring of creativity.

Creativity is not so much making something new as it is recombining the old. Creativity requires informality because its essence is "breaking rules." The result is that creativity is sometimes tied to strong emotions which both give it power and make it challenging.

As we strive to make sense of our world, there is a great deal that fits in neither words nor logic. Creativity allows us to tap the seed of human experience and express that ineffable blossom.

Creativity is a mental and social process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts. Creativity is fueled by the process of either conscious or unconscious insight. An alternative conception of creativeness is that it is simply the act of making something new.

Although popularly associated with art and literature, it is also an essential part of innovation and invention and is important in professions such as business, economics, architecture, industrial design, graphic design, advertising, mathematics, music, science and engineering, and teaching.

Another adequate definition of creativity is that it is an "assumptions-breaking process." Creative ideas are often generated when one discards preconceived assumptions and attempts a new approach or method that might seem to others unthinkable.

Creativity quotientSeveral attempts have been made to develop a creativity quotient of an individual similar to the Intelligence quotient (IQ), however these have been unsuccessful.[43] Most measures of creativity are dependent on the personal judgement of the tester, so a standardized measure is difficult, if not impossible, to develop.

Psychometric approachJ. P. Guilford's group,[12] which pioneered the modern psychometric study of creativity, constructed several tests to measure creativity in 1967:

Plot Titles, where participants are given the plot of a story and asked to write original titles.

Quick Responses is a word-association test scored for uncommonness.

Figure Concepts, where participants were given simple drawings of objects and individuals and asked to find qualities or features that are common by two or more drawings; these were scored for uncommonness.

Unusual Uses is finding unusual uses for common everyday objects such as bricks.

Remote Associations, where participants are asked to find a word between two given words (e.g. Hand _____ Call)

Remote Consequences, where participants are asked to generate a list of consequences of unexpected events (e.g. loss of gravity)

Building on Guilford's work, Torrance[44] developed the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking in 1966. They involved simple tests of divergent thinking and other problem-solving skills, which were scored on:

Fluency. The total number of interpretable, meaningful, and relevant ideas generated in response to the stimulus.

Originality. The statistical rarity of the responses among the test subjects.

Elaboration. The amount of detail in the responses.

The Creativity Achievement Questionnaire, a self-report test that measures creative achievement across 10 domains, was described in 2005 and shown to be reliable and valid when compared to other measures of creativity and to independent evaluation of creative output.

Social-personality approachSome researchers have taken a social-personality approach to the measurement of creativity. In these studies, personality traits such as independence of judgement, self-confidence, attraction to complexity, aesthetic orientation and risk-taking are used as measures of the creativity of individuals.[7] Other researchers[46] have related creativity to the trait, openness to experience.

Other approaches to measurementGenrich Altshuller in the 1950s introduced approaching creativity as an exact science with TRIZ and a Level-of-Invention measure.

The creativity of thousands of Japanese, expressed in terms of their problem-solving and problem-recognizing capabilities, has been measured in Japanese firms.[47]

Howard Gruber insisted on a case-study approach that expresses the existential and unique quality of the creator. Creativity to Gruber was the product of purposeful work and this work could be described only as a confluence of forces in the specifics of the case.

Creativity and Emotions at WorkThree patterns may exist between affect and creativity at work: positive (or negative) mood, or change in mood, predictably precedes creativity; creativity predictably precedes mood; and whether affect and creativity occur simultaneously.

It was found that not only might affect precede creativity, but creative outcomes might provoke affect as well. At its simplest level, the experience of creativity is itself a work event, and like other events in the organizational context, it could evoke emotion. Qualitative research and anecdotal accounts of creative achievement in the arts and sciences suggest that creative insight is often followed by feelings of elation. For example, Albert Einstein called his 1907 general theory of relativity “the happiest thought of my life.” Empirical evidence on this matter is still very tentative.

In contrast to the possible incubation effects of affective state on subsequent creativity, the affective consequences of creativity are likely to be more direct and immediate. In general, affective events provoke immediate and relatively-fleeting emotional reactions. Thus, if creative performance at work is an affective event for the individual doing the creative work, such an effect would likely be evident only in same-day data.

Another longitudinal research found several insights regarding the relations between creativity and emotion at work. First - a positive relationship between positive affect and creativity, and no evidence of a negative relationship. The more positive a person’s affect on a given day, the more creative thinking they evidenced that day and the next day – even controlling for that next day’s mood. There was even some evidence of an effect two days later

In addition, the researchers found no evidence that people were more creative when they experienced both positive and negative affect on the

same day. The weight of evidence supports a purely linear form of the affect-creativity relationship, at least over the range of affect and creativity covered in our study: the more positive a person’s affect, the higher their creativity in a work setting.

Finally, they found four patterns of affect and creativity affect can operate as an antecedent to creativity; as a direct consequence of creativity; as an indirect consequence of creativity; and affect can occur simultaneously with creative activity. Thus, it appears that people’s feelings and creative cognitions are interwoven in several distinct ways within the complex fabric of their daily work lives.

Methodology Sample statistics:

o Doctors from 3 different hospitals.

Sample size:

We surveyed around 90 respondents from doctors working in Apollo Hospital (Sarita Vihar), Gangaram Hospital and Bhandari Hospital (Dehradoon)

Survey type:

A questionnaire of 51 standard questions – 33 relating to Emotional Intelligence and 18 pertaining to Creativity was sent through mail to all the prospective respondents. Personal Information regarding age, gender, educational qualification and designation etc., were also asked but not the name to preserve the anonymity of the respondent.

Survey methods:

EI Survey

The respondent was asked to rate the answer to each question on a scale of 1 to 5 where :

1: if he/ she strongly disagrees.

2: if he/she disagrees.

3: if he/she is undecided.

4: if he/she agrees.

5: if he/she strongly agrees.

Creativity Survey

The respondent was asked to rate the answer to each question on a scale of 1 to 9 on the similar pattern as above.

Sources of Information:

1) Questionnaires.

2) Analysis of questionnaires.

3) Internet.

4) Information gathered through various research papers on EQ and Creativity.

Tools Used:

o Microsoft Excel for organizing the data collected.

Analysis Data and Result

Apollo HospitalSUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression StatisticsMultiple R 0.9618101R Square 0.925078668Adjusted R Square 0.850157336Standard Error 0.019009599Observations 25

ANOVA

df SS MS FSignificance

FRegression 12 0.053542711 0.004461893 12.34733348 5.8692E-05Residual 12 0.004336378 0.000361365Total 24 0.057879089

Gangaram HospitalSUMMARY OUTPUT


ANOVA


FRegression 12 0.002600275 0.00021669 1.977738176 0.079836671Residual 22 0.002410416 0.000109564Total 34 0.005010691

Bhandari Hospital

SUMMARY

OUTPUT


ANOVA


FRegression 12 71.02403049 5.918669208 1.72164336 0.148746755Residual 17 58.44263617 3.437802128Total 29 129.4666667

Analysis Inferences

Apollo Hospital Result Inferences:

Pearson’s correlation = 0.9618101

92.5% of the variation in Creativity can be explained by the variation in Emotional stability, Empathy, Extroversion, Sensitivity, Expressiveness, Communication, Liveliness, Optimism, Self motivation, Self awareness, Social Skills and Self Management.

The remaining 7.5% can be explained by other factors.

The individual EI contribution to Creativity is given in the following table:

Emotional stability 77.1469807Empathy 27.0701161Extroversion 83.1482495Sensitivity 17.4380545Expressiveness 33.0588979Communication 23.3120542

Liveliness 18.8003707Optimism 25.4211082Self motivation 13.0592851Self awareness 48.5162324Social Skills 09.7142232Self Management 88.2470154

Gangaram Hospital Result Inferences:





Emotional stability 0.997480277Empathy 0.713410067Extroversion 0.400334465Sensitivity 0.035999436Expressiveness 0.611853614Communication 0.37655346Liveliness 0.709191598Optimism 0.002385426Self motivation 0.273745046Self awareness 0.013784089Social Skills 0.920245985Self Management 0.534247746

Bhandari Hospital Result Inferences:





Emotional stability 0.720196767Empathy 0.914986168Extroversion 0.409883943Sensitivity 0.025394425Expressiveness 0.046203355Communication 0.428012373Liveliness 0.158046959Optimism 0.972398325Self motivation 0.942794004Self awareness 0.160251019Social Skills 0.693170765Self Management 0.144054282

Relevance of Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence and work performance: Emotional intelligence may contribute to work performance (as reflected in salary, salary increase, and company rank) by enabling people to nurture positive relationships at work, work effectively in teams, and build social capital. Work performance often depends on the support, advice, and other resources provided by others (Seibert, Kraimer & Liden, 2001). Emotional intelligence may also contribute to work performance by enabling people to regulate their emotions so as to cope effectively with stress, perform well under pressure, and adjust to organizational change.

Emotional intelligence and interpersonal facilitation: Interpersonal facilitation pertains to «interpersonally oriented behaviors that contribute to organizational goal accomplishment» (Van Scotter & Motowidlo, 1996, p. 526). Emotional intelligence may contribute to the quality of people’s relationships at work because emotions serve communicative and social functions, conveying information about thoughts and intentions, and helping to coordinate social encounters (Keltner & Haidt, 2001). Emotion-related abilities should help people choose the best course of action when navigating social encounters. For example, the ability to decode facial expressions of emotion can help one to evaluate how other people respond to one’s words and actions, yielding important information for adjusting one’s behavior (Nowicki & Duke, 2001). The ability to use emotions to guide thinking can help one to consider both emotions and technical information when evaluating an interpersonal problem. The ability to manage emotions should help individuals experience and express emotions

that contribute to favorable social encounters, in part through emotional contagion (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1994).

Emotional intelligence, affect, and attitudes: Despite important exceptions (Parrott, 1993), people are usually motivated to seek pleasant feelings and avoid unpleasant emotions. The ability to manage emotions can help people nurture positive affect, avoid being overwhelmed by negative affect, and cope with stress (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). Other emotional abilities, such as perceiving and understanding emotions, also contribute indirectly to the quality of emotional experience by helping people to identify and interpret cues that inform self-regulatory action. Therefore emotional intelligence should contribute to positive affect and attitudes at work.

Appendix A1: QuestionnairePersonal Information

Age: Gender: Educational Qualification:

Designation: Length of Service in the Profession (in Years):

Number of Promotion/s in the Profession:

FORM A

Instruction

In your day-to-day life you interact with lot many people around. Such an interaction leads to experience of emotions. Below are some statements that talk about how you feel while interacting with others. There is no correct or incorrect answer to these statements. Below are the response keys that you can use for registering your opinion in the blank space to the left of every statement. Please try to give your true response as this exercise is only for the academic purpose.

Write 1 If you strongly disagree to it.

Write 2 If you disagree to it.

Write 3 If you somewhat agree or disagree to it.

Write 4 If you agree to it

Write 5 If you strongly agree to it.

1. I know when to speak about my personal problems to others

2. When I am faced with obstacles, I remember times I faced similar obstacles and

overcame them

3. I expect that I will do well on most things I try

4. Other people find it easy to talk to me

5. I find it hard to understand the non verbal messages of other people*

6. Some of the major events of my life have led me to re-evaluate what is important and

not important

7. When my mood changes, I see new possibilities

8. Emotions are one of the things that make my life worth living

9. I am aware of my emotions as I experience them

10. I expect good things to happen

11. I like to share my emotions with others

12. When I experience a positive emotion I know how to make it last

13. I arrange events others enjoy

14. I seek out activities that make me happy

15. I am aware of the non verbal messages I send to others

16. I present myself in a way that makes a good impression on others

17. When I am in a positive mood, solving problems is easy for me

18. By looking at their facial expressions, I recognize the emotions people are

experiencing

19. I know when my emotions change

20. When I am in a positive mood, I am able to come up with new ideas

21. I have control over my emotions

22. I easily recognize my emotions as I experience them

23. I motivate myself by imagining a good outcome to tasks I take on

24. I compliment others when they have done something well

25. I am aware of the non verbal messages other people send

26. When another person tells me about an important event in his or her life, I almost feel

as though I have experienced this event myself

27. When I feel a change in emotions, I tend to come up with new ideas

28. When I am faced with a challenge, I give up because I believe I will fail *

29. I know what other people are feeling just by looking at them

30. I help other people feel better when they are down

31. I use good moods to help myself keep trying in the face of obstacles

32. I can tell how people are feeling by listening to the tone of their voice

33. It is difficult for me to understand why people feel the way they do*

FORM B

Instruction

Please answer the following based upon the way in which you naturally and comfortably present yourself to others at work

Difficult Easy

In presenting an image of myself to others, consistently 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Over a long period of time, I find it easy or difficult to:

1. Come up with many ideas to solve a problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2. Come up with ideas are original 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3. Be stimulating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4. Come up with a solution when stuck 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5. Create, rather than improve 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

6. Deal with several new ideas or changes at the same time1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7. Risk doing things differently 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

8. Be thorough and meticulous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9. Master all details painstakingly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10. Be methodical and systematic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

11. Enjoy detailed work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12. Steadily keep at the job until is done 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

13. Fit into the system easily 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

14. Conform to the way things are done 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

15. Abide by the rules 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

16. Agree easily with the team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

17. Act only with proper authority 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

18. Appreciate the protection of precise instructions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

References1.Bradberry, Travis and Greaves, Jean. (2009). "Emotional Intelligence 2.0". San Francisco: Publishers Group West. (ISBN: 9780974320625)

2.Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D.R. (2008). Emotional Intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits, American Psychologist, 63, 6, 503-517.

3.Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18 , supl., 13-25.

4.Thorndike, R.K. (1920). "Intelligence and Its Uses", Harper's Magazine 140, 227-335.

5.Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind. New York: Basic Books.

6.Smith, M. K. (2002) "Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences", the encyclopedia of informal education, Downloaded from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm on October 31, 2005.

7.Payne, W.L. (1983/1986). A study of emotion: developing emotional intelligence; self integration; relating to fear, pain and desire. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, p. 203A. (University microfilms No. AAC 8605928)

8.Feldman-Barrett, L., & Salovey, P. (eds.). (2002). The wisdom in feeling: psychological processes in emotional intelligence. New York: Guilford Press.

9.Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books

10.Gibbs, Nancy (1995, October 2). The EQ Factor. Time magazine. Web reference at

http://www.time.com/time/classroom/psych/unit5_article1.html accessed January 2, 2006.

11.Salovey P and Grewal D (2005) The Science of Emotional Intelligence. Current directions in psychological science, Volume14 -6

12.Bradberry, T. and Su, L. (2003). Ability-versus skill-based assessment of emotional intelligence, Psicothema, Vol. 18, supl.,

13.http://www.psykologi.uio.no/studier/drpsych/disputaser/follesdal_summary.html Hallvard Føllesdal - 'Emotional Intelligence as Ability: Assessing the Construct Validity of Scores from the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)' Phd Thesis and accompanying papers, University of Oslo 2008

14.Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books

15.Boyatzis, R., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: insights from the emotional competence inventory (ECI). In R. Bar-On & J.D.A. Parker (eds.): Handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 343-362). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

analysis of emotional intelligence and on with creativity in medicine

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