analysis of high- penetration levels of pv into the...
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High Penetration Solar ForumMarch 2011
Analysis of High-Penetration Levels of PV
into the Distribution Grid in California
Barry Mather Ph.D.National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Golden, CO
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Project Sponsors and Team Members
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 2
Sponsors:
Team Members:
CSI Solar RD&D Programwww.calsolarresearch.ca.gov
CSI RD&D Program Manager
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Project Background• SCE will install 500MW of distributed solar
over the next 5 years– 250MW – SCE owned– 250MW – IPP– Most expected to be commercial rooftops (1-3MW)
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 3
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Project Focus Areas
• Distribution system modeling and simulation for high-penetration PV scenarios
• Identifying the effects of high-penetration PV and developing methods to mitigate these effects
• Advanced inverter functionality development and testing
• High-penetration PV demonstration
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 4
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Project Activities Overview• Distribution system assessment
– Measure the effects of high-penetration PV
• Modeling and simulation– Understand and predict the effects of high-penetration PV
• Laboratory Testing– Test advanced functionality inverters
• Field Testing– Deploy advanced functionality inverters
• Results publication and information dissemination– Ultimately: High-penetration PV integration best practices handbook
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 5
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Major Project Deliverables• Initial Project Assessment Report (Year 1)• Report on distribution system simulation and analysis• Report on field validation – existing hardware and
integration• Report on field validation – new operations and
hardware• Distribution best practices handbook for high-penetration
PV
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 6
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SCE Service Territory
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 7
PG&E
SCE
• Serves a population of about 14 million people in a 50,000-square-mile service area within central, coastal and Southern California
• 5 million electric meters
• 5,000 MW of generating capacity from interests in nuclear, hydroelectric, and fossil-fueled power plants
• Award-winning energy efficiency & DR customer programs
• Industry leader in renewable energy, electric transportation, Smart Grid and smart metering
SDG&ELADWP
Southern California
Edison
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Porterville, CA Study Feeder
• 12.47 kV feeder, 47.2 miles• Feeder capacity: 8.3 MVA• PV AC rating: 5 MW• PV capacity penetration: 60%• Voltage regulation via switched capacitor banks
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 8
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Chino, CA Study Feeder
• 12.47 kV feeder, 12.4 miles• Feeder capacity: 11.9 MVA• PV AC rating: 750 kW, 3 MW total in queue• PV capacity penetration: 6%, 25% with 3 MW build out• Voltage regulation via switched capacitor banks: 7.2 MVAr
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 9
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Fontana, CA Study Feeder
• 12.47 kV feeder, 7.8 miles• Feeder loading capacity: 11.9 MVA• PV AC rating: 2 MW, 5.5 MW total in queue• PV capacity penetration: 17%,46% with 5.5 MW build out• Voltage regulation via switched capacitor banks: 4.8 MVAr
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 10
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Fontana, CA Study Feeder
• 12.47 kV feeder, 7.8 miles• Feeder loading capacity: 11.9 MVA• PV AC rating: 2 MW, 5.5 MW total in queue• PV capacity penetration: 17%,46% with 5.5 MW build out• Voltage regulation via switched capacitor banks: 4.8 MVAr
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 11
≈1 mile
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Hi-Pen PV Impacts on Feeder• Voltage fluctuations beyond the permissible range• Reverse power flow:
– Exceeding thermal rating of feeder equipment
– Change in settings of automatic voltage regulation devices due to shift in load center
• Feeder re-configuration• Reduced sensitivity to faults• Capacitor bank switching
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 12
Time (sec)
Cap bank switchingPCC Voltage
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Hi-Pen PV Integration Study Example
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 13
PV System Modeling and Simulation: Define Expected PV Operation
Distribution System Data Acquisition: Model Verification
Distribution System Modeling and Analysis: Determine System Impacts
Mitigation of Hi-Pen PV Impacts: Advanced Inverter Functionality
Study Initiation
Study Completion
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SolarAnywhere ®
TemperatureWindReflectivity (albedo)
Clear sky radiationHaze (turbidity)Clouds
NOAA METAR and National Forecast Database
NOAA GOES satellite images
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Creating PV Simulation File
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 15
PV system attributes
Hourly PVSimulation
Model
Historical irradiance and temperature
data (10 years)
Distribution Circuit Analysis
StatisticalCalculations
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PV Model Data Resolution
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 16
Low resolution:10 km x 10 km1 hour
High resolution:1 km x 1 km½ hour
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PV Model Output• PV_System_1
– CustomerID
– Maximum Power in kW (matrix of 12 months x 24 hours)
– Average Power in kW (matrix of 12 months x 24 hours)
– Standard Deviation in kW (matrix of 12 months x 24 hours)
• PV_System_2– CustomerID
– Maximum Power in kW (matrix of 12 months x 24 hours)
– Average Power in kW (matrix of 12 months x 24 hours)
– Standard Deviation in kW (matrix of 12 months x 24 hours)
• PV_System_3– Etc…
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 17
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Hi-Pen PV Integration Study Example
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 18
PV System Modeling and Simulation: Define Expected PV Operation
Distribution System Data Acquisition: Model Verification
Distribution System Modeling and Analysis: Determine System Impacts
Mitigation of Hi-Pen PV Impacts: Advanced Inverter Functionality
Study Initiation
Study Completion
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DEW Solar Inverter Dialog & Solar Measurement Import
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DEW Solar Measurement Data Input
• Solar measurements inputs can be PVwatts/IMBY and Clean Power Research PV Model Datasets
• The interval is shown per hour for 8760 time points but maybe modified for more granular data
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DEW Modeling & Analysis Capability– Power Flow - Solves large scale problems from transmission level
voltages down to secondary service points, including heavily meshed secondary systems.
– Network Fault - Calculates fault currents for radial and looped systems; and quantify the impacts on breaker duty, momentary interrupting capability, and protection/coordination.
– Protection Coordination – Locates protection and coordination concerns.
– Power Quality – Capable of addressing harmonic impacts, flicker, outages, momentary faults, and sag/swell concerns.
– Feeder Performance – The analysis addresses time varying load, such as all 8760 annual hourly load points. The efficiency is examined and quantified across the entire load spectrum.
– and more…
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 21
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DEW Graphical Results Display – e.g. Daily Load Curves
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Page 25
Blue > 118 voltsGreen < 118 volts
Red < 114 volts
118
DEW Geo-referenced Display– Colored Circuit Voltage
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DEW Variable Range Display – Negative Flow
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DEW Google Earth Interface
DEW Geo-referenced View
Google Earth Overlay
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Height is proportional to annual kWhr consumption
Brown is ResidentialGreen is CommercialRed is Industrial
Circuit Load Type and Density
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Hi-Pen PV Integration Study Example
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 27
PV System Modeling and Simulation: Define Expected PV Operation
Distribution System Data Acquisition: Model Verification
Distribution System Modeling and Analysis: Determine System Impacts
Mitigation of Hi-Pen PV Impacts: Advanced Inverter Functionality
Study Initiation
Study Completion
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Feeder Data Acquisition
: Available SCADA points: Planned additional measurement points
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 28
SCADA Network
Cell Phone Network
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Hi-Pen PV Integration Study Example
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 29
PV System Modeling and Simulation: Define Expected PV Operation
Distribution System Data Acquisition: Model Verification
Distribution System Modeling and Analysis: Determine System Impacts
Mitigation of Hi-Pen PV Impacts: Advanced Inverter Functionality
Study Initiation
Study Completion
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SCE Fontana, CA 2 MW Rooftop Plant
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 30
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Fontana, CA 4 x 500 kW Inverters
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 31
480 V
12.47 KV
66 KV
• 12.47 kV feeder from 66 kV Substation – mostly commercial loads• Fontana 2 MW rooftop PV – Installed 2008 - Electrically close to Substation• Three automatically switched capacitor banks• 5.5 MW planned additional PV generation by mid-project
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Fontana Inverter Upgrade Plan (Preliminary)
• Inverters will be upgraded to provide additional “Grid Smart” control capability• Real power curtailment• Two modes of reactive power control
• Power Factor Control• Independent Reactive Power Control
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 32
DC
AC
PV
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC
PV PV PV
MVLV
GENUNITS
SITECONTROLLER
modbus
SCADA RTUV, I• Site Controller will be installed to manage
aggregate real and reactive power output• Communicates with all inverters using Modbus over
RS-485 serial link• Sets real power curtailment level for all inverters• Sets reactive power control mode and reactive
power commands for all inverters• Receives high-bandwidth site-level voltage and
current signals from measurement PTs and CTs at the point of interconnection with utility feeder
• Performs closed-loop control algorithms for different types of voltage regulation and real power ramping
• Provides communication link to SCADA RTU if needed for remote control from utility control center
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Advanced Inverter Capability• Fontana Site is electrically close to substation
• Several automatically-switched devices are presently regulating Fontana feeder voltage
• Project objective• Demonstrate alternative methods for deploying reactive power output from the inverters, using the
site controller to execute site-level control algorithms
• Continuous automatic local voltage control (autonomous)
• Aggregate reactive power vs. voltage schedule (spillover voltage control)
• Aggregate output power factor vs. real power output schedule (load-dependent power factor)
• Observe effect on the behavior of existing line regulators and switched capacitors
• Note and correct any undesirable interactions
• Observe effect on reactive power flow at substation
• Observe voltage profile over entire feeder
• Fontana inverters can supply a large part of the reactive power for the feeder but the range of voltage regulation will be limited
• Inverter apparent power output is limited by kVA rating
• Availability of reactive power will depend on the prevailing real power curtailment setting
• Real power curtailment is set automatically when operating under power factor control
• For independent reactive control, the site controller continually (at regular intervals) resets the real power curtailment level slightly above prevailing real power output
• The effect on voltage at the point of interconnection is expected to be small
• Maximum 2 MVAR will give approximately +/- 1% voltage regulation (assuming 10 MVA substation transformer with X = 5%). Typical 400 kVAR would give +/- 0.2% regulation.
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 33
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Near-term Next Steps
• Model study feeders and identify the major impacts of high-penetration PV
• Install additional data acquisition equipment and begin data collection period
• Develop and test PV inverters with advanced functionality to mitigate high-penetration PV impacts
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 34
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Q &APlease Contact:Barry MatherDistributed Energy Systems Integration GroupNational Renewable Energy [email protected](303)-275-4378
March 1-2, 2011 DOE/CPUC High Penetration Solar Forum 35
Team Member Websites:www.nrel.govwww.sce.comwww.cleanpower.comwww.satcon.comwww.quanta-technology.comwww.edd-us.com