analysis of larynx measurements and proportions in young...

Analysis of larynx measurements and proportions in young andadult domestic pigs (Sus scropha domestica)

Jarosław WYSOCKI, Ewa KIELSKA, Izabela JANIUK*, Anna CHARUTADepartment of Vertebrate Morphology, University of Podlasie in Siedlce, Prusa Street 14,

PL -08-110 Siedlce - POLAND

Received: 26.02.2008

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine differences in proportions of the larynx between young and adultdomestic pigs. Larynges (17 piglets and 14 adults) were obtained from a slaughterhouse where pigs were routinelyslaughtered. Anatomical preparation, observation, and description, as well as measurements performed usingMULTISCAN image analysis, were used. In the statistical analysis, apart from the arithmetic mean (–x) and the standarddeviation (SD), Student’s t test was used with the statistical significance at α = 0.05.The results showed that a significant influence of sex was observed as far as proportions of the epiglottic cartilage (smallerin older individuals) and the arytenoid cartilage parameters (3b,c) were concerned. The influence of age was found inreference to coefficients determining distance between the back horns of the thyroid cartilage and the length of the fronthorn of the thyroid cartilage.

Key words: Larynx, anatomy, measurements, domestic pig, young, adult

IntroductionThe anatomy of the larynx is characterized by

considerable complexity of structure and functions,expressed by the small size and precision of fulfilledfunctions. Morphology of the larynx skeletonobviously determines the shape and the function ofmuscles, particularly voice folds, which are basic forlarynx mechanics and phonation (1). In the last fewyears, a wide range of measurements characterizingthe human larynx was gathered (2-8). A number ofstudies concerning functional and clinical larynxanatomy were also carried out on animals. Thesestudies examined larynx re-innervation afterexperimentally evoked paralysis (4,9), structure of

individual larynx structures (1,8,10-13), theirinnervations (5), and functions (14,15), as well as 3-dimensional modeling of larynx anatomy (16).

There are no studies available in the literatureconcerning the anatomy of the animal larynx duringthe developmental period. The structure of the animallarynx, described precisely in morphological range,has not been researched sufficiently as far as sizeparameters are concerned (17-19). In particular, it isnot known if changes in larynx anatomy happeningduring maturing, typical for humans and leading tothe phenomenon known as mutation, also occuramong animals.

339

Research Article

Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.2010; 34(4): 339-347 © TÜBİTAKdoi:10.3906/vet-0802-27

* E-mail: [email protected]

Materials and methodsThe research was conducted on 31 porcine

larynges (17 minors and 14 adults). The piglets werefrom 12 to 18 weeks old, while the boars and sowswere old breeding animals. The larynges used for thestudy were taken from a slaughterhouse where pigswere routinely slaughtered. Therefore, the approval ofthe Bioethical Commission was not needed.

After collection the larynges were fixed in a 10%solution of formaldehyde for 6 weeks; then they wereprepared using a standard set of microsurgicalinstruments. The methodology involvedmorphological observations and a range of linear,angular, and surface measurements.

The measurements were performed usingMULTISCAN image analysis. In connection withsome preparation difficulties concerning the cricoidand thyroid cartilage cracking, it was established thatmeasurements of even surfaces would be done onlyon the left side.

After calculating the descriptive statistics, thedifferences between the groups were tested usingStudent’s t-test with the statistical significance at α =0.05. The averages differed significantly when│temp│>tα,υ; t0.05, 15= 2.131 and │temp│>tα,υ; t0.05; 12 = 2.179.The studied basic parameters are shown below inFigures 1-4.

In the anatomical description an official Englishveterinary nomenclature was used (20).

They were:1. The thyroid cartilage

a. craniocaudal dimension of the plate in amedial line

b. distance between back hornsc. maximum widthd. maximum heighte. length of the back hornf. maximum craniocaudal dimensiong. angle between the plates

2. The cricoid cartilagea. width of the cricoid cartilage at the central

point of the cricoarytenoid joint capsule

b. craniocaudal dimension of the arch in amedial line

c. craniocaudal dimension of the plate in amedial line

d. external fibular dimension measured at theedge of caudal cartilage

e. surface of the internal contour (lumen) ofthe cricoid cartilage

f. distance between the central point of thecricothyroid joint capsule and the ventralpole of the cricoid cartilage in a medial line

g. the angle created by the above line with thefibular plane

h. distance between the central point of thecricoarytenoid joint capsule and the ventralpole of the cricoid cartilage in a medial line

i. the angle created by the above line with thefibular plane

Analysis of larynx measurements and proportions in young and adult domestic pigs (Sus scropha domestica)

340

1a1f 1d

1e

1b

1c

Figure 1. The thyroid cartilage measurement scheme.

2h

2d

2g

2c

2a

2h

2e

2i

2f2f

2b

Figure 2. The cricoid cartilage measurement scheme.

3. The arytenoid cartilagea. total height measured from the base to the

topb. distance between the top of the vocal

process and the center of the cricoid capsulec. distance between the top of the muscular

process and the center of the cricoid capsule4. The epiglottic cartilage

a. maximum heightb. maximum width

5. Larynx dimensionsa. craniocaudal dimension of the whole larynx

(from the top of the epiglottic cartilage tothe lower edge of the cricoid cartilage)

b. length of the membranous part of the trueglottis

c. length of the intercartilaginous part of thetrue glottis

All the parameters listed above are shown inFigures 1-4.

On the basis of initial size parameters indicatorscharacterizing the proportions of larynx and usefulfor interspecies comparison were calculated. The listof indicators is shown in Table 1.

Results The porcine thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyroidea)

is characterized by considerable smoothness and lackof front horns (cornu anterius), front and back thyroidincisures (incisura thyroidea anterior et posterior).The oblique line (linea obliqua) is practically absent(Figures 5 and 6). The cricoid cartilage plate (laminacartilaginis cricoidei) is high and it has a distinct,high, and sharp ridge on its back surface. Joint areasoccur at the edge of the plate and the arch: convex,ellipsoidal arytenoid joint area (facies articularisarytenoidea) and round, concave thyroid joint area(facies articularis thyroidea). The arytenoid cartilage(cartilago arytenoidea) accretes with the corniculateone (cartilago corniculata). The interarytenoidcartilage (cartilago interarytenoidea) adheres to botharytenoid cartilages on the medial side. It leads to theformation of a complex made of 3 cartilages, whichare difficult to separate without destroying any ofthem. This connection also seems to be the cause oflimited mobility of the porcine arytenoid cartilages(Figure 7). The presence of the interarytenoidcartilage lessens the disproportion between quite lowarytenoid cartilage and high and well-developedepiglottic cartilage (cartilago epiglottica). Therefore,the aryepiglottic fold (plica ary-epiglottica) is quiteshort (Figure 5). In fact, it should be called‘interaryepiglottic fold’ in pigs, because the arytenoidcartilages do not take part in its creation. The

J. WYSOCKI, E. KIELSKA, I. JANIUK, A. CHARUTA

341

3a

3c 3b

4b

4a

Figure 3. The arytenoid cartilage measurement scheme (left side)and the epiglottic cartilage measurement scheme (rightside).

5b

5c

5a

Figure 4. Whole larynx measurement scheme.


342

Table 1. Indicators characterizing individual proportions of larynx structures.

Successive Way of

parameter calculating Description

The thyroid cartilage

1 1e/1d height of the back horn to total height of the thyroid cartilage

2 1d/1c height of the thyroid cartilage to its width

3 1d/5a height of the thyroid cartilage to the height of the whole larynx

The cricoid cartilage

4 2c/2d height of the plate to fibular dimension of the cricoid cartilage

5 2b/2d height of the arch to fibular dimension of the cricoid cartilage

6 2f/2d distance of the surface of the cricoid joint from the arch to fibular dimension of the cricoid cartilage

7 2h/2d distance of the surface of the arytenoid joint from the arch to fibular dimension of the cricoid cartilage

8 2c/5a height of the plate to height of the whole larynx

9 2a/2d width of the cricoid cartilage to its fibular dimension

The arytenoid cartilage

10 3b/3a length of the vocal process to height of the arytenoid cartilage

11 3c/3a length of the muscle process to height of the arytenoid cartilage

12 3a/5a height of the arytenoid cartilage to height of the whole larynx

The epiglottic cartilage

13 4a/4b height of the epiglottic cartilage to its width

14 4a/5a height of the epiglottic cartilage to height of the whole larynx

The true glottis

15 5b/5c the relation of the membranous part of the true glottis to the intercartilaginous part of the true glottis

interarytenoid cartilage is made of resilient, quitebrittle, and fragile cartilage. It consists of an odd part,formed in the shape of 2 cylinders placed in the fibularplate with a shallow fissure between them and 2 limbsrunning backwards and accreting with crescentprocesses of the arytenoid cartilages (Figure 8). Theepiglottic cartilage is of considerable size; it has atubular shape with the front end curved outside. It isalso characterized by the lack of an evident apex. Thepedicle is short and rounded. The results of the chosensize parameters of larynx are shown in Table 2. Theresults of calculations of the chosen size indicators oflarynx are shown in Table 3.

DiscussionThe observations made during the present study

are mostly consistent with textbook descriptions ofporcine larynx (21). The larynx of a pig ischaracterized by an elongated, pipe-convolutedepiglottis and a very elongated thyroid cartilage witha wide plate lacking the front horn. The oblique linecan only be seen in the vicinity of the back horn(12,21). The corniculate cartilages accrete with thearytenoid cartilages as their corniculate processes andthey are bound upward and inward. Left- and right-side processes accrete with each other and they arerefilled with falciform outgrowth. There is an inter-


343

Figure 5. Adult boar larynx. Right and spine side. Centimetremeasure. Marking: 1. free side of the epiglottis, 2. theplate of the thyroid cartilage, 3. right cricothyroidmuscle, 4. back horn of the thyroid cartilage, 5. rightback cricothyroid muscle, 6. the arytenoid cartilage.

2

1

6

5

4

32

1

Figure 6. The thyroid cartilage of a boar. Marking: 1. plate, 2. backhorn.

arytenoid cartilage between arytenoid cartilages,which closes the arytenoid area completely. The pig’sarytenoid cartilage has long vocal process and strongbut shorter muscle process. In fact, the arytenoidcartilages, the crescent cartilages, and the inter-arytenoid cartilage form one complex, which is notmentioned by other authors.

The length of the pig vocal fold, according to otherauthors, is about 21 mm (12), which refers rather toyoung individuals, because according to our studiesthe adult vocal fold is much bigger (compare withparameter 5 b in Table 2).

No significant influence of sex on the examinedbasic size parameters of larynx was shown, whichmeans that this porcine organ is not characterized bysexual dimorphism.

The analysis of the data included in the tablesshowed a significant influence of age with reference

to the indicator of distance of the arytenoid cartilagejoint area from the arch in relation to the fibulardimension of the cricoid cartilage, the length of themuscle process in relation to the height of thearytenoid cartilage and the height of the arytenoidcartilage in relation to the size of the whole larynx(statistical significance at α = 0.05).

There is significant dependence of the proportionsof the larynx on the age of the individual but not onsex. There is no evidence of any sexual dimorphismof the pig larynx.


344

12 3

5

4

1211

109 8

76

Figure 7. Larynx preparation of a boar. Right side view. Rightplate of the thyroid cartilage has been removed to showthe larynx cavity. Centimetre measure. Marking: 1.symphysis of the plates of the thyroid cartilage, 2. leftatrial fold, 3. left larynx pouch, 4. symphysis of the vocalcords, 5. right vocal fold, 6. cricothyroarytenoidligament, 7. the arch of the cricoid cartilage, 8. right sidecricoarytenoid muscle, 9. vocal process of the rightarythenoid cartilage, 10. muscle process, 11. the crescentcartilage, 12. the interarytenoid cartilage.

1

2

3

5

4

7

6

Figure 8. The preparation of separated cartilages of a boar. Right-front view. Centemetre measure. Marking: 1. medialpart of the interarytenoid cartilage, 2. muscle process ofthe left arytenoid cartilage, 3. vocal process, 4. thecricoid cartilage arch, 5. the right thyroid joint area, 6.fragment of the right arytenoid joint area, 7. the rightcrescent cartilage and side part of the interarytenoidcartilage.


345

Tabl

e 2. T

he re

sults

of t

he m

easu

rem

ents

of th

e sele

cted

size

par

amet

ers o

f por

cine

lary

nges

. The

resu

lts in

relat

ion

to p

aram

eter

s 1i,

2g an

d 2i

are i

n %

, 2e i

n m

m2 , t

he re

st in

mm

.

Min

ors n

= 17

Adul

t n=

14

Mal

es n

=7Fe

mal

es n

= 10

Mal

es n

= 7

Fem

ales

n=

7Pa

ram

eter

— XSD

min

max

— XSD

min

max

t emp

— XSD

min

max

— XSD

min

max

t emp

1a59

.63a

9.81

40.2

170

.28

61.7

3a3.

8855

.35

67.7

60.

618

82.2

6a8.

3772

.35

94.5

679

.15a

8.10

70.0

293

.21

0.69

5

1b30

.01a

4.12

22.3

835

.67

31.9

8a2.

6928

.70

36.6

10.

198

46.0

4a2.

6641

.78

48.3

446

.08a

3.80

41.3

452

.36

0.02

8

1c41

.02a

5.30

30.7

347

.43

42.3

4a2.

1837

.81

45.0

10.

714

58.3

0a6.

3250

.04

68.7

555

.88b

5.38

50.0

465

.11

3.37

8

1d61

.55a

8.05

47.2

370

.11

62.8

2a4.

0556

.36

69.8

30.

431

81.2

5a7.

2872

.50

90.2

078

.76a

6.20

72.3

486

.86

0.63

9

1e19

.00a

2.82

14.2

122

.67

21.6

6a2.

6817

.33

25.6

71.

972

28.2

9a2.

3224

.72

31.4

527

.13a

2.84

22.3

430

.61

0.93

5

1f60

.50a

8.15

42.1

265

.12

66.4

8a4.

2960

.44

74.4

51.

978

87.8

7a8.

4874

.20

95.4

685

.99b

8.09

74.2

094

.54

4.53

2

1g76

.59a

3.67

71.7

681

.08

74.6

3a7.

3962

.77

85.1

20.

644

80.5

8a2.

6977

.65

84.6

780

.32a

3.17

76.9

584

.60

1.43

8

2a19

.75a

3.97

12.1

024

.63

21.0

3a0.

9019

.56

22.3

40.

996

29.0

1a3.

6326

.63

35.6

127

.19a

3.24

23.4

134

.01

1.94

0

2b9.

96a

2.69

6.17

13.3

410

.46a

1.18

8.79

12.3

40.

525

13.5

4a1.

4911

.23

15.7

312

.42a

1.27

11.1

714

.06

1.40

6

2c31

.81a

2.74

26.5

035

.05

30.9

5a2.

4426

.73

35.0

20.

680

43.9

8a4.

8337

.78

49.6

443

.22a

4.21

38.4

148

.92

0.29

4

2d48

.83a

4.25

42.3

054

.21

53.4

9a6.

3745

.46

61.7

80.

683

71.4

5a4.

4262

.51

76.2

069

.89a

4.10

62.5

176

.20

0.66

0

2e30

4.7a

45.4

821

2.1

342.

931

4.5a

54.0

222

8.9

371.

90.

392

637.

5a41

.14

588.

471

4.7

634.

5a43

.20

576.

271

4.7

0.13

6

2f30

.38a

4.06

25.2

636

.12

32.7

6a5.

3624

.28

38.7

80.

989

45.3

9a5.

4033

.25

48.3

643

.81a

4.92

33.2

548

.10

0.54

7

2g28

.13a

3.51

21.3

431

.52

27.5

4a2.

5823

.54

32.3

60.

401

33.5

4a3.

9627

.57

38.1

632

.78a

4.45

26.3

437

.47

2.12

0

2h47

.31a

4.22

38.1

751

.37

52.8

44.

1246

.10

58.1

22.

697

66.5

8a6.

8254

.30

74.3

662

.88a

6.49

53.2

771

.23

1.01

5

2i16

.76a

3.22

12.7

922

.22

16.8

4a1.

9513

.65

21.3

00.

064

19.9

2a1.

1917

.82

21.3

519

.25a

2.24

16.8

222

.67

1.05

3

3a12

.25a

1.22

10.4

514

.23

12.6

7a2.

259.

3015

.67

0.44

715

.14a

1.75

11.6

016

.80

14.6

0a1.

6611

.60

16.8

00.

577

3b9.

73a

0.71

8.76

10.8

911

.59b

1.52

10.0

314

.89

2.99

513

.10a

1.03

11.8

014

.87

12.4

5a1.

6610

.01

14.8

71.

180

3c5.

82a

0.94

4.12

7.01

7.65

b0.

976.

109.

103.

876

11.3

9a1.

6110

.02

14.4

310

.84a

1.13

10.0

213

.20

0.63

9

4a42

.82a

7.78

31.2

352

.00

34.8

3b3.

4527

.21

38.2

32.

896

50.9

0a5.

4043

.27

60.5

150

.84a

6.03

42.3

460

.51

0.02

1

4b36

.89a

6.49

30.1

148

.23

37.6

7a3.

4932

.67

42.4

50.

322

50.7

1a7.

8133

.50

57.2

649

.59a

7.47

33.5

057

.26

0.26

8

5a10

3.9a

6.40

92.3

511

2.0

111.

9a8.

4410

0.2

125.

82.

111

157.

3a12

.613

7.5

169.

315

3.0a

13.8

413

7.5

168.

70.

636

5b23

.88a

4.87

14.1

029

.34

25.8

3a2.

0620

.72

28.3

61.

140

42.0

9a6.

7934

.18

54.1

541

.54a

7.94

32.3

054

.15

0.15

1

5c11

.60a

2.26

7.12

14.1

011

.99a

3.15

8.10

16.7

00.

278

20.5

1a3.

6415

.25

26.0

519

.93a

3.68

15.2

526

.05

0.29

8

t 0.05

; 15

= 2

.131

t 0.05

; 12 =

2.17

9


346

Tabl

e 3. T

he re

sults

of c

alcu

latio

ns o

f ind

icat

ors c

hara

cter

izin

g pr

opor

tions

of p

orci

ne la

ryng

es g

roup

ed ac

cord

ing

to ag

e and

sex.

Min

ors n

= 1

7Ad

ult n

= 1

4Su

cces

sive

Way

of

indi

cato

rca

lcul

atin

gM

ales

n =

7Fe

mal

es n

= 1

0M

ales

n =

7Fe

mal

es n

= 7

— XSD

min

max

— XSD

min

max

t emp

— XSD

min

max

— XSD

min

max

t emp

The t

hyro

id ca

rtila

ge

11e

/1d

0.32

a0.

030.

260.

350.

33a

0.03

0.28

0.39

0.67

60.

32a

0.03

0.29

0.38

0.32

a0.

030.

290.

380

21d

/1c

1.48

a0.

101.

341.

581.

57a

0.08

1.45

1.70

2.06

21.

51a

0.11

1.39

1.68

1.54

a0.

141.

391.

690.

446

31d

/5a

0.58

a0.

060.

460.

630.

60a

0.05

0.49

0.66

0.74

80.

56a

0.03

0.53

0.62

0.56

a0.

040.

520.

620

The c

ricoi

d ca

rtila

ge

42c

/2d

0.65

a0.

060.

590.

790.

59a

0.09

0.45

0.77

1.35

40.

62a

0.06

0.52

0.69

0.62

a0.

060.

520.

690

52b

/2d

0.20

a0.

040.

150.

270.

20a

0.02

0.16

0.25

00.

19a

0.01

0.18

0.22

0.18

a0.

010.

160.

201.

870

62f

/2d

0.62

a0.

070.

490.

720.

61a

0.06

0.51

0.70

0.31

60.

63a

0.05

0.53

0.69

0.63

a0.

040.

530.

680

72h

/2d

0.97

a0.

070.

891.

100.

99a

0.06

0.92

1.11

0.63

20.

93a

0.05

0.87

1.01

0.90

a0.

060.

800.

971.

016

82c

/5a

0.31

a0.

020.

280.

340.

280.

030.

230.

332.

301

0.28

a0.

030.

240.

320.

28a

0.03

0.24

0.32

09

2a/2

d0.

40a

0.08

0.29

0.52

0.40

a0.

040.

340.

450

0.41

a0.

050.

350.

490.

39a

0.05

0.34

0.48

0.74

8

The a

ryte

noid

cart

ilage

103b

/3a

0.80

a0.

050.

730.

860.

94a

0.22

0.69

1.30

1.63

90.

87a

0.10

0.76

1.02

0.86

a0.

120.

701.

020.

169

113c

/3a

0.48

a0.

070.

390.

600.

62b

0.12

0.45

0.80

2.75

90.

76a

0.13

0.62

0.98

0.75

a0.

130.

620.

980.

144

123a

/5a

0.12

a0.

010.

110.

140.

11a

0.02

0.09

0.14

1.21

30.

10a

0.01

0.08

0.12

0.10

a0.

010.

080.

120

The e

pigl

ottic

cart

ilage

134a

/4b

1.18

a0.

250.

881.

570.

93b

0.08

0.79

1.06

2.98

71.

02a

0.18

0.83

1.41

1.04

a0.

180.

841.

410.

208

144a

/5a

0.41

a0.

080.

300.

500.

31b

0.02

0.27

0.33

3.83

40.

32a

0.03

0.29

0.39

0.33

a0.

040.

290.

400.

529

The t

rue g

lotti

s

155b

/5c

2.07

a0.

311.

622.

652.

260.

451.

502.

810.

964

2.08

a0.

331.

662.

602.

11a

0.33

1.62

2.60

0.17

0

t 0.05

; 15

= 2

.131

t 0.05

; 12 =

2.17

9

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