Analysis medical terminologydr. Santosa Budiharjo, MKes., PA.

How to analysis medical termSteps:Try to give the meaning of the term.Is the word : result of word building? A compound word? Which is the word root? What is the meaning of its root?Has the word added by prefix? Or suffix? Which is the prefix or suffix? Define its meaning. Is there word root has combining vowel? a combining form? Summary in how to put the words together!

References are needed:Dictionaries (Latin, English)on line internet: www.freedictionaryOxford advanced learner`s dictionary of current English (AS Hornby)Textbook of Medical term/ terminologyMedical terminology (dennerll,JT) (Dunmore & Fleischer)Medical term, their roots and originsMedical vocabulary books

Analysis of medical terminologyAnalysis = an (a)/ lysisseparation into part possibly with comment and judgementan (a) = upon, increasing, upwardlys/is = destruction/breakdownMedical (adj) of the art of medicine (the treatment of disease)medicine = the art and science of prevention and cure of disease

terminologyTerminology: science of the proper use of terms or terms used in a science or artterminology = term/ ino/log/yterm = word used to express an idea especially a specialized conceptlog/y (noun); logos (Greek) = study, dealing withMedical terminology = study a medical vocabularymedical terminologist (noun) = one who studies medical vocabulary

Medical terms analysis: word rootWord building = put words together from their partsA word root = foundation of a wordexamples: suf/fix, pre/fix, af/fix, fix/ation = fix as a word roottonsill/itis , tonsill/ectomy = tonsill as a word root

Medical terms analysis: compound wordCompound word = two or word roots are used to build the wordexample: chickenpoxCompound word in medical terminology = usually built from a combining form, a word root, and endingexample : micr/o/scop/icmicr = is the combining formscop = is the word rootic = is the endingexamples : therm/o/metr/ic; electr/o/stat/ic

Medical terms analysis: suffixSuffix = the ending that follows a word root part after a word and can change the meaning of a word; change from nouns to adjective; created verbs (English verb- chane the tense); makes a word a nounexamples: ous (adj) ; osis; = a condition, process, activity) nerve = nerv/ousanemia = anem/ic (adj)cyanosis = cyano/ticmucus = muc/ousmegaly = megal/y (n)cardi/ac (adj)

Medical terms analysis: prefixA prefix is a word part that goes or is placed before a word; can change the meaningExamples: im/plant; sup/plant; trans/plantplant is a word root; im/sup/trans are prefixsepi/gastr/ic; hypo/gastr/icinter/cost/al; sub/cost/alhydr/o/cephal/us; strep/o/cocc/us (sing) (twisted)staphyl/o/cocc/i (clusters) (pl) dipl/o/cocc/I (pairs)

Medical terms analysis: combining formA combining form is a word resulted when a vowel is added to a word rootExample :acro = acr/o is a combining formacr = word root ; o = a vowel (combining vowel)acr = refer to extremitiesacr/o/paralysisacr/o/cyanosisacr/o/megalyacr/o/dermatitis

Medical terms analysis acromegaly acr/o/megalymegal/y = (noun)= means enlarged/largeacr/o = combining form = refer to extremitiessymptoms are enlargment of the bones of the hand and feet, as well as some of the bones of the headCardi/omegal/y; cardi/algia (=pain)electr/o/cardi/o/gram; electr/o/cardi/o/graph; electr/o/cardi/o/graph/y

Medical term (word)1. word root + suffixdermat/itis ; cardi/algia2. combining form + word root + suffixacr/o/cyan/osis ; leuk/o/cyte-o- is combining vowel3. any number of combining form + word root + suffixelectr/o/cardi/o/graph/y(graph is word root)

Analysis medical terminologyinvolving colour = combining form + word rootLeuk/o (white) leuk/o/derm/a : leukodermaMelan/o (black) melan/o/cyte :melanocyteErythr/o (red) erythr/o/blast: erithroblastCyan/o (blue) cyan/o/tic : cyanoticXanth/o (yellow) xanth/o/derm/a: xanthodermaChlor/o (green) chlor/o/plast: chloroplast

tumor terminology = combining form + word root+ suffix (ma)Aden/o - gland = adenomaLip/o fat = lipoma; Melan/o black = melanomaGranul/o granular tissue = granulomaNeur/o nerve neuromaMy/o - muscle myomaOste/o bone osteomalymph/o lymph tissue = lymphomaCarcin/o cancer = carcinomaSarc/o malignant connective tisue sarcomaPapill/o small elevation of tissue = papilloma

Compound word rule1. inflamation = /itiscyst/itischol/e/cyst/it is ot/itis gastr/itisrhin/itis arthr/itis 2. one who specializes/studies in disorder./o/logistdermat/o/logistcardi/o/logist3. pertaining to the (region) and (organ)../o//icabdomin/o/cyst/ic

Word & its word root-combining formUrine = ur/okidney= nephr/oRenal pelvis=pyel/oureter= ureter/oBladder=cyst/ourethra= urethr/oFallopian tuba= Salphing/oUterus= hyster/o (organ); metr/o (tissue of uterus); vagina = colp/; cervix = cervic/oOvarium/ovary = oophor; egg= oon = o/oTestis = orchid/ocryt/orchid/ism (hidden)

Analysis of medical terminologyNephr/o/lith/iasis (lith = calculi/stone; iasis = a disease condition, pathological condition, an infection has occurred); nephr/o/lithElephant/iasis= pathologic by nematoda wormHyster/o/salphyng/o/graph/yPyel/o/nephr/itis (itis= inflamation)Ureter/o/pathy (any disease)Py/orrhea= prefix:py/o (=pus) + suffix:orrhea(=any flow or discharge)Dys/men/orrhea (dys = pain;faulty, disease, bad or difficultmen = menstruation)

suffix-orrhaphy = suturing or stitchingherni/orrhaphy-orrhagia = hemorrhage or bursting forth of blood; metr/orrhagia-clysis = washing or irrigation (word in itself)-ectasia = dilatation or streching (word in itself)-pleg/a = paralysis (-ia :noun; ic : adj); hemiplegy-scop/o = examine (-e:noun-instrument; -y: process or action; -ic: adj) example: bronch/o/scopy

Word root combining form

Mouth = stomat/o; Teeth = dent/oTounge = gloss/o; Lips = cheil/oGums= gingiv/o; Esophagus = esophag/oStomach = gastr/oSmall intestine = enter/o; Duodenum = duoden/o; Large intestine = col/oRectum = rect/o ; anus and rectum = proct/oLiver = hepar = hepat/o; pancreas = pancreat/oSpleen = splen/o

Word root combining formMy/o = muscle Angi/o= vesselNeur/o = nerve or neuronSpasm = o/spas/o = twitch (as suffix = spasm, word in itself)Blast = o/blast/o germ or embryonic, as suffix = blast , word in itselfScler/o = hard, use with suffix osis = scler/osisFibr/o = fiber/fibrous; use with suffix oma; fibr/omaLys/o = break down, destruction; use with suffix is; noun : lys/is; example : lip/o/lys/is

Directional/location word & combining formDorsal = dors/al; dors/o (back)Ventral = ventr/al; ventr/o (belly)Anterior = anter/ior; anter/o (before)Posterior = poster/ior; poster/o (behind after)Cephalic = cephal/ic; cephal/o (head)Caudal, caudad = caud/al; caud/o (tail)Medial = medi/al; medi/o; Lateral = later/al; later/oEct/o (outer, outside); end/o (inner inside)Mes/o (middle); retr/o (backwrd- behind)Par/a (near)

prefixesMono (one)multi (many)nulli(none)Primi(first)uni(one)bi/diplo(two)Tri(three)quad(four)quint(five)Sex(six)septa(seven)octa(eight)Nona(nine)deca(ten)centa(one hundred)Kilo(one thousand)Mono/cyte ; uni/later/al; multi/par/a; primi/gravid/a;

Prefixes of placeAb = from = sway fromab/duct; ab/norm/al; ab/errantDe = from = down from of from resulting in less thande/ciduous; de/scending; de/hydr/ationEx = from = out fromex/cret/ion; ex/port;

Prefixes of placeDi/a = through; in medical terminology ;dia/a/therm/yPer = through (Latin); in ordinary Englishper/cuss/ion (noun) a striking throughper/for/ate = to puncture or make a holePeri = around (Greek); in medical terminologyperi/articular; pericolp/it isCircum = around (Latin) in ordinary Englishcircum/duct/ion; circum/cis/ionSuper & supra = above or beyond ; super/fic/ial; supra/lumb/ar; super/ior/ity

Prefixes of placeEpi = over upon; epi/derm/is; epi/gastr/icExtra = outside of beyond in addition toextra/cerebr/al; extra/dur/alInfra = below ; under (almost always adjectiveal form); infra/scapul/ar; infra/stern/alSub = under; below ; sub/cost/al; sub/aur/alMeta = beyond after occuring later in a seriesmeta/tarsa/s; meta/stas/is; meta/carpal/sTrans = across or over; trans/illumin/ation; trans/sexual; trans/urethr/al

Prefixes of placeIn = in or notin/somnia in/compet/ence;in/cis/ion (cut into)in/flammat/ion;in/ject/ionEx = out; ex/pir/ation; ex/portPost = behind ; after ; post/partumPre = before; in front of ; pre/operativeAnte = before; forward ; ante/nat/al; ante/flex/ion

A and an = prefixes mean withoutAn/al/ges/iaa/bi/o/ticAn/em/iaa/men/o/rrheaAn/esthes/iaa/seps/isAn/onych/iaan/op/iaAn/ur/iaan/iso/cyt/osisa/febrilea/phas/iaa/graph/iaan/encephal/us

Prefixes: mal, semi, hemi, conMal = bad or poor (French)mal/aria; mal/nutrition; mal/positionSemi = half (modern English)semi/circularHemi = half (straight medical word)hemi/pleg/iaCon = withcon/genit/al ;

Suffixes: Singular and plural- a .. ae bursa bursae; pleura - pleurae-us...-Ilocus loci; coccus - cocci-um..-aatrium atria; ileum ilea-ma.matalipoma lipomata-onaspermatozoon - spermatozoa-is..esnaris nares; prognosis-prognoses-ixicesradix - radices-ex..ices apex apices; varix-varices-ax..acesthorax - thoraces

Suffixes: iatrist, iatric, log+ ist, trics-Iatrist (n) iatric (adj) = indicate medical professionalpod/iatrist;psych/i/atricpaed/i/atric

- log + ist ; ian = one who study or medical specialityend/o/crin/o/log/ist; gynecologistorthopedist; pyschiatristgeriatrician; obstrecian; pediatrician

Term with noun ending : suffixes a/iaAden/o aden/ia Cardi/o cardi/aCheil/o cheil/iadactyl/o dactyl/iaDent/o dent/iaderm/o derm/ia; derm/aGastr/o gastr/iagloss/o gloss/iaOnych/o onych/iaophthalm/o ophthalm/iaOt/o ot/iaphag/o- phag/iaPneumn/o pneumn/iaProct/o proct/iaurethr/o urethr/a

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