analyzing redd+ as “an experiment” of transformative ... · in policy context: experimentation...

THINKING beyond the canopy

Analyzing REDD+ as “an experiment” of transformative climategovernance –

Insights from Indonesia

K. Korhonen-Kurki, M. Brockhaus, M. E. Muharrom, S. Juhola and B. Dwitsatrio

3rd July 2015 – Leeds


Table of contents

Introduction

Framework: Policy experiments – a way towardstransformation

Examples of policy experiments in REDD+

Insights from Indonesia

Conclusions

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Introduction

Experimentation is based on hypothesis on certainoutcomes that the experiment is demonstrating

In policy context: Experimentation is triggered by anintentional destabilisation of existing institutions androutines

to explore novel possibilities and outcomes

REDD+ is based on hypothesis that carbon stored intrees will increase the value of a standing forest in a waythat it becomes higher than that of a cleared forest

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Aim

We analyse REDD+ as “an experiment” of transformativeclimate governance.

We aim to identify novel and innovative governancearrangements for REDD+

The study is a part of CIFOR Global Comparative Studyin REDD, ongoing in 14 tropical forest countries, andempirical insights are drawn mainly from the Indonesiancase study.

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Questions

What are the policy innovations or experiments REDD+has actually induced in the domestic policy arena inIndonesia?

What is the transformative power of these innovationsand to which degree such transformational change canbe attributed to REDD+?

What kind of destabilization caused by REDD+ haschallenged existing institutions and routines?

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Transformational change

Transformation - is generally understood to denote aprofound, substantial and irreversible change (Brown2013)

Substantive change: not only to formal institutions, suchas law, policy and rules, but equally to “broad changes inpolicy thinking” (Zeitlin et al 2005, 450)

Transformational change: as a shift ‘in discourse,attitudes, power relations, and deliberate policy andprotest action that leads policy formulation andimplementation away from business as usual policyapproaches that directly or indirectly supportdeforestation and forest degradation’ (Brockhaus andAngelsen, 2012, pp. 16–17

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4Is

Institutions form from norms, regulations and institutionalarrangements

Interests refer to different REDD+ actors and their(material) interests

Ideas refer to ideological belief

Information to knowledge and its use in REDD+processes

Brockhaus and Angelsen (2012)

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THINKING beyond the canopy8


Examples on experimentalgovernance arrangements in REDD+

The Governors’ Climate and Forests Task Force (GCF)

Unique subnational collaboration for early movers,jurisdictional programs

Novel horizontal coordination bodies

breaking the current ministrials silos

REDD+ as a policy hybrid

increasing influence of non-state and private actors –provoking changes in governance and goverment

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Insights from Indonesia – REDD+as transformational climate

governance?

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Institutional setting

Constraining policies:

Economic dependency on current forest income sources

Contradicting regulations with conservation

Poor implementation of pro REDD reforms

Enabling policies

Other climate and environmental polices/reform attempts

Tenure and forestry reforms

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REDD+ policy arena: transformativefactors and restrictive conditions

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Transformative factors Restrictive conditions

Interests - Political will (during previous president)

- Transformational coalitions

- Incentives for avoided deforestation and

forest degradation (donor push)

- Promising developments in private sector

on no deforestation policy

- Economic: Limited budget

support

- No recognition of REDD+ by

the other policy sectors

Ideas/Ideolo

gies

- Signs of paradigm shift towards pro climate

regime

- Conflicting development and

investment goals

Institutions - Novel and alternative governance

mechanisms

- Novel public-private partnerships

- New mechanisms have no

legal power

- Nature of coalition politics in

Indonesia

- Delays in global carbon

markets

- Lack of multilevel and multi-

sectorial governance

Information - Reporting on carbon, safeguards - Inadequate information flow

- Lack of capacities to produces

information


Examples of transformativeelements

REDD+ National Strategy paradigm shift (ideology)

REDD+ Agency, an independent agency out ofgovernment structure challenges old structures(institutions)

FREDDI - Attract private and public investments forREDD+ new type of funding will shake the existingstructure (institutions)

MRV Working Group –more reporting more awarenessfor the value of standing trees (information/ideology)

Civil Society Organisation Common Platform on REDDreconfiguring existing governance networks (institutions)

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Recent developments-abandonment of new

arrangements?

a new president Joko Widodo in 2014

In early 2015, the merger between the prior separatedMinistry of Environment and Ministry of Forestry, whichwas then followed by the dismissal of independentinstitutions that has been established due to climatechange regime in Indonesia

Licensing and Non Licensing Authority Delegation toInvestment Coordination Board (BKPM). The policy wastaken to support the One Stop Services on Investment

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Conclusions

As a pilot of transformative climate governance REDD+has not fully performed

Due to recent changes in government and political powerin Indonesia - the momentum for REDD+ was lost as thenovel governance arrangements were dismissed beforethey even had a chance to perform.

Processes are not linear !

However, REDD+ processes have disturbed the discoursethat support the need to cut forests for development

There are several policy innovations indicatingtransformative potential of REDD+

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Thanks to

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