Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

Body erect, feet Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms slightly apart, palms facing forward, facing forward, thumbs point away thumbs point away from bodyfrom body

Figure 1.7a

Directional TermsDirectional Terms Superior and inferior – toward and away from Superior and inferior – toward and away from

the head, respectivelythe head, respectively Anterior and posterior – toward the front and Anterior and posterior – toward the front and

back of the bodyback of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the

midline, away from the midline, and between a midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structuremore medial and lateral structure

Directional TermsDirectional Terms Proximal and distal – closer to and farther Proximal and distal – closer to and farther

from the origin of the body partfrom the origin of the body part Superficial and deep – toward and away from Superficial and deep – toward and away from

the body surfacethe body surface

Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View

Figure 1.7a

Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)

Cervical (neck)

Frontal (forehead)Orbital (eye)Buccal (cheek)Mental (chin)

(a) Anterior

Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View

Figure 1.7a

Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)

Brachial (arm)Antecubital(front of elbow)

Abdominal(abdomen)

Pelvic (pelvis)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar(palm)

Pollex(thumb)

Digital(fingers)

Mammary(breast)

Frontal (forehead)Orbital (eye)Buccal (cheek)

Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)

Mental (chin)

Umbilical(navel)

(a) Anterior

Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View

Figure 1.7a

Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)

Brachial (arm)Antecubital(front of elbow)

Abdominal(abdomen)

Pelvic (pelvis)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar(palm)

Pollex(thumb)

Digital(fingers)Pubic (genital region)

Patellar(anterior knee)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (ankle)Pedal(foot) Digital (toes)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Femoral(thigh)

Fibular, orperoneal(side of leg)

Hallux (great toe)

Mammary(breast)

Frontal (forehead)Orbital (eye)Buccal (cheek)

Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)

Mental (chin)

Umbilical(navel)

(a) Anterior

Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Otic (ear)

Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull)

Cephalic(head)

(b) Posterior

Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Brachial (arm)

Otic (ear)

Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)

Dorsum or dorsal(back)Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)Manus

(hand)

Upperextremity

Cephalic(head)

(b) Posterior

Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Brachial (arm)

Otic (ear)

Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)

Dorsum or dorsal(back)Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)

Gluteal (buttock)

Perineal(region betweenthe anus and external genitalia)Femoral (thigh)Popliteal(back of knee)Sural (calf)Calcaneal (heel)Plantar (sole)

Manus(hand)

Upperextremity

Cephalic(head)

Lowerextremity

(b) Posterior

Body PlanesBody Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left partsSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on

the midlinethe midline Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior

and posterior partsand posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides

the body into superior and inferior partsthe body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section – cuts made diagonallyOblique section – cuts made diagonally

Body PlanesBody Planes

Figure 1.8

Anatomical VariabilityAnatomical Variability Humans vary slightly in both external and Humans vary slightly in both external and

internal anatomyinternal anatomy Over 90% of all anatomical structures match Over 90% of all anatomical structures match

textbook descriptions, but:textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of

placeplace Small muscles may be missingSmall muscles may be missing

Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seenExtreme anatomical variations are seldom seen

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and

is divided into two subdivisionsis divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brainCranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral

column; encases the spinal cordcolumn; encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs Ventral cavity houses the internal organs

(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions ThoracicThoracic AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Figure 1.9a

Cranial cavity(contains brain)

Dorsalbodycavity

Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)

Vertebral cavity(contains spinal cord)

Key:

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)

(a) Lateral view

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Figure 1.9b

Ventral body cavity(thoracic and abdomino-pelviccavities)

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Superiormediastinum Pleuralcavity

Cranialcavity

Vertebralcavity

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)

Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)

(b) Anterior view

Key:

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural

cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavitycavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lungPleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity;

surrounds the remaining thoracic organssurrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial cavity – encloses the heartPericardial cavity – encloses the heart

Body CavitiesBody Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from

the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmshaped diaphragm

It is composed of two subdivisionsIt is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,

intestines, spleen, liver, and other organsintestines, spleen, liver, and other organs Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains

the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectumthe bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Ventral Body Cavity MembranesVentral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa lines internal body wallsParietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organsVisceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosaeSerous fluid separates the serosae

Serous Membrane RelationshipSerous Membrane Relationship

Figure 1.10a

Heart SerosaeHeart Serosae

Figure 1.10b

Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the

digestive organsdigestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the noseNasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyesOrbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that

transmit sound vibrationstransmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavitiesSynovial – joint cavities

Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities

Figure 1.13

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.11a

Organs of the Abdominopelvic Organs of the Abdominopelvic RegionsRegions

Figure 1.11b

Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants

Right upperRight upper Left upperLeft upper Right lowerRight lower Left lowerLeft lower

Figure 1.12