Anatomical Position

Introduction to Anatomy

• Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward

• Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

Anatomical Terms Worksheet

Introduction to Anatomy

Prone : Lying face down

Supine : Lying face up

Unilateral : Pertaining to one side of the body

Bilateral : Pertaining to both sides of the body

Positions and Directions

• Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures

• Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

Introduction to AnatomyAnatomical Planes

pdf file- intro to anatomyexplanation of planes of motion video

Sagittal plane– The plane dividing the

body into right and left portions

– Also anteroposterior– Midsagittal or median

are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Introduction to AnatomyAnatomical Planes

Sagittal Plan

Frontal plane– The plane dividing the

body into front and back portions

– Also called the Coronal plane

Introduction to AnatomyAnatomical Planes

Horizontal plane– The horizontal plane

dividing the body into upper and lower portions

– Also called the Transverse plane

Anatomical Planes

Introduction to Anatomy

Introduction to AnatomyAnatomical Axes

An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint take place in a plane about an axis. There are three axis of

rotation.

THE GENERAL RULE: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement.

Introduction to AnatomyRelationship Between Planes and Axes

Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example

Frontal Sagittal Flexion, Extension

Longitudinal(vertical)

Horizontal(Transverse)

Rotation of extremities, Axial

rotation

Sagittal Frontal (Coronal)

Abduction, Adduction

Introduction to AnatomyDescribe the following motions in terms

of its plane of motion.

CartwheelBack somersault

Head spinPirouetteSide hops

SplitFront roll

FrontalSagittal

Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal

FrontalFrontalSagittal

Introduction to AnatomyDescribe the following motions in terms

of its plane of motion & axis of rotation

Shoulder flexion/extension

Hip abduction

Head rotation

Plane Axis

Sagittal frontal

Frontal sagittal

Transverse longitudinal(Horizontal)

Introduction to AnatomyMoving in the three planes of motion

How do we train our bodies?

• Think of gym equipment (machines vs free weights)•Which planes of motion?

• Function activities – daily life activities

Consider the following:

• Movements in sports

Introduction to Anatomy

Moving in the 3 planes of motion clips

Moving in the three planes of motion

Our bodies generally move in more than one plane at a time.

Which plane of movement is usually neglected in training?

Answer: Transverse (horizontal) Plane

Introduction to AnatomyAssignment:

For each plan of motion list and describe 3 exercises/ warm-ups.

Your description should include what plane(s) it is moving in and which axis (axes) is/are involved.

If you choose a multi-joint exercise you only need to describe one joint during the exercise. (Name that joint in your description)

You can include pictures in your description.

Gummy

Bear

Dissection

LAB1. Cadaver Bear

2. Dissecting Tray

3. Scalpel

Superior (cranial) is a term used to describe a place that is toward the upper part of the body. For example the skull is superior to the shoulders. Superior can also be used to mean above.

When the lower part of the body (or below is referred to, the term inferior (caudal) is used. For example, the knees are inferior to the shoulders.

Terms of Position & Direction

Introduction to Anatomy

Lateral means towards the side of the body or away from the middle imaginary body line (the midline). For example, the humerus is lateral to the sternum

Medial is used to describe the position of a part of the body located towards the midline. For example, coccyx is medial to the carpals.

Introduction to Anatomy

Terms of Position & Direction

Anterior (ventral) is used to describe the front or towards the front of the body. For example, the sternum is anterior to the vertebrae.

Posterior (dorsal) is used to describe the back of the body. For example, the vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.

Introduction to Anatomy

Terms of Position & Direction

Proximal means closer to the center of the body. For example, the shoulder is proximal in relation to the hand.

Distal means away from the center of the body. For example, the hand is distal in relation to the head.

Introduction to Anatomy

Terms of Position & Direction

These are only used when discussing limbs

Introduction to Anatomy

Terms of Position & Direction

Ipsilateral means ‘on the same side’ of a reference point.

Contralateral means ‘on the opposite side’ of a reference point.

Introduction to Anatomy

Terms of Position & Direction

Superficial refers on the surface or exterior.

Deep refers to internal or inside.

A structure closer to the surface of the body is superficial, while a structure further away from the surface is deep.

Activity:Give an example of the use of the following terms in relation to body parts, bones or muscles:

e.g. “the patella is _________ to the scapula.” Inferior/Superior : Caudal/Cranial Proximal/Distal Medial/Lateral Posterior/Anterior : Dorsal/Ventral Superficial/Deep Ipsilateral/Contralateral

Introduction to AnatomyTerms of Position & Direction

Movements– Flexion– Extension– Hyperextension– Adduction– Abduction– Prontaion– Supination– Retraction– Protraction– Elevation– Depression– Rotation– Circumduction– External Rotation– Internal Rotation– Inversion– Eversion– Dorsiflexion– Plantarflexion– Radial Deviation– Ulnar Deviation– OppositionMovements of the body video

Flexion• Bending a joint or decreasing the

angle between two bones– In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints

Extension• Straightening a joint or increasing

the angle between two bones– In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints

Hyperextension• Excessive extension of the parts at a

joint beyond anatomical position.

Introduction to AnatomyMovements

Introduction to AnatomyFlexion / Extension / Hyperextension

Adduction• Moving a body part towards

the midline of the body

Abduction• Moving a body part away

from the midline of the body

Movements

Introduction to Anatomy

Pronation• Turning the arm or foot

downward• (palm or sole of the foot -

down)• Prone

Supination• Turning the arm or foot

upward• (palm or sole of the foot -

up)• Supine

Movements

Introduction to Anatomy

Over-pronation in the ankle

Retraction - Moving a part backward

Protraction - Moving a part forward

Elevation - Raising a part

Depression - Lowering a part

(Occurs at the shoulders as well)

Introduction to AnatomyMovements

Rotation• Turning on a single axis

Circumduction• Tri-planar, circular motion at

the hip or shoulder

Internal rotation• Rotation of the hip or

shoulder toward the midline

External rotation• Rotation of the hip or

shoulder away from the midline

Movements

Introduction to Anatomy

Lateral Flexion• Side-bending left or

right

Movements

Introduction to Anatomy

Inversion• Turning the sole of the foot

inward

Eversion• Turning the sole of the foot

outward

Dorsiflexion• Ankle movement bringing the

foot towards the shin

Plantarflexion• Ankle movement pointing the

foot downward

Movements of the foot

Introduction to Anatomy

Radial Deviation• Movement of the wrist towards

the radius or lateral side.

Ulnar Deviation• Movement of the wrist towards

the ulna or medial side.

Opposition• Movement of the thumb across

the palm of the hand.

Movements of the wrist & thumb

Introduction to Anatomy

Additional ROM

Introduction to Anatomy