Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology&&

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Define the word “Anatomy”Define the word “Anatomy” Enumerate the different anatomical fieldsEnumerate the different anatomical fields Describe the anatomical positionDescribe the anatomical position Describe different anatomical terms of position & Describe different anatomical terms of position &

movements as well different anatomical planesmovements as well different anatomical planes Classify bones according to shape, structure & Classify bones according to shape, structure &

developmentdevelopment Enumerate bones of axial & appendicular skeletonEnumerate bones of axial & appendicular skeleton

ANATOMY The science which deals with the study of the The science which deals with the study of the structurestructure and and

shapeshape of the body & body parts of the body & body parts, and , and their relationships to one their relationships to one anotheranother

It is divided into:It is divided into: Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy: Study of human body with : Study of human body with naked eynaked eyee Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)Microscopic Anatomy (Histology): Study of fine structures : Study of fine structures

(cells & tissues) of the human body with the help of microscope(cells & tissues) of the human body with the help of microscope Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology)Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology) Radiological AnatomyRadiological Anatomy Cross-sectional AnatomyCross-sectional Anatomy Applied AnatomyApplied Anatomy Surgical AnatomySurgical Anatomy

The Language of Anatomy(Anatomical Terminology)

To prevent To prevent misunderstandingmisunderstanding, a special set , a special set of terms are used to describe the of terms are used to describe the identificationidentification and and locationlocation of body of body structuresstructures

To accurately describe body parts, the body To accurately describe body parts, the body is in a standard position called the is in a standard position called the Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position, in which:, in which: Body is erectBody is erect Arms hanging by the sideArms hanging by the side Palms facing forwardPalms facing forward Feet are parallelFeet are parallel

Cranial Cranial (Cephalic)(Cephalic)

CervicalCervical ThoracicThoracic AbdominalAbdominal PelvicPelvic PlanterPlanter PalmerPalmer

Terms of Regions

Terms of Position Superior (cranial, rostral): Superior (cranial, rostral): nearer nearer

to the headto the head

Inferior (caudal): Inferior (caudal): away from the away from the headhead

Anterior (ventral):Anterior (ventral): nearer to the nearer to the frontfront

Posterior (dorsal): Posterior (dorsal): nearer to the nearer to the backback

Medial:Medial: nearer to the median plane nearer to the median plane

Lateral:Lateral: away from the median away from the median planeplane

Proximal:Proximal: nearer to the trunk nearer to the trunk

Distal:Distal: away from the trunk away from the trunk Superficial:Superficial: nearer to the skin nearer to the skin

(surface)(surface)

Deep:Deep: away from the skinaway from the skin

Terms of Movement FlexionFlexion:: approximation of 2 parts approximation of 2 parts

(decreasing the angle between 2 (decreasing the angle between 2 parts)parts)

Extension:Extension: straightening straightening (increasing the angle between 2 (increasing the angle between 2 parts)parts)

Abduction:Abduction: away from median away from median planeplane

Adduction:Adduction: toward median planetoward median plane Lateral rotationLateral rotation:: rotation away rotation away

from median planefrom median plane

Medial rotationMedial rotation: : rotation toward rotation toward median planemedian plane

Circumduction:Circumduction: combined combined movements of flexion, extension, movements of flexion, extension, abduction & adductionabduction & adduction

Opposition: Opposition: bringing tips of bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in fingers and thumb together as in picking something up Opposite picking something up Opposite of above movementof above movement

Supination:Supination: Lateral rotation of the forearm. Lateral rotation of the forearm. The palm faces Anteriorly.The palm faces Anteriorly. The radius and ulna are The radius and ulna are

Parallel.Parallel. Pronation:Pronation: Medial rotation of the forearm. Medial rotation of the forearm. The palm faces PosteriorlyThe palm faces Posteriorly The radius CrossesThe radius Crosses the ulna the ulna

and the two bones form an X.and the two bones form an X.

Planter Flexion:Planter Flexion: Depressing the footDepressing the foot (down ). (down ). Movement with pointing the toes.Movement with pointing the toes. Dorsiflexion Dorsiflexion Up movement of the foot Up movement of the foot (Standing on the heels) (Standing on the heels) Inversion :Inversion : The sole facesThe sole faces The sole faces in a MedialThe sole faces in a Medial direction.direction. Eversion :Eversion : The sole faces in a Lateral direction.The sole faces in a Lateral direction.

Body Planes & Sections To look at the internal structures, the body is cut into sections along imaginary To look at the internal structures, the body is cut into sections along imaginary

lines called lines called planesplanes There are three type of sections or planes that lie at right angle to one another: There are three type of sections or planes that lie at right angle to one another:

Sagittal, Frontal & TransverseSagittal, Frontal & Transverse

Sagittal SectionSagittal Section: A cut made along a A cut made along a

longitudinallongitudinal plane, dividing plane, dividing the body into the body into rightright and and leftleft parts.parts.

The plane passing through the The plane passing through the midline of the body, cutting midline of the body, cutting the body into the right and left the body into the right and left equal halves is called a equal halves is called a midsagittalmidsagittal or or medianmedian plane. plane.

Frontal (coronal) Frontal (coronal) SectionSection::

A cut made along a A cut made along a longitudinallongitudinal plane plane dividing the body into dividing the body into anterioranterior and and posterioposterior r partsparts

Transverse (cross) Transverse (cross) Section:Section:

A cut made along a A cut made along a horizontalhorizontal plane dividing plane dividing the body into the body into superiorsuperior and and inferior inferior partsparts

Body Cavities

Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity has two has two subdivisions, which are subdivisions, which are continuous with each other:continuous with each other: Cranial cavityCranial cavity: space : space

inside the bony skull, inside the bony skull, contains braincontains brain

Spinal cavitySpinal cavity: space : space inside the vertebral inside the vertebral column, contains spinal column, contains spinal cordcord

Ventral body cavity Ventral body cavity has two has two subdivisions, which are separated subdivisions, which are separated from each other by the from each other by the diaphragm.diaphragm. Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity: lies superior : lies superior

to diaphragm, contains heart to diaphragm, contains heart and lungsand lungs

Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity: lies : lies below the diaphragm, contains below the diaphragm, contains stomach, intestine, urinary stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, liver, reproductive bladder, liver, reproductive organs, rectum, etc.organs, rectum, etc.

The body has two sets of internal cavities that lodge and protect the organs. These are Dorsal & Ventral.

Abdominopelvic regions

The Abdominopelvic area is divided into 9 regions by 2 vertical & 2 horizontal lines or planesObjective: To locate the different organs in each region

Skeletal System

Includes:Includes: BonesBones Joints Joints

(articulations)(articulations)

Functions of Bones

1.1. SupportSupport of the body organs of the body organs

2.2. ProtectionProtection of soft body organs of soft body organs

3.3. Attachment of musclesAttachment of muscles

4.4. MovementMovement of the body as a whole, or of of the body as a whole, or of the body partsthe body parts

5.5. StorageStorage of fat and minerals e.g. calcium of fat and minerals e.g. calcium and phosphorusand phosphorus

6.6. Blood cell formationBlood cell formation

Classification of Bones

Bones are classified on Bones are classified on the bases of their:the bases of their:

1. Shape1. Shape: as : as longlong, , shortshort, , flatflat, , irregularirregular

2. Structure2. Structure: as : as compactcompact & & spongyspongy bonesbones

3. Development3. Development: as : as membranousmembranous & & cartilagenouscartilagenous bones bones

Gross Structure of a Long Bone

Each long bone has:Each long bone has: A long cylindrical A long cylindrical shaftshaft

called the called the ‘diaphysis’. ‘diaphysis’. Two Two endsends called the called the

‘epiphyses’‘epiphyses’ The region at the junction The region at the junction

of diaphysis and of diaphysis and epiphysis is called epiphysis is called ‘metaphysis’‘metaphysis’

Diaphysis (Shaft)Diaphysis (Shaft) Composed of Composed of compact compact

bonebone Covered on its external Covered on its external

surface by a fibrous surface by a fibrous connective tissue connective tissue membrane called the membrane called the periosteum.periosteum.

Has a cavity called the Has a cavity called the marrow cavitymarrow cavity. In adults, . In adults, the marrow cavity is a the marrow cavity is a storage area for fat and storage area for fat and contains contains yellow marrow. yellow marrow. In infants, it contains In infants, it contains red red marrowmarrow and is the site of and is the site of blood cells formationblood cells formation

EpiphysesEpiphyses Each epiphysis is Each epiphysis is

composed of composed of spongy bonespongy bone, lined , lined by a thin layer of by a thin layer of compact bone.compact bone.

Its external surface Its external surface is covered by a is covered by a layer of layer of hyaline hyaline cartilage cartilage called the called the articular cartilagearticular cartilage

Articular cartilage Articular cartilage provides smooth provides smooth slippery surface that slippery surface that decreases friction decreases friction at at joint surfacesjoint surfaces

MetaphysisMetaphysis It contains a thin It contains a thin

plate of cartilage plate of cartilage called the called the epipyseal plateepipyseal plate, , that is responsible that is responsible for the for the lengthwise lengthwise growth growth of the of the long bones. long bones.

Role of PeriosteumRole of Periosteum ProtectsProtects the bone the bone Gives Gives attachment to musclesattachment to muscles Carries blood vessels and Carries blood vessels and

nerves nerves to boneto bone Deposits Deposits new bone new bone on the on the

surface thus increases the girth surface thus increases the girth of boneof bone

Growth of boneGrowth of bone Increase in length: epiphyseal Increase in length: epiphyseal

platesplates Increase in girth: periosteumIncrease in girth: periosteum

The Skeleton There are There are 206206 bones in our body, bones in our body,

arranged to form the body arranged to form the body framework called, the framework called, the skeletonskeleton

The skeleton is perfectly adapted The skeleton is perfectly adapted to the functions ofto the functions of body body protectionprotection andand motionmotion

It is subdivided into two It is subdivided into two divisions:divisions: The The axial skeletonaxial skeleton, , the bones the bones

that form the longitudinal axis that form the longitudinal axis of the bodyof the body

TheThe Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton, , the bones of limbs and girdlesthe bones of limbs and girdles

The Axial The Axial Skeleton Skeleton consists of consists of the:the: Skull Skull

bonesbones Vertebral Vertebral

columncolumn SternumSternum RibsRibs

The The Appendicular Appendicular Skeleton Skeleton consists consists of the bones of of the bones of the :the : Pectoral & Pectoral &

Pelvic GirdlesPelvic Girdles, , connect the connect the bones of the bones of the limbs to the limbs to the axial skeletonaxial skeleton

Upper LimbUpper Limb Lower Limb Lower Limb

Skull bones

Formed of two sets of Formed of two sets of bones:bones:

Cranium: Cranium: Encloses and protects Encloses and protects

the brain. the brain. Consists of the Consists of the

following bones:following bones: FrontalFrontal ParietalParietal TemporalTemporal SphenoidSphenoid OccipitalOccipital

Facial bones:Facial bones: Form the skeleton of the faceForm the skeleton of the face Consists of the following bones:Consists of the following bones:

MaxillaMaxilla MandibleMandible ZygomaticZygomatic NasalNasal

Vertebral column Forms the axial support of the bodyForms the axial support of the body Is a flexible curved structure, formed Is a flexible curved structure, formed

of of 33 irregular bones33 irregular bones, the (, the (vertebrae)vertebrae) Running through its cavity is the Running through its cavity is the spinal spinal

cordcord Is divided into Is divided into 55 regions: regions:

CervicalCervical: 7 vertebrae : 7 vertebrae ThoracicThoracic: 12 vertebrae : 12 vertebrae LumbarLumbar: 5 vertebrae : 5 vertebrae SacralSacral: 5 vertebrae fused to from a : 5 vertebrae fused to from a

triangular bone called triangular bone called sacrumsacrum CoccygealCoccygeal: 4 vertebrae fused to : 4 vertebrae fused to

form a small bone called form a small bone called coccyxcoccyx

Sternum Flat Flat bone Has Has three partsthree parts: :

manubrium, body and manubrium, body and xiphoid processxiphoid process

Ribs Number: 12 pairsNumber: 12 pairs All ribs articulate with All ribs articulate with

vertebraevertebrae Only upper 7 pairs Only upper 7 pairs

articulate with articulate with sternumsternum

Bones of the Girdles

Pectoral GirdlePectoral Girdle: Bones : Bones connecting the upper connecting the upper limb with the axial limb with the axial skeletonskeleton ClavicleClavicle ScapulaScapula

Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle: : Bones Bones connecting the lower connecting the lower limb with the axial limb with the axial skeletonskeleton Two hip bonesTwo hip bones

Bones of the Upper Limb

Bone of arm: Bone of arm: humerushumerus Bones of forearm: Bones of forearm: radius radius

(lateral) & (lateral) & ulnaulna (medial) (medial) Bones of hand:Bones of hand:

1.1. 8 8 carpalcarpal bones bones

2.2. 5 5 metacarpalmetacarpal bones bones

3.3. 14 14 phalangesphalanges: 2 for thumb : 2 for thumb & 3 for each of medial 4 & 3 for each of medial 4 fingers fingers

Bones of the Lower Limb

Bone of thigh: Bone of thigh: femurfemur Bones of leg: Bones of leg: fibula fibula (lateral) (lateral)

& & tibiatibia (medial) (medial) PatellaPatella Bones of foot:Bones of foot:

1.1. 8 8 tarsaltarsal bones bones

2.2. 5 5 metatarsalmetatarsal bones bones

3.3. 14 14 phalangesphalanges: 2 for big toe : 2 for big toe & 3 for each of lateral 4 toes & 3 for each of lateral 4 toes