Anatomy and Physiology

Biology 112

Tri-County Technical College

Pendleton, SC

A & P Jeopardy …study of the structure of body parts …study of how body parts work …tiny building blocks of matter that

combine to form molecules …smallest unit of all living things …groups of similar cells that have a

common function

A&P Jeopardy…ctd. …composed of two or more tissue types

with a common function …group of organs that cooperate to

accomplish a common purpose …composed of 11 organ systems; the

highest level of organization …moves the human body as a whole and

moves things inside the body

Same song, different verse… …composed of glands that produce

hormones …composed of bones, cartilages,

ligaments, and joints …composed of the brain, spinal cord,

nerves, and sensory receptors …composed of heart and blood vessels

One more time…with feeling …returns fluid leaked from blood to the blood

vessels …eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the

body …the liver and pancreas belong to this system …supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide …system that can be used to continue the species

What it are…? ANATOMY is study of structure and shape

of body and body parts and their relationship to one another Gross versus microscopic

PHYSIOLOGY is study of how the body and its parts work or function Neuro, cardiac, and others

TWO are ALWAYS RELATED

Structural Organization Subatomic particlesatomsmolecules

Cellstissuesorgansorgan systemsOrganism

Human systems include integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

Integumentary Functions Integumentary is external covering of body

(skin) Waterproofs/cushions body & protects

deeper tissues from injuries Excretes salts and urea in perspiration Helps regulate body temperature Temperature, pressure, pain receptors

located in skin

Skeletal Functions Composed of bone, cartilages, ligaments,

and joints Supports body/provides framework for

skeletal muscles to cause movement Protective function (skull/vertebral

column) Hematopoiesis occurs in cavities of

skeleton

Muscular Functions Composed of muscles that have one function—to

contract (shorten) Muscles can be viewed as machines of body Mobility reflects activity of skeletal muscles Skeletal muscles distinct from muscles of heart

and other hollow organs which move fluids (blood/urine/food)

Nervous Functions Body’s fast acting control system Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors Irritability (respond to stimuli from within and

without body) Sensory receptorsnerve impulsesbrain and

spinal cord (CNS)processes inforesponds by activating effectors (muscles/glands/etc.)

Endocrine Functions Body’s slow control system Produces chemical molecules (hormones)

that travel in blood Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals,

thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, & testes Controls/regulates other structures/organs

Growth, reproduction, food use, etc.

Cardiovascular Functions Heart and blood vessels primary organs Uses blood as transporting fluid for

oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells where exchanges occur

WBCs and chemicals in blood help protect body from bacteria, toxins, & tumor cells

Heart acts as the “blood pump”

Lymphatic Functions Complements the CV system Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other

lymphoid organs (tonsils/spleen) Return fluid leaked from blood back to

blood vessels for continuing circulation Lymph nodes/lymphoid organs help

cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity

Respiratory Functions Keeps body supplied with oxygen and

purged of carbon dioxide Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea,

bronchi, and lungs Tiny alveoli (air sacs) actual site of gas

exchange

Digestive Functions Basically tube from mouth to anus Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small &

large intestine, and rectum Break down food and deliver products to

blood Small intestine vs. large intestine Liver (bile) and pancreas (enzymes) part of

this system

Urinary Functions Ridding body of nitrogenous wastes from

metabolism of proteins/nucleic acids Urea and uric acid

Often called “excretory system” Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Assists in water balance, ionic balances,

and acid-base balance of blood

Reproductive Functions Exists “PRIMARILY” to produce offspring Only system NOT essential to survival of

the individual Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands,

and duct system in males Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

in females

Homeostasis Body’s ability to maintain relatively stable

internal conditions despite changes internally/externally

“Needs met and functioning smoothly” All homeostatic control mechanisms have

at least 3 components Receptor, Control Center, and Effector

Homeostatic Pathways Receptor is some type of sensor

Monitors and responds to change Responds to change (stimuli) by sending information

(input) to Control Center Info flows to CC via afferent pathway

Control Center determines LEVEL (set point) is maintained, analyzes info received, and determines appropriate response or action

Pathways, ctd. Effector provides means for CC’s response

(output) to stimulus Info flows from CC to Effector via

efferent pathway Results of response feed back to influence

stimulus Feedback mechanism can either be

NEGATIVE or POSITIVE

Negative Feedback Depresses stimulus so that whole control

mechanism is reduced or turned off Examples include body’s thermostat, heart

rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, blood levels of glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, and mineral balances in system

Most CC responses are negative feedback

Positive Feedback Enhances stimulus so reaction continues at

even faster/more intense rate Increases original disturbance (stimulus)

and pushes variable further from its original value

Blood clotting, delivery, and nursing Time for an Estesism…YEAH!!!! “Homeostatic Imbalance”

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

Slide 1.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Maintain Boundaries

• Movement

• Locomotion

• Movement of substances

• Responsiveness

• Ability to sense changes and react

• Digestion

• Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

Slide 1.16aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body

• Production of energy

• Making body structures

• Excretion

• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

Slide 1.16bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Reproduction

• Production of future generation

• Growth

• Increasing of cell size and number

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

Slide 1.17aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Nutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

Slide 1.17bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Water

• 60–80% of body weight

• Provides for metabolic reaction

• Stable body temperature

• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate