anatomy and physiology introduction - study of anatomy and physiology is an ever developing science....

Anatomy and Physiology

INTRODUCTION

- Study of anatomy and physiology is an ever developing science.

- Greek and Latin form the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology.

DEFINITIONS:

A. ANATOMY = the study of the structure

(morphology, form) of body parts. B. PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body

parts.

Anatomy dictates function!

Characteristics of Life

• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Levels of Organization

STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

A. The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen(O)] is the least complex level. An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element. Atoms combine with (react with)

other atoms to form...B. molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)]. A molecule is defined as a particle composed of 2 or more joined atoms. Molecules combine with other molecules to form...C. macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule. Macromolecules combine with other macromolecules to form...D. organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes). An

organelle is defined as a small organ of a cell, which performs a particular function. Organelles collectively compose ...


E. cells The cell is defined as the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms! Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular function (i.e. a red blood cell has a biconcave shape and is a nucleate. This structure increases its surface area, allowing

for the transport of more oxygen0.Some cells have all of the machinery that they need to live.

Similar cells are arranged into...

F. tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous). A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that performs a specialized function. Two or more tissues combine to form...


G. organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain). An organ is defined as a structure consisting of a group of tissues that performs a specialized function. Two or more organs combine to form...H. organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular). An organ system is defined as a group of organs that act together to

carry on a specialized function. There are 11 organ systems. The eleven organ systems collectively form the...I. human organism An organism is the most complex level of organization and is defined as an individual living thing.J. The levels of hierarchy could be further extended to include;

populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.


Skeletal system

Major Organs:bonesligamentscartilages

Major Functions:provide frameworkprotect soft tissueprovide attachments for musclesproduce blood cellsstore inorganic salts


Integumentary system

Major Organs:skinhairnailssweat glandssebaceous glands

Major Functions:protect tissueregulate body temperaturesupport sensory receptors


Muscular system

Major Organs:muscles

Major Functions:cause movementmaintain postureproduce body heat


Nervous system

Major Organs:brainspinal cordnervessense organs

Major Functions:detect changesreceive and interpret sensory informationstimulate muscles and glands


Endocrine system

Major Organs:pituitary glandthyroid glandparathyroid glandsadrenal glandspancreasovariestestespineal glandthymus

Major Functions:control metabolic activities of body structures through the release of hormones


Cardiovascular system

Major Organs:heartarteriescapillariesveins

Major Functions:move blood through vessels and transport substances throughout the body


Lymphatic system

Major Organs:lymphatic vesselslymph nodesthymusspleen

Major Functions:return tissue fluid to bloodcarry certain absorbed food moleculesdefend the body against infection


Digestive system

Major Organs:mouthtongueteethsalivary glandspharynxesophagusstomachliver and gallbladderpancreassmall and large intestines

Major Functions:receive, breakdown, and absorb foodeliminate unabsorbed material


Respiratory system

Major Organs:nasal cavitypharynxlarynxtracheabronchilungs

Major Functions:intake and output of airexchange gases between air and blood


Urinary system

Major Organs:kidneysuretersurinary bladderurethra

Major Functions:remove waste from bloodmaintain water and electrolyte balancestore and transport urine


Male reproductive system

Major Organs:scrotumtestesepididymidesductus deferentiaseminal vesiclesprostate glandbulbourethral glandsurethrapenis

Major Functions:produce and maintain sperm cellstransfer sperm cells into femalereproductive tract


Female reproductive system

Major Organs:ovariesuterine tubesuterusvaginaclitorisvulva

Major Functions:produce and maintain eggs cellsreceive sperm cellssupport development of an embryofunction in the birth process

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward.

Directional terminology

Anatomical TerminologyRelative Position

1. Superior = above; Inferior = below;

2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back;

3. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;

4. Medial = center; Lateral = side;

5. Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side

6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;

7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.

Dissection planes


Body Sections (cuts, planes)

1. Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.

midsagittal (median) = equal right and left portions.

2. Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into superior and inferior portions

3. Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object

5. Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object

6. Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object

Organization of the Body


ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

HUMAN BODY

AXIAL PORTION APPENDICULAR PORTION

headarms

necklegs

trunk


Axial PortionDORSAL CAVITY VENTRAL CAVITY

CRANIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITYbrain lungs

mediastinumVERTEBRAL CANAL thymus

spinal cord heart esophagus

trachea * Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities.

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY stomach urinarybladder liver internal reproductive

spleen organsgallbladder small intestine large intestine

* Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.

Characteristics of Life Continued

• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

Maintenance of Life

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:• Water• Food• Oxygen• Heat• Pressure

• Water- most abundant substance in body- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of substances- regulates body temperature

Maintenance of Life

• Food- provides necessary nutrients- supplies energy- supplies raw materials

• Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

Maintenance of Life

Homeostasis1. Definition = the tendency of an organism to

maintain a stable internal environment.

2. All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis.

3. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed.

Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts:

a. Receptor – senses change in environment

b. Control Center – Regulates set-point of variables

c. Effector – organ that acts in response to changes

4. Example = maintenance of body temperature at 98.6ºF/37ºC.

5. There are two (2) types:

1. Negative feedback mechanisms

2. Positive feedback mechanisms

Maintenance of Life

Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• Corrects the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

• Most common type of feedback loop

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Maintenance of Life

Receptors

Control center(set point)

Effectors(muscles or glands)

Response(Change is corrected.)

Stimulus(Change occursin internalenvironment.)

(Change is comparedto the set point.)

Maintenance of Life

Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

• Produces more instability in the body

• Produces more chaos in the body

• There are only a few types necessary for our survival

• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived

• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments

• Considered to be the uncommon loop

• Examples: blood clotting and child birth

Positive feedback in child birth

anatomy and physiology introduction - study of anatomy and physiology is an ever developing science....

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