anatomy axilla 25112010

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ANATOMY BY DR. THAAER MOHAMMED DAHER ALSAAD M.B.CH.B.(MBBS) F.I.B.M.S.(PH.D.) SPECIALIST IN GENERAL SURGERY SENIOR LECTURER IMS MSU ANATOMY

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Page 1: Anatomy axilla 25112010

ANATOMYBY

DR. THAAER MOHAMMED DAHER ALSAADM.B.CH.B.(MBBS) F.I.B.M.S.(PH.D.)

SPECIALIST IN GENERAL SURGERYSENIOR LECTURER

IMS MSU

ANATOMY

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AXILLAAXILLA

AXILLA

AXILLA

AXILLA

AXILLAAXILLA

AXILLA

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AXILLA

• The pyramidal region between the upper thoracic wall and the upper limb.

• Its base formed by the skin.• Apex bounded by the approximation of the

clavicle, coracoid process, and the first rib; • It contains axillary vessels, the brachial plexus

of nerves, many lymph nodes, and loose areolar tissue.

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Artery axillary artery Vein axillary veinNerve

axillary nerve, medial cord, posterior cord, lateral cord.

Lymph axillary lymph nodes.

These structures are embedded in fat.

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Deep muscles of the chest and front of the arm, with the boundaries of the axilla.

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The right brachial plexus (infraclavicular portion) in the axillary fossa; viewed from below and in front.

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The veins of the right axilla, viewed from in front

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Axillary artery and its branches - anterior view of right upper limb and thorax

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AXILLA/ ( ARMPIT)

• Anatomically, the boundaries of the axilla are: MEDIALLY:

upper 4 or 5 ribs and intercostal spaces covered by serratus anterior muscle. ANTERIORLY:

by the pectoralis major, minor, and subclavius

POSTERIORLY: by the subscapularis, latissimus dorsi and teres major from above below.

LATERALLY: by the intertubercular sulcus (coracobrachialis and the short head of the biceps brachii are in the axilla.)

SUPERIORLY: by the outer border of first rib, superior border of scapula, and posterior border of clavicle.

floor/base: by the skin (visible surface of armpit).

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Key Muscles in the Axilla

• Pectoralis Minor• The pectoralis minor is a thin triangular muscle

that lies beneath the pectoralis major.• It arises from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs

and runs upwards and laterally to be inserted by its apex into the coracoid process of the scapula.

• It crosses the axillary artery and the brachial plexus of nerves

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Clavipectoral Fascia

• The clavipectoral fascia is a strong sheet of connective tissue that is attached above to the clavicle.

• Below, it splits to enclose the pectoralis minor muscle,

• Then continues downward as the suspensory ligament of the axilla and joins the fascial floor of the armpit.

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Axillary artery and its branches – anterior view of right upper limb and thorax. Upper and lower limits labeled.

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The pectoralis minor is used as a landmark for DIVIDING the axillary artery into three parts.

First part – the part of the artery medial

to pectoralis minor.Second part –

the part of the artery that lies behind pectoralis minor.Third part –

the part of the artery lateral to pectoralis minor.

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The axillary artery begins at the lateral border of the first rib as a continuation of the subclavian artery. It changes its name to brachial artery at lower (inferior) border of the teres major muscle.

For purposes of description, it is broken up into three parts by its relation to the pectoralis minor muscle.

The first part is between the lateral border of the first rib and the medial border of the pectoralis minor,

The second part is behind the pectoralis minor.

Third part is between the lateral border of the pectoralis minor and the inferior border of the teres major.

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Branches of axillary artery

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Branches of the Axillary Artery• Axillary artery gives off six branches as follows;

• First part (1branch)• Highest thoracic artery (also called supreme or superior)

• Second part (2 branch)1. Lateral thoracic artery 2. Thoracoacromial artery

• Third part (3 branches)1. Subscapular artery 2. Anterior circumflex humeral artery 3. Posterior circumflex humeral artery

• Branches of first part of Subclavian artery anastomose with branches of the third part of axillary artery.

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1/ superior thoracic a. (supreme thoracic a) (highest thoracic a).

2/ thoracoacromial a. 3/ lateral thoracic a.

4/ subscapular a. 5/ anterior humeral circumflex a. 6/ posterior humeral circumflex a.

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Axillary Artery

• The axillary artery is accompanied by the axillary vein along its length.

• In the axilla, it is surrounded by the brachial plexus. • The second part of the axillary artery is the

reference for the locational descriptions of the cords in the brachial plexus.

• For example, the posterior cord of the brachial plexus is so named because it lies posterior to the second part of the artery.

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NOTE

• The axillary artery may be safely clamped without endangering

the arm, but only in a location proximal to the origin of the subscapular artery.

• The anastomotic network surrounding the scapula provides an alternate path for collateral circulation to the arm from arteries including the dorsal scapular artery and suprascapular artery.

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Scapular anastomosis

• The scapular anastomosis is a system connecting each subclavian artery and the corresponding axillary artery, forming an anastomosis around the scapula. It allows blood to flow past the joint regardless of the position of the arm. It includes:

1. transverse cervical artery.2. transverse scapular artery.3. branches of subscapular artery.4. branches of thoracic aorta.

• The transverse cervical artery gives off a branch, the dorsal scapular artery, which accompanies the dorsal scapular nerve and runs down the vertebral border of the scapula to its inferior angle.

• The suprascapular artery branches off from the thyrocervical trunk, which in turn arises from the first part of the subclavian artery. This suprascapular artery crosses over the suprascapular ligament, passes through the supraspinous fossa and turns around the lateral border of the spine of the scapula and supplies the infraspinous fossa as far as the inferior angle.

• The subscapular artery branches from the third part of the axillary and supplies the subscapularis muscle in the subscapular fossa as far as the inferior angle. The subscapular artery gives off a circumflex scapular branch that enters the infraspinous fossa on the dorsal surface of the bone, grooving the axillary border.

• All these vessels anastamose or join to connect the first part of the subclavian with the third part of the axillary, providing a collateral circulation. This collateral circulation allows for blood to continue circulating if the subclavian is obstructed.

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Scapular anastomosis

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The veins of the right axilla, viewed from in front

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The axillary vein lies along the medial side of the artery and is a continuation of the basilic vein.

It begins at the inferior border of the teres major m. and ends at the lateral border of the first rib, where it becomes the subclavian v.

It receives tributaries that parallel the branches of the axillary artery.

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The cephalic v. joins the axillary v. just before it becomes the subclavian.

Penetrating wounds in the larger upper part are serious because air might enter into the venous system.

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The veins that run with their corresponding arteries are frequently multiple (2 or 3 interconnected veins).

This interconnected venous network is called the vena commitantes.

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Artery axillary artery Vein axillary veinNerve

axillary nerve, medial cord, posterior cord, lateral cord.

Lymph axillary lymph nodes.

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Axillary nerve

• comes off the superior trunk, posterior division, posterior cord of the brachial plexus of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6.

• The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein.

• Muscular and sensory innervations; It supplies deltoid, teres minor. The axillary nerve also carries sensory information from

the shoulder joint, as well as the skin covering the inferior region of the deltoid muscle - the "regimental badge" area (which is innervated by the Superior Lateral Cutaneous Nerve branch of the Axillary nerve)

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Axillary nerve/ Branches

• The anterior branch (upper branch) winds around the surgical neck of the humerus, beneath the deltoid, with the posterior humeral circumflex vessels.

• The posterior branch (lower branch) supplies the teres minor and the posterior part of the deltoid.

• The posterior branch pierces the deep fascia and continues as the superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm.

• INJURY• Paralysis of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle , resulting in loss of abduction of

arm (from 15-90 degrees), weak flexion, extension, and rotation of shoulder. Paralysis of Deltiod & Teres minor results in Flat shoulder deformity.

• Loss of sensation in the skin over a small part of the lateral upper arm.

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AXILLARY NODES

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AXILLARY NODES• axillary nodes number from 20 to 30

and are organized in five groups based on their position within the axilla:

1. PECTORAL (anterior) NODES, along the lateral border of the pectoralis major m.;

2. LATERAL NODES, located along the distal axillary v.;

3. CENTRAL NODES, centrally located along axillary v.;

4. SUBSCAPULAR NODES, located along the subscapular v. and its tributaries;

5. APICAL NODES, located at the apex of axilla.

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QUIZZE

QUIZZEQUIZZE

QUIZZE QUIZZE

QUIZZEQUIZZE

QUIZZE

QUIZZE

QUIZZE

QUIZZE

QUIZZE

QUIZZE

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QUIZZENAME THE LABLED

ARTERIES2 MINUTES

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QUIZZENAME THE COMPONENT OF

POSTERIOR WALL OF THE AXILLA

2 MINUTES