anatomy candy
TRANSCRIPT
ABDOMEN – Structures in the hepatoduodenal ligament = portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct. Porta hepatis – hepatic duct, portal vein and hepatic artery. Hepatic duct is only content of porta hepatis. ABDOMEN -‐ External hemmorhoids are found below the pectinate line and are usually painful. Vice versa for the Internal hemmorhoids. External hemorrhoids are dilated tribuatires of inferior rectal veins below the pectinate line and are painful because of supply from somatic afferent fibers. Inferior rectal nerve is a branch of Pudendal nerve. Internal hemorrhoids – Superior rectal veins above the pectinate line and not painful because they are supplied by Visceral Afferent fibers. LOWER LIMB – Rupture of the Achilles’ tendon disables triceps sure muscle (Gastrocnemius + Soleus) and the patient cannot plantarflex. Innervation of that area is by Tibial nerve. (S1-‐S2). Plantaris is also part of tricep sure. Ankle jerk reflex tests spinal nerves S1-‐S2. Done by tapping the calcaneal tendon to elicit plantarflexion. THORAX – Venous drainage from the breast occurs through axillary vein, via the lateral mammary and lateral thoracic veins. Metastasis of breast tumor to the brain would take the following route: Cells enter a intercostal vein à external vertebral venous plexus à internal verterbral venous plexusà cranial dural sinuses. Lymphatic drainage from lateral breast quadrants goes to Axillary lymph nodes (75%) and the rest is Parasternal lymph nodes (25%). The most common site for breast cancer is upper lateral quadrant. During Mastectomy , the Long thoracic nerve may be injured. Damage to long thoracic presents in Winged Scapula and Overhead abduction (due to paralysis of serratus anterior). Remem: SALT. Intercostal brachial nerve may also be damaged resulting in skin sensation over medial arm. ABDOMEN – Location of kidney is at the level of 11th and 12th rib. Spleen is on 9TH 10TH 11th ribs. Spleen is located on the upper left quadrant and is a very vascular structure =lot of bleeding. Spleen is supplied by Splenic Artery and Splenic vein. The kidney is located on 11th and 12th rib. The body of the pancreas lies on the left kidney. (See PPT for relations) HEAD AND NECK – Infections can spread from from the face to the cranial cavity by 2 routes.
1) through the Opthalmic vein to the cavernous sinus. (Infections from the nose)
2) through the facial vein à deep facial vein à pterygoid venous plexus à emissary veins à cavernous sinus.
THORAX – During inspiration the diaphragm increases the thoracic diameter by moving downwards. It is innervated by the phrenic nerve. Phrenic nerve arises from C3-‐C5 and passes infront of the anterior scalene muscle. Phrenic nerve runs anterior to the root of the lung and the vagus nerve runs posterior to it. Diaphragm lies at the 4th rib on the right side and 5TH rib on the left side. Diaphragm elevates the ribs and increases the vertical transverse diameter (bucket-‐handle) and the antero posterior is pump-‐handle. Lesion of the phrenic nerve causes paralysis of the diaphragm. Paralyzed dome of the diaphragm does not descend during inspiration and goes upwards. LOWER LIMB -‐ The chief hip flexor is Psoas. Flexors of the thigh at the hip joint are Psoas major (innervated by anterior rami of L1,L2,L3) and Iliacus (Femoral nerve). ABDOMEN-‐ PT#35 (Page 101 Smart Table) . Foregut is supplied by Celiac trunk, Midgut by the SMA, Hindgut by IMA. UPPER LIMB – Fracture to the humerus causes injury to Axillary , Radial and Median nerves (ARM). Ulnar nerve at the medial epicondyle. At the surgical neck – Axillary nerve and humeral circumflex artery damaged Radial nerve and profunda brachi-‐ midshaft fracture , also affects origin of brachialis Brachial artery and Median nerve damaged at the Supracondylar region. Lady between two majors – Lattisumus dorsi between pec major and teres major. Suprasinatus for initial abduction and Deltoid for abduction till horizontal and Serratus anterior for overhead abduction. Nerve to deltoid is axillary. Nerve to supraspinatus is Suprascapular nerve. PERINEUM SEE SLIDE 184. Mesometrium à uterine artery just below the fallopian tube. Uterosacral ligament à sacral to 3rd vertebra. Broad ligament à uterine tube, uterine vessels, round ligament,ureter Mesoverium à overian vessels pass through it. Suspensory Ligament à watch during hysterectomy because it can cause damage to ovarian vessels. HEAD AND NECK Know Muscles of mastication with origin and insertion à Masseter à originates from lower border and medial surface of zygomatic arch BRS Page 348. PERINEUM Kegel exercise à strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. Which are levetor ani ,pubococcygeus, puborectalis and illiococcygeus.
HEAD AND NECK Maxillary sinus is the most vulnerable to infections and needs to be filled up to empty. HEAD AND NECK The hypopheal portal system ….???? HEAD AND NECK The transsphenoidal approach to get to the pituatory gland, drill through sphenoidal sinus. PERINEUM Culdocentesis is getting fluid out of Cul-‐De sac pouch and is done through Posterior fornix of the vagina. The change of epithelium also occurs there ( from simple columnar to stratified squamous and is the most vulnerable site for tumors). ABDOMEN The common bile duct is formed by the union of hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It opens at the second part of the duodenum close to the head of the pancreas. Ampulla of Vater is at the 2nd part of the duodenum. Obstruction of the bile duct or the hepatopancreatic ampulla is gona cause jaundice. Obstruction of cystic duct doesn’t cause jaundice. gALLSTONES in the fundus can protrude through the posterior wall of the gallbladder and can enter the transverse colon. .Stones in the body of the pancreas can protrude into the duodenum and stuck at ileocecal junction producing intestinal obstruction. THORAX Slide# 25 on page 65. Know the location of all the 3 nodes. PERINEUM For observing any obstructions in the female reproductive system ,you couduct hysterosalpingography. The fluid should be visible throughout in order to show a normal system. It should show from the ovaries till the end of the fallopian tube peritoneum cavity. See page number 186 on the slides. ABDOMEN Know the renal fascia.The fascia blends with quadratus lumborum and psoas major. PERINEUM The puboccocygeus (part of the pelvic floor) responsible for urine continence. They are innervated by S3 AND S4. L1 AND L2 PERINEUM The ejaculatory duct and the seminal vesicles open near the prostate. Know the posterior relations of the prostate.
HEAD AND NECK About the eye ; get the answer once covered in class. LOWER LIMB Know the Tredelenburg sign and Pg 33 of the slides. Injury to superior gluteal nerve. ABDOMEN Know the branches of SMA and IMA. Know where celiac trunk , SMA and IMA arise in relation to vertebral levels and other organs. SMA travels on the uncinate process of the pancreas. THORAX Know the blood supply of the heart. The posterior interventricular artery (branch of the right coronoary) supplies the inferior surfaces of both the ventricles. UPPER LIMB Know the Erbs-‐Duschenne palsy also knows as Waiter’s tip, is a lesion to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. HEAD AND NECK Know slide number 224 on the slides. A tube is inserted between the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. THORAX Know the lobes of the lung and know that the right middle lobe is between the oblique and the horizontal fissure. THORAX / ABDOMEN Know the constrictors – Aortic arch compresses the esophagus. UPPER LIMB Know Pott’s fracture , its due to forceful EVERSION. Slide number 46. HEAD AND NECK Know the adductors and abductors of the larynx. The posterior arytenoid is an ABDuctor and innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve . All of the muscles in the larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal except for cricothyroid which is supplied by external laryngeal nerve. UPPER LIMB Injury to common peroneal nerve results in paralysis of dorsiflexors and evertors of the foot and loosing sensation on the dorsum of the foot. Causing footdrop. Occurs at the neck of the fibula. Injury to the tibial nerve causes loss of plantar flexion = inability to stand on toes.
HEAD AND NECK Tumor of the Adrenal medulla can cause headaches, tachycardia, sweating and High BP. PERINEUM Crossed ectopia with fusion , crossed ectopia without fusion , duplication , horseshoe kidney ,simple ectopia,simple matrotation. Look these up and decide. ABDOMEN The splinorenal ligament at the hilum of the spleen contains the left gastroepiploic artery. PERINEUM/ EMBRYO layers of the spermatic cord external spermatic fascia à cremastric muscle and fasciaàinternal spermatic fascia In case of hydrocele the processus vaginalis fails to disappears and gives rise to a hydrocele. Direct inguinal hernia can also occur. Know communication + non communicating hydrocele THORAX Mitral stenosis à could occur due to elevation in left bronchus leading due to left atrial enlargement . PERINEUM The vas deferens and the seminal vesicles join to form the ejaculatory duct. Slide number 173, #62. ABDOMEN CT scans of abdomen , slide 149 . Renal calculi cause obstruction of the ureter. HEAD AND NECK The vagus nerve passes through the jugular foramen and compression can cause hoarseness and difficulty in swallowing and speaking because of its branches .-‐ namely reccurent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal and internal. PERINEUM Lateral wall – obturator Know boundaries of ischiorectal fossa. ABDOMEN The structure just above the pubic symphysis is the urinary bladder. PERINEUM Posterior to the fornix is the recto-‐uterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) UPPER LIMB
Fracture of the medial epicondyle of the elbow causes lack of abduction. Called cubital tunnel syndrome. Damages Ulnar nerve. UPPER LIMB Annular ligament can be torn when the radial head subtraction is made. Annular ligament stabilizes radial head. LOWER LIMB Avascular necrosis of femoral head occurs due to disruption of blood supply to head of femur from the medial circumflex femoral arteries. ABDOMEN Know the anastomosis for abdomen. At splenocolic flexure , middle and left colic anastomose. PERINEUM Bulb of the vestibule injury can damage bulbospongiosus. Slide 161 THORAX Arch of aorta is vulnerable to injury when posterior to the mandibrium . ABDOMEN Blockage at the 2nd part of the duodenum. HEAD AND NECK The glossopharangyeal nerve elicits the gag reflex. LOWER LIMB Internal iliac branches = Obturator ABDOMEN Inferior mesenteric supplies collateral to other parts of colon. THORAX AND BACK Flexion PERINEUM Below the inguinal ligament = femoral hernia Pg. 38 EMBRYO Know Hirschprungs – Megacolon , failure of neural crest cells EMBRYO A woman by default – no man organs EMBRYO Meckel’s diverticulum remnant of the viteline duct.
Urachus à remnant of allantois = dribbling outa belly button if it persists. EMBRYO Omphalocele = can see Ileum EMBRYO ROLE of liver during fetal life is to produce erythrocytes. EMBRYO Foramen ovale = right to left shunt of blood. EMBRYO Fusion of endocardial cushion forms chambers EMBRYO The thyroid arises forms from the midline diverticulum. EMBRYO Ductus venosus and Umbilical veins carry oxygenated blood in the fetus. EMBRYO Aqueductal Stenosis The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is an obstruction called aqueductal stenosis. When the long, narrow passageway between the third and fourth ventricles (the aqueduct of Sylvius) is narrowed or blocked, perhaps because of infection, hemorrhage, or a tumor. Fluid accumulates “upstream” from the obstruction, producing hydrocephalus. EMBRYO Situs inversus = everything is on opposite sides and it can cause trilobed left lung. EMBRYO Septum transversum + Pluroperitoneal folds form the hernia along with dorsal mesentery and body wall.