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Anatomy Chapters 2-4: Chemistry, Biology, Cytology, and Histology

Slides by Coach MurrayImages: Various Sources Listed WithinDescribe basic atomic structureDistinguish between chemical bond types Contrast inorganic and organic chemistryName, identify and describe the structure of the 4 major organic macromoleculesClassify examples of organic molecules by their type

Chemistry Chapter 2Matter is anything that has mass and volumeAtoms are the basic building blocks of matterAtoms are composed of subatomic particles:Protons - positive, located in the nucleusNeutron neutral, located in the nucleusElectrons negative, located in orbitals/clouds surrounding the nucleus

Atoms and Atomic Structure pg27Molecules want to be stable in natureOn way they become stable is by having full outermost orbital of electronsBonding is one way to accomplish this.2 major/important kinds of bonds are ionic and covalent bonds

Chemical Bonds pg30-4Ionic BondsIons positively or negatively charged atoms Ionic bonds are formed when ions (single or polyatomic cations(+ions) or anions(-ions)) gain or lose electrons to/from other atoms. Aka a transfer of electrons. Covalent bonds occur when molecules share electrons.

Chemical Bonds (Continued)Polar bonds weak covalent bond resulting from an unequal charge distributionHydrogen bonds a type of polar bond between water molecules created when the slightly positive charge of the H of one water molecule is attracted to the slight negative charge of the O on another water moleculeResults gives water many unique properties likeCohesion stick to each otherCapillary Action rises into narrow tubes (capillaries)Surface Tension

Chemical Bonds (Continued)Inorganic Chemistry pg37Nutrients and compouds that do no contain C and H as the main strucutreOrganic Chemistry pg42C based compounds containing H, O, and N Why do we study? - They occur again and again in very different types of biological structures of humans

Inorganic vs. Organic ChemistryThere are numerous of organic molecules, we will limit our focus to 4 categories of macromolecules (aka biomolecules)All are polymers with repeating subunits. They are:Carbohydrates pg42-44Proteins pg 49-53Lipids pg 44-48Nucleic Acids pg 54-6We need to identify the major parts of the subunits, describe the structure, and name a few important examples

Organic ChemistryCarbohydrates (Complex) a polymers of monosaccharides and disaccharides linked together by a dehydration reaction and arranged in chains, branched chains. They are broken down by hydrolysis.Example(s): Glucose a monosaccharideGlycogen - complex4 Macromolecules ExplainedProteins are amino acids linked by a peptide bond called polypeptides (the primary structure) folded into complex 3-D shape that determines it functionSecondary structures: -helix and -pleated sheetsExamples: Enzymes speed up chemical reactionsMuscle actin and myosin fibersHair and nails dead, keratinized cells4 Macromolecules Explained

Image of 3-D protein structure (Wikipedia)Lipids - are composed of long non-polar fatty acid tails/chains linked to a larger, polar molecule. These tails are long strings of hydrocarbons. Are consumed or made in the body (smooth ER)Individual chains can be unsaturated, monosaturated, or polysaturatedExamples: Steroids, Fat, Wax

4 Macromolecules Explained

Complex Lipids (wikipedia)Nucleic Acids made of nucleotides linked by a sugar and phosphate backbone. Nucleotides are composed of phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base.DNA nucleotides linked together by their complimentary nitrogenous base pairs in a double helix shape. Base pairs are Adenine-Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine. Sugar is deoxyribose.RNA nucleotides with base pairs exposed in a single helix. Thymine (T) replaced with U (uracil). Sugar is ribose.4 Macromolecules Explained

DNA and RNA (wikipedia)Identify cell structures and cell organellesExplain the function of key cell structuresName and explain the events of the cell life cycle and mitosis

Cells Cytology - Chapter 3Cells vary greatly in size, structure, appearance3 main parts going outside to in:Plasma (cell) membraneCytoplasmNucleus

Make-up/function of 3 main parts above:Phospholipid bilayer - selectively permeabilityCytosol - where cell activities metabolism occursNuclear membrane/nucleolus control center of cellBasic Cell Structure Biology ReviewThere are many, we will focus on 8 look at the function in the table and your cell concept map1. Golgi Apparatus/Body2. Mitochondria3. ER smooth and rough4. Lysosomes5. Vessicles6. Centrosome 7. Microtubules & Microfilaments8. Nucleus/Nucleolus

Organelles pg 64-5 Figure and Table 3-1There are many, we will focus on 8 look at the function in the table and your cell concept map1. Sorts/transports proteins/other products2. ATP synthesis by cellular respiration3. (S) Lipid/carbohydrate synthesis and (R) protein4. destroy particles, microorganisms, damaged cells using enzymes5. transport substances in/out of cell in small sacs6. forms spindle for reproduction7. involved in movement & maintain shape of cell8. Control center/makes ribosomes

Organelles pg 65 Table 3-1Cilia short hair-like structures on the cell surface to aid movementMicrovilli short finger-like projections on the cell surface which increase the surface and aid in digestion Ribosomes (in cytoplasm or on rough.E.R.) create proteins from the code of RNA

Other Important Structures pg 70-72How do we get substances through the selectively permeable cell membrane?Passive Transport (with the concentration gradient so no energy is required) OR Active Transport (against the concentration gradient so energy is required)Cell TransportTypes of Passive high concentration to lowDiffusion permeable molecules move through the membrane Osmosis is the diffusion of waterFacilitated Diffusion movement using transmembrane proteinsTypes of Active low concentration to highEndocytosis process which engulfs particles and brings them into the cellExocytosis process which expels particles out of the cell

Cell Transport pg 85-94Life cycle and mitosis overviewInterphaseMitosis Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, TelophaseCytokinesisRefer to your worksheets or book to reference key events which occur in each

Cell Life Cycle and Mitosis pg 95Identify and classify the 5 categories of tissues given descriptions and examplesName the type of tissue for key areas of the bodyContrast the 6 kinds of epithelial tissue

Tissues Histology - Chapter 4Tissue: a group of cells which share a common function(s)Here are the four major categories of tissuesEpithelialConnectiveMuscle Nervous4 Categories of Tissues pg 107Covers interior/exterior of the body, reproduce rapidly not just skinGeneral Function: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, sensory, perception6 subcategories classified on shape and layersSimple squamousSimple cuboidalSimple columnarStratified squamousPsuedostratified columnar TransitionalEpithelial Tissue see pg111 for imagesMore details on each 6 subcategoriesSimple squamous single, thin, and flattened layer Function: diffusion and filtrationLocation: capillary walls, air sacs of lungs (alveoli) Simple cuboidal single layer, cube shapedFunction: secretion and absorptionLocation: lines kidney, ducts of glands, surface of ovariesSimple columnar single layer, nuclei near base membrane, having goblet cells to secrete mucusLocation: digestive tract, uterus Epithelial Tissue ContinuedMore details on each 6 subcategories4. Stratified squamous thick, multi-layeredProtection Location: lining of mouth, external part of body5. Psuedostratified columnar look layered but are single columnar, multi-nucleate, usuallyl ined w/ciliaFunction: cilia-aided movement, secretionLocation: trachea, tubes of reproductive system 6. Transitional thick layered, stretchable cuboidal cellsLocation: bladderEpithelial Tissue ContinuedMost abundant tissue in the human bodyVaries greatly in appearance/functionDescription: Scattered cells and fibers w/lots of intercellular matrix and good blood supply Function: binds structures together, provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection, and helps repair tissue

Connective Tissue pg 118-125All Connective Tissue share 3 common aspects:Composed of specialize cellsExtracellular protein fibersGround substanceMost but not all have matrixMatrix is made of #2 and #3 aboveAccounts for most volume of connective tissue

Connective Tissue (Continued)Overview of Categories/Examples of Connective TissueLoose Connective pg 121-2AreolarAdiposeReticularDense Connective (Collagenous) pg123TendonsLigamentsAponeurosisFluid Connective pg 125BloodLymphSupporting ConnectiveCartilage (hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage)Bone

Connective Tissue (Continued)Examples, Functions, LocationsAreolar separates skin from deeper structuresLocation: body-wide underneath skinFunction: protection Adipose deep to skin of buttocks, breastsFunction: energy storage, insulation, cushionReticular framework for kidney, lymph node, & bone marrow

Loose Connective pg 121-2All made of collagen fibers parallel to each otherExamples, Functions, LocationsTendons connect muscles to boneLigaments bone to bone, stabilizes internal organsAponeurosis tendon like sheets, attaches to broad flat muscles or skeletonLower back, soles, palms

Dense Connective pg 123Examples, Functions, LocationsBlood carries O2/CO2, foodmatrix= plasma Components: RBCs, WBCs (leukocytes), plateletsFound in arteries, veins, and capillariesLymph fluid of the tissues concentrated in glands and nodes of lymphatic system containing WBCs which monitor health of tissuescirculates from tissue, to lymphatic system, to cardiovascular and back

Fluid Connective (Continued)Cartilage Hyaline (most common) a more stiff cartilagenose, trachea/bronchial tubes, sternum, b/w ribs, Elastic has lots of elastic fibers w/in for flexibilityear, epiglottis Fibrocartilage stops bone to bone contact ball joints of hip, arm, discs of backboneBone matrix is 2/3 calcium carbonate, 1/3 collagen fibersMakes bone remarkably strong but flexibleMade of osteocytes Osteocytes found near blood vesselsArranged in ring pattern

Supporting ConnectiveSpecialized for contractionFunction: movement of body parts/organsSubcategories: Striated skeletal muscles, voluntary Elongated, bundled into a fascicles, stripedKey parts: actin & myosin anchored to sarcomereSmooth involuntaryLine hollow organs of digestive system, move in wavelike fashionKey parts: fusiform, has nucleus, actin & myosin anchored cell membraneCardiac involuntary and voluntary Muscle Tissue pg132

Striated/Skeletal Muscle Tissue Overview (wikipedia)Smooth Muscle Structure Overview (wikipedia)

Found in brain and spinal cord (Central N.S.)Also in nerves extending from CNS (Peripheral N.S.)Do not typically regenerate2 kinds of nervous tissue:Nuerons transmit eletrochemical signalsNueroglia support/protect of neurons, provide nutrients to nuerons, remove old neurons

NervousNeuron generic image (wikipedia)

Neuroglia nearby, similar looking non-neuron helpersTypical Neuron

40Summary of Key TopicsInorganic Chemistry basic atomic structure, types of bonds pg37-8Organic Chemistry 4 macromolecules pgs 42-55Cells structure, organelles, organelle function and identificationCell Life Cycle and MitosisTissues 4 Major categories of tissues and subcategories, descriptions of each category, key examples in each

Key Tables and FiguresFig 2-20 Protein StructureFig 2-23 Structure of Nucleic AcidsTable 2-7 Top portion RNA/DNA Comparison Table 2-8 Organic CompoundsFig 3-1 and Table 3-1 Cell Anatomy & OrganellesFig 3-10 The Nucleus Fig 3-11 The Organization of DNA w/in the Nucleus Fig 3-17 Osmotic Flow 3 types of tonicityFig 3-25 IPMATC Cell Life Cycle Overview

42Key Tables and FiguresFig 4-3 and Fig 4-4 Squamous, Cuboidal, and Transitional EpitheliaFig 4-11 Dense Connective TissuesFig 4-12 Elements of BloodFig 4-15 BoneFig 4-18 Muscle Tissue 3 typesFig 4-19 Neural Tissue nuerons and neuroglia

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