Anatomy Lab Week 1 Objectives

1. Discuss the anatomical position. Identify the anatomical planes – coronal, sagittal, transverse, oblique.

2. Skin – identify the skin, note its thickness

in different parts of the body. • Superficial part- Epidermia •

• Thick, wear and tear• Dermis

• Dense connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

• Superficial Fascia (subcutaneous tissue)• Loose areloar, adipose • between skin and underlying or-

gans• Deep Fascia

• Dense connective tissue • devoid of fat• investing fasicia

• muscles, neurovascular bundles, fascial compartments, inter-muscular septum3. Identify the subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia), note its thickness.

• • one layer thick in ADAM,

mostly adipose tissue

4. Identify the deep fascia and its modifications. • bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments• 8 layers thick in adam, after the layer of adipose

tissue until you hit muscle

5. Identify some of the skeletal muscles and their origins, insertions, tendons, and aponeuroses.

• Origin/ Proximal Attachment- relatively fixed during contraction • Insertion/ Distal Attachment- end which moves • Belly- fleshy and contractile part of the muscle

6. Discuss the different types of muscles. • Smooth

• Long spindle shaped cells ar-ranged in bundles

• Capable of show and sustained contraction

• non-striated• involuntary• innervated by visceral motor

nerves• walls of blood vessels• GI tract, respiratory, urogenital

systems, skin• Skeletal

• voluntary, striated • Cardiac

• striated• involuntary• innervated by visceral motor nerves• form the conducting system of the heart

7. Observe the sequence of layers from skin down to the muscle.•

Anatomy Lab Week 2 Objectives 1. Identify the different types of bones.

• Long Bones• has a body which is longer than it is wide• has a growth plate (epiphysis) at either end• has a hard outer surface of compact bone, spongy inner cancellous bone containing

bone marrow• both ends are covered in hyaline cartilage to help protect the bone and aid shock ab-

sorption • Humerus, phalanges

• Short Bones• wide as they are long• primary fxn of providing support and stability with little movement• only a thin layer of compact

• hard bone with cancellous bone on the inside along with a relatively large amount of bone marrow.

• Carpals and Tarsals • Flat Bones

• provide protection to the bodies vital organs and are a base for muscle attachment • Sternum, Cranial bones

• Irregular Bones• Non-uniform shape• Cancellous bone• A thin outer later of compact bone

• Facial Bones, vertebrae• Sesamoid Bone

• short or irregular bones• imbedded in a tendon• Usually present in a tendon where it passes over a joint

which serves to protect the tendon• Patella

2. Discuss the parts of a long bone. • Diaphysis

• Long central shaft• Epiphysis

• Forms the larger rounded end of long bones• Metaphysis

• area between the diaphysis and epiphysis at both ends of the bone

• Epiphyseal Plate• Plates of cartilage, also known as the growth plates which al-

low the long bones to grow in length during childhood• Once we stop growing, cartilage plates stop producing cartilage cells and are gradually

replaced by bone3. Identify the different types of cartilage. LOOK IN HISTOLOGY BOOK!

• is a form of connective tissue in which the cells and fibers are embedded in a cell-like matrix, latter is responsible for its firmness and resilience

• on the exposed surfaces in joints, a fibrous membrane called the perichondrium cov-ered the cartilage.

• Hyaline Cartilage• has fine collagen fibers (TYPE II-> helps with strength) • has perichondrium, is the weakest of the three

• Fibrocartilage• strongest kind of cartilage

• has alternating layers of hyaline cartilage matrix and thick layers of dense collagen fibers oriented in the direction of functional stress

• doesn't have a perichondrium as its transition layer between hyaline cartilage and tendon or ligament

• Elastic Cartilage• Chondrocytes are found in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix• provides strength, elasticity, and maintains shape of certain structure

4. Identify the different types of joints and discuss the parts of a synovial joint. • Fibrous joints (synarthrodial)

• articulating surface of bones are joined by fibrous tissue• Sutures

• usually found in skull• usually immovable (synarthrosis)• thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

• Syndesmosis• movement is possible• bones are attached by fibrous connective tissue• intermediate radioulnar joint (where radius and ulna need in the wrist), above the

ankle joint where the tibia and fibula converge• Gomphosis

• the shape of the socket at which one solid structure is firmly attached to another• peg like fibrous process fits into a socket

• articulations of teeth in jaw bones (mandible and maxillae)• Cartilaginous Joints- united by hyaline or fiber cartilage

• Primary Cartilaginous• synchondrosis• hyaline cartilage usually temporary and is replaced completely by bone (synosto-

sis)• First chondrosternal joint- joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of long done

• Secondary Cartilaginous Joint (Symphysis)• fibrocartilage • surfaces are lined by hyaline cartilage• median plane • permanent joints• Symphysis pubis, manubriosternal joint, and inter-

vertebral joints• Synovial Joints

• Most evolved • Hyaline Cartilage• Synovial Membrane• Synovial fluid• Fibrous capsule• ligament-fibrous bands that connect Bone to Bone or cartilage or are folds of peri-

toneum serving to support visceral structures• Plane Joint

• Usually uniaxial • permit gliding or sliding • surface flat• intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joint, acromiocavicular joints

• Hinge Joint• uniaxial • permits flexion and extension only• strong collateral ligament• elbow joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joints

• Pivot Joint• uniaxial• bony pivot (Peg_ surrounded by osseous ligamentous ring• permits rotation• superior radio-ulnar joint, atlanto-axial joint

• Condyloid Joint• biaxial• convex surface articulating against a concave surface• permits flexion and extension, abduction adduction, and circumduction• metacarpophalangeal joint

• Saddle Joint• biaxial • surfaces are concavo-convex• first carpometacarpal (thumb)

• Ball and Socket Joint• multiaxial• a rounded head fits into a concavity permitting movement on several axes• hip, shoulder

5. Demonstrate and discuss the anatomical movements – flexion, extension, abduction, ad-duction, circumduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, supination, pronation, opposition, inversion and eversion.

6.

Iden-tify the major arteries, veins, and nerves and discuss how to differ-entiate between them.

• Artery• blood from Heart • oxygenated blood• under high pressure• has braches • Nutrient arteries- medullary

cavity, periosteal arteries, metaphysial arteries, epiphysial arteries• Vein

• deoxygenated blood • blood back to heart• right atrium of the blood• has valves- unidirectional flow

• Capillary• microscopic vessel form network between arterioles to the venues• sinusoids

• Nerve???????????

• periosteal nerves- carry pain fibers

7. Identify the location of the major groups of lymph nodes – axillary, cervical and inguinal.

•

Anatomy Lab Week 3 Objectives 1. Identify the parts of the central nervous system; cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons and

medulla oblongata. Spinal cord and parts of the spinal cord. 2. Identify the layers of meninges of the brain and spinal cord.3. Identify the Ventricular system.4. Discuss parts of the peripheral nervous system. Spinal nerves and cranial nerves. 5. Discuss the autonomic nervous system. Identify and compare radiographic Images (X- ray,

CT, and MRI).6. Identify the plane of the given radiograph (AP, PA, Lateral, Coronal, sagittal, Axial/Trans-

verse).