ANATOMY OF HUMAN BODYFIDYA,DRG,M.SI

INTRODUCTION

ANATOMY

anatomy a Greek “to cut up” / anatomize /dissect.

Human anatomy the science concerned with the structure of the human body.

SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY

Person Civilization

Lifetime or Date of Contribution

Contribution

Menes Egyptian About 3400 B.C

Wrote the first anatomy manual

Homer Ancient Greece

About 800 B.C

Describes the anatomy of wounds in the iliad

Hippocrates

Ancient Greece

About 460-377 B.C

Father of medicine; inspired the Hippcrates Oath

Aristotle Ancient Greece

384-322 B.C

Founder of comparative anatomy

Herophilus Alexandria

About 325 B.C.

Conducted remarkable research on aspects of the nervous system

Erasistratus

Alexandria

About 300 B.C.

Sometimes called father of physiology; attempted to apply physical laws to the study of human function

Celsus Roman 30 B.C.–A.D. 30

First medical author to be printed (1478) in movable type after Gutenburg’s invention

SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY

Person Civilization Lifetime or Date of

Contribution

Contribution

Galen Greek (lived under domination)

130–201 Probably the most influential medical writer of all time; established principles that went unchallenged for 1,500 years

de’ Luzzi Renaissance 1487 Prepared dissection guide

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance 1452–1519 Produced anatomical drawings of unprecedented quality based on human cadaver dissections

Vesalius Renaissance 1514–64 Refuted past misconceptions about body structure and function by direct observation and experiment; oftencalled father of anatomy

Harvey Premodern (European)

1578–1657 Demonstrated the function of the circulatory system; applied the experimental method to anatomy

SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY

Person Civilization

Lifetime or Date of

Contribution

Contribution

Leeuwenhoek Premodern (European)

1632–1723 Refined the microscope; describe various cells and tissue

Malpighi Premodern (European)

1628–94 Regarded as father of histology; first to confirm the existence of the capillaries

Sugita Premodern (Japanese)

1774 Compiled a five-volume treatise on anatomy

Schleiden and Schwann

Modern (European)

1838–39 Formulated the cell theory

Roentgen Modern (European)

1895 Discovered X rays

Crick and Watson

Modern (English and American)

1953 Determined the structure of DNA

Collins and Venter

Modern (American)

2000 Instrumental in human genome research

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY & RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

Specialties of microscopic anatomy: cytology /cellular biology developmental anatomy / embriology histology

Radiographic anatomy provides a way of observing structures within

the living body.

Radiology substances of different densities absorb different amounts of X rays resulting

in a differential exposure on film.

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY

CELLULAR LEVEL The cell the basic structural and

functional component of life. Cells atoms molecules Certain molecules are grouped in

specific ways to form small functional structures called organelles.

Examples: bone cells, muscle cells, fat cells, blood cells, liver cells, and nerve cells.

TISSUE LEVEL

Layers or groups of similar cells that perform a common function.

Four principal kinds of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.

ORGAN LEVEL

An organ is an aggregate of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function.

Examples: the heart, spleen, pancreas, ovary, skin, and even any of the bones within the body.

Each organ has one or more primary tissues and several secondary tissues.

Examples: (In the stomach) The inside epithelial lining (the primary

tissue) secretion and absorption occur within this layer.

The connective, nervous, and muscle tissues (secondary tissue)

SYSTEM LEVEL

A body system consists of various organs that have similar or related functions.

Examples: the circulatory system, nervous system, digestive system, and endocrine system.

Certain organs may serve two systems. The pancreas functions with both the endocrine

and digestive systems The pharynx serves both the respiratory and

digestive systems. All the systems of the body are interrelated and

function together, making up the organism.

ANATOMY WORDS

PLANES OF REFERENCE

Sagittal planeMidsagittal (median) plane

Coronal plane /frontal planes Transverse plane/ horizontal/

cross-sectional planes

SAGITTAL ( MEDIAN ) PLANEEXTENDS LENGTHWISE AND DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT PORTIONS.A MIDSAGITTAL PLANE PASSES EXACTLY THROUGH THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY ( FIG.D )SAGITTAL CUTS THAT ARE NOT ALONG THE MIDLINE ARE CALLED PARASAGITTAL SECTIONS

FRONTAL ( CORONAL ) PLANE

EXTENDS LENGTHWISE, BUT IT IS PERPENDICULAR TO A SAGITTAL PLANE AND DIVIDES THE BODY OR AN ORGAN INTO ANTERIOR AN POSTERIOR PORTION

TRANVERSE ( HORIZONTAL ) PLANE

PERPENDICULAR TO THE BODY’S LONG AXIS AND THEREFORE DIVIDES THE BODY HORIZONTALLY TO PRODUCE CROSS SECTION.A TRANVERSE CUT DIVIDES THE BODY OR AN ORGAN INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PORTIONS

PLANES OF REFERENCE AND DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY

Anatomical Position The body is erect. The feet are parallel to each

other. The feet flat on the floor. The eyes are directed

forward. The arms are at the sides of

the body. The palms of the hands

turned forward. The fingers pointed straight

down.

THE ANATOMICAL POSITION

Standing erect

Face forward

Arms at the sides

Palms and toes directed forward

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

USED TO DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF ONE BODY PART IN RELATION TO ANOTHER.

DIRECTION TERM

ANTERIOR ( VENTRAL ) A body part is located

toward the front : The windpipe ( trachea ) is anterior to the oesophagus

POSTERIOR ( DORSAL ) A body part is located

toward the back : The heart is posterior to the sternum ( breastbone )

SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) A body part is

located above another part, or toward the head : The face is superior to the neck

INFERIOR (CAUDAL) A body part is below

another part, or toward the feet : The navel is inferior to the chin

MEDIAL A body part is nearer

than another part to an imaginary midline of the body : The bridge of the nose is medial to the eyes

LATERAL A body part is farther

away from the midline : The eyes are lateral to the nose

PROXIMAL A body part is closer to

the point of attachment or closer to the trunk : The elbow is proximal to the hand

DISTAL A body part is farther

from the point of attachment or further from the trunk or torso : The hand is distal to the elbow

SUPERFISIAL ( EXTERNAL ) A body part is

located near the surface : The skin is superfisial to the muscles

DEEP ( INTERNAL ) The body part is

located away from the surface : The intestines are deep to the spine

CENTRAL A body part is situated at

the center to the body or an organ : The central nervous system is located along the main axis of the body

PERIPHERAL A body part is situated

away from the center of the body or an organ : The peripheral nervous system is located outside the central nervous system

IPSILATERAL A body part is on the

same side of the body as another body part : The right hand is ipsilateral to the right foot

CONTRALATERAL A body part is on the

opposite side of the body from another body part : The right hand is contralateral to the left hand

REGIONS OF THE BODYCAN BE DIVIDED INTO AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR PORTIONS

AXIAL PORTION Head & Neck Trunk : Thorax ,

abdomen , pelvis

APPENDICULAR PORTION The upper limbs The lower limbs

TERIMA KASIH