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Anatomy & Physiology 2A Name: _

FALL 2015

(Take Home) MINI-EXAM #4

Figure 11.2

Using Figure 11.2: Completely define and describe letters A-E in the spaces provided below:

1. A.-

2. B.-

3. C.-

4. D.-

5. E.-

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For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential in Figure 48.1 and use the lettered line to thoroughly and

completely describe ALL aspects of your answer in the space provided.

Figure 48.1

6. A.-

7. B.-

.

8. C.-

.

9. E.-

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Figure 9.1

Using Figure 9.1, match the following (Note: Letters A, B, E are C.T. covering; Letters C & D are structural components.)

10. A.-

11. B.-

12. C.-

13. D.-

14. E.-

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Figure 9.2

Using Figure 9.2, match the following by writing the correct letter next to the left side of each number below:

15. Band that gets shorter in length.

16. Zone that contains overlapping actin and Myosin filaments during contraction.

17. Band that only contains actin and no myosin filaments.

18. Band that does not get shorter in length.

19. Center point of the sarcomere is found within this zone.

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Figure 10.2

Using Figure 9.2, match the following by writing the correct letter next to the left side of each number below:

20. Antagonist to the Trapezius muscle.

21. Prime mover to protract and hold the scapula against the chest wall; rotates scapula so that its inferior angle moves

laterally and upward.

22. A muscle that has its origin on the manubrium of the sternum and medial portion of the clavicle, and its insertion in

the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

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Figure 10.3

Using Figure 9.2, match the following by writing the correct letter next to the left side of each number below:

23. Synergist to Letter E.

24. Antagonist to the Serratus anterior muscle.

Matching. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:

25. Muscle that opposes and reverses the

action of another muscle.

26. Muscle that is primarily responsible for

bringing about a particular movement.

27. Muscle that aids another by promoting

the same movement.

A. Synergist

B. Agonist

C. Antagonist

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Match the following:

28. Depends on oxygen delivery and

aerobic mechanisms.

29. Have very fast-acting myosin ATPase’s

and depend upon anaerobic metabolism

during contraction.

30. Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber

types.

31. Contain abundant amounts of glycogen.

32. Abundant in muscles used to maintain

posture.

33. A relatively high percentage is found

in successful marathon runners.

A. Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

B. Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable

fibers

Write the single term to the right of each number

below that corresponds with the definitions provided.

34. The stimulus above which no stronger

contraction can be elicited, because all

motor units are firing in the muscle.

35. The phenomenon in which the

contraction strength of a muscle

increases, due to increased Ca2+

availability and enzyme efficiency

during the warm-up.

36. Continued sustained smooth

contraction due to rapid stimulation.

37. The situation in which contractions

become stronger due to stimulation

before complete relaxation occurs.

38. How a smooth increase in muscle force

is produced.

__________________________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

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Match the following:

39. Serves as the actual "trigger" for

muscle contraction by removing the

inhibition of the troponin molecules.

40. A neurotransmitter released at motor

end plates by the axon terminals.

41. A metabolic pathway that provides for

a small amount of ATP per glucose

because no oxygen is used. Products

are two pyruvates and ATP.

42. Normally stored in the terminal

Cisternae of the sarcoplasmic

reticulum.

43. Used to convert ADP to ATP by

transfer of a high-energy phosphate

group. A reserve high-energy

compound.

44. Destroys ACh.

A. Calcium ions

B. Creatine phosphate

C. Anaerobic glycolysis

D. Acetylcholinesterase

E. Acetylcholine

Multiple Choice. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

45. Which muscle cells have no ability to regenerate?

A. skeletal B. smooth

C. no muscle can regenerate D. cardiac

46. Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of .

A. slow exercise of short duration B. intense exercise of long duration

C. intense exercise of short duration D. slow exercise of long duration

47. In skeletal muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to .

A. increase the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma

B. cause ATP to bind to actin

C. release the inhibition on Z discs

D. remove the blocking action of tropomyosin

48. Myoglobin _.

A. breaks down glycogen

B. produces the end plate potential

C. is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP

D. stores oxygen in muscle cells

49. An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the _.

A. sarcoplasmic reticulum B. Myofibrillar network

C. intermediate filament network D. mitochondria

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50. Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by .

A. forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin

B. storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP

C. inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments

D. forming a chemical compound with actin

51. The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by _.

A. the sarcoplasmic reticulum B. the T tubules

C. a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma D. the arrangement of myofilaments

52. Rigor mortis occurs because _.

A. no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules

B. proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions

C. the cells are dead

D. sodium ions leak out of the muscle

53. The term aponeurosis refers to .

A. the bands of myofibrils

B. the rough endoplasmic reticulum

C. a sheet-like indirect attachment to a skeletal element

D. the tropomyosin-troponin complex

54. During vigorous excercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for

energy as a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to _.

A. hydrochloric acid B. a strong base C. lactic acid D. stearic acid

55. When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?

A. latent period B. refractory period C. fatigue period D. relaxation period

56. The most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue is .

A. the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy

B. the diversity of activity of muscle tissue

C. the sarcoplasmic reticulum

D. the design of the fibers

57. What primarily determines the power of a muscle?

A. the length

B. the number of neurons innervating it

C. the total number of muscle cells available for contraction

D. the shape

58. The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. When the term levator is part of the descriptive term

for a muscle's action, this means that .

A. the muscle functions as a synergist

B. the muscle elevates and/or adducts a region

C. the muscle flexes and rotates a region

D. the muscle is a fixator and stabilizes a bone or joint

59. The muscles that are found at openings of the body are collectively called _.

A. convergent muscles B. divergent muscles C. circular muscles D. parallel muscles

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60. Which of the following is not a member of the hamstrings?

A. Biceps femoris B. semitendinosus C. semimembranosus D. gracilis

61. Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh?

A. iliopsoas and rectus femoris B. biceps

C. soleus D. vastus medialis

62. Metabolism is best described as

A. control of enzyme activity.

B. synthesis of macromolecules.

C. breakdown of macromolecules.

D. A and B.

E. A, B, and C.

63. Which term most precisely describes the general process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

A. catabolism B. catalysis C. dehydration D. metabolism E. anabolism

64. Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether O2 is present or absent?

A. the Krebs cycle

B. fermentation

C. glycolysis

D. electron transport

E. oxidative phosphorylation

65. The Krebs cycle produces which of the following molecules that then transfer energy to the electron transport

system?

A. ATP and CO2

B. CO2 and FAD

C. NADH and ATP

D. NADH, FADH2, and ATP

E. FADH2 and NADH

66. Carbon skeletons to be broken down during cellular respiration can be obtained from

A. proteins.

B. polysaccharides.

C. lipids.

D. A and B.

E. A, B, and C.

The question below refers to the following information.

1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.

2. Calcium is released and binds to troponin.

3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules and ATP.

5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

67. For the events listed above, which of the following is the correct sequence for their occurrence during the excitation

and contraction of a muscle cell?

A. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 B. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 E. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4

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68. Which of the following does not form part of the thin filaments of a muscle cell?

A. troponin

B. actin

C. myosin

D. tropomyosin

E. calcium-binding site

69. During muscle contraction, the ion that leaks out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and induces

myofibrils to contract is

A. Ca2+. B. Cl-. C. K+. D. Na+. E. Mg2+.

68. Which of the following are shared by skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?

A. thick and thin filaments

B. A bands and I bands

C. motor units

D. transverse tubules

E. gap junctions

69. Given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a

chemical synapse?

1. neurotransmitter binds with receptor

2. sodium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm

3. action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane

4. ion channel opens to allow particular ion to enter cell

5. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

A. 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 B. 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 E. 5, 1, 2, 4, 5

70. Briefly, what causes rigor mortis?

71. Briefly explain the sources of energy for a one-minute sustained skeletal muscle contraction.

72. What ultimately stops muscle stimulation when the motor neuron ceases firing?

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73. Define and completely describe (using the correct term(s), ion(s) and muscle structure(s))

each of the numbered events (1-6) listed below. Please begin with a descriptive statement of the

specific event and channel-type involved in the synaptic cleft to the left of #1. Make sure to

include every example of where ATP is necessary and an explanation that thoroughly describes

why ATP would be needed.

1. -----

2. -----

3. -----

4. -----

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5. -----

6. -----

74. Name, label and describe each portion of the image below.

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75. Label and describe each portion of the image below.

76. Label and describe each portion of the image below.