September 19, 2012

Anatomy / Physiology Test Review

Anatomical Planes

Anatomical Axes

Basic Movements Involving a Joint

Basic Movements Involving a Joint

Finding Axis and Plane

Transverse Plane

Longitudinal Axis

Describe Position and Movement

!  Anterior: front surface of the body !  Posterior: back surface of the body !  Superior: refers to structures being closer

to the top of the body (excluding limbs) !  Inferior: refers to structures being closer to

the lower part of the body (excluding limbs) !  Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal !  Lateral: away from the midline or mid-

sagittal !  Proximal: towards the upper segment of a

limb !  Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb

Role of the Skeleton

!  Protection !  Framework !  Attachments for muscles !  Storehouse for essential nutrients

!  The body needs calcium for vital operations, such as controlling muscular contractions, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses and other utterly essential tasks

!  Blood-cell formation !  Bone marrow transplants (Stem cells)

Axial v. Appendicular Skeleton

!  The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones: "  26 vertebral column "  1 hyoid "  22 skull "  6 auditory "  24 ribs

!  The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones: "  64 upper extremity "  62 lower extremity

Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones

Five Types of Bones

!  Long "  Found in arms and legs

!  Short "  Found in wrists and ankles

!  Flat "  Bones of the skull

!  Irregular "  Bones of the vertebrae

!  Sesamoid "  Wrapped within tendons (patella)

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Skeletal Bones

Bone Landmarks

Bone Landmarks

Types of Fractures

Osteoporosis

!  Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward "  Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs "  Results in a 5–0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade "  Affects overall calcium levels in the body

!  Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption "  Leads to bone fragility "  Increased susceptibility to bone fractures

!  Preventative measures include: "  Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy

lifestyle "  Weight-bearing exercises "  Bone density testing and medication when appropriate

3 Muscles Function

!  Movement "  Includes: breathing, eating, and

the beating of our hearts !  Support !  Heat production

There are over 600 muscles in the human body.

3 Muscles Types

!  Skeletal muscles: "  Voluntary, striated, and attach

to bones by tendons and other tissue

!  Cardiac muscles:

"  Involuntary, striated, and found in one place – the heart

!  Smooth muscles:

"  Involuntary, non-striated, and surround the body’s internal organs

4 Properties of Muscle Fiber

Irritability Refers to muscle responding to stimuli

Contractibility Refers to muscle shortening in length

Elasticity Refers to muscle stretching and returning to normal position

Extensibility Refers to muscle extending in length

Conductivity Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses

Components of Muscle Anatomy

Agonists v. Antagonist

Examples Agonist (Prime Mover) Antagonist (Counteracts)

Elbow flexion Biceps brachii Triceps brachii

Shoulder abduction Deltoid Latissimus dorsi

Medial shoulder rotation

Pectoralis major Infraspinatus

Knee extension Quadriceps Hamstrings

Wrist flexion Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis

Dorsi flexion Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius

Trunk flexion Rectus abdominis Erector spinae group

Hip flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus

Types of Muscle Contraction!  Concentric:

"  Muscle fibres shorten

!  Eccentric: "  Muscle fibres lengthen

!  Isometric: "  Muscle fibres do not change in

length

Muscular Contractions during Exercise

!  Isotonic exercise "  Controlled shortening and

lengthening of the muscle !  Isometric exercise

"  No motion – muscle fibres maintain a constant length throughout contraction

!  Isokinetic exercise "  Use machines to control

speed of contractions "  Combines best features

of both isotonic and isometric training

Sliding Filament Theory - know the essay to this

Know major muscles and their origin and insertions

Three types of joints of the body

Fibrous joint

Cartilaginous joint

Synovial joint

Characteristic of a synovial Joint

6 types of synovial joints

Ball-and-socket joint

Hinge joint

Saddle joint

Gliding joint

Pivot joint

Ellipsoid joint

Differences in Tissue properties of tendons and ligaments!  Tendons:

"  Composed of collagen (bundles of white, fibrous protein)

"  Attach muscle to bone "  Vascular

!  Ligaments:

"  Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue "  Attach bone to bone "  Avascular

Shoulder Joint, Knee Joint, Ankle Joint