anatomy: respiratory systemhome.sums.ac.ir/.../03/ana5-respiratory-dr.moradian-1393.pdf · 2015. 3....
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In the name of God
Anatomy:
Respiratory System
Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2015
Functions of the Respiratory System
Breathing process
Exchange of
Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide
Enable speech
production
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دستگاه تنفس
فرآیند تنفس
تبادل اکسیژن و دی اکسید کربن
صحبت کردن
بینی، حلق، حنجره و تراشه: ناحیه فوقانی
لبی، برونش اصلی، برونش :تحتانی ناحیه
جنب پرده هوایی، های کیسه برونشیول،
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Structures of Respiratory System
Upper respiratory tract
nose, mouth, pharynx,
epiglottis, larynx and trachea
Lower respiratory tract
bronchial tree and lungs
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The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 23–35http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp
Overview
Respiration = gas exchange --Occurs at the levels of the lungs and tissues (external respiration) and cell (internal or cellular respiration).
External respiration:
- Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out
of the lungs
- Gas exchange in the alveoli
- Gas transport in the blood
- Gas exchanges between blood and tissues
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Structure
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
Lungs
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Nose- lined with mucous membranes.
Air is warmed, filter and moistened
Pharynx or throat- 3 sections: upper,
middle and lower. Esophagus branches off
here
Larynx- voicebox. Epiglottis closes the
opening during swallowing
Trachea- windpipe, lined with c-shaped
cartilaginous rings
Structure
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Nasal
Cavity
Nose
Mouth
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Diaphragm
Throat
(pharynx)
Windpipe
(Trachea)
Left lungs
Ribs
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Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract
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Nose
Provides airway
Moistens and warms air
Filters air
Resonating chamber for speech
Olfactory receptors
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بینی
تیغه میانی
شاخک یا کونکا
مئاتوس
سینوس
اتموئید
فرونتال
اسفنوئید
ماگزیالhttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp 12
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Nasal Conchae
Inferior to each is a meatus*
Increases turbulence of air
3 scroll-like structures
Reclaims moisture on the way out
**
*
(its own bone)
Of ethmoid
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Nasal Conchae
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Paranasal sinusesFrontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
Open into nasal cavity
Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavity and
perform same functions
Also lighten the skull
Can get infected: sinusitis
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Pharynx حلق
Nasopharynx
adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
oropharynx
palatine tonsils
laryngopharynx
larynx
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Framework of the larynx حنجره 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) anteriorly
Cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage: the onlycomplete ring of cartilage: signet shaped and wideposteriorly
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Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid: 3
pairs of small cartilages
1. Arytenoid: anchor the vocal cords
2. Corniculat شاخی
3. Cuneiform میخی
9th cartilage: epiglottis
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Epliglottis* (the 9th cartilage)Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa
On a stalk attached to thyroid cartilage
Attaches to back of tongue
During swallowing, larynx is pulled superiorly
Epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal
laryngeal inlet
Keeps food out of lower respiratory tract
*
*
Posterior views
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Cough reflex: keeps all but air out ofairways
Low position of larynx is required forspeech (although makes choking easier)
Paired vocal ligaments: elastic fibers, thecore of the true vocal cords
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Pair of mucosal vocal folds (true vocalcords) over the ligaments: white becauseavascular
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Lower Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.326http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp
Larynx: maintains an open airway,
routes food and air appropriately,
assists in sound production
Trachea: transports air to and from
lungs
Bronchi: branch into lungs
Lungs: transport air to alveoli for
gas exchange
Lower Respiratory Tract
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Trachea (the windpipe)
Descends: larynx through neck into mediastinum
Divides in thorax into two main (primary) bronchi
16-20 C-shaped rings
of hyaline cartilage
joined by fibroelastic
connective tissue
Flexible for bending
but stays open despite
pressure changes
during breathinghttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp
Bronchi برونش ها
Bronchus, singular
c-shaped cartilage rings with
smooth muscle
each bronchi divides into
bronchioles
Terminate in air sacs called alveoli
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Bronchial
“tree” and
associated
Pulmonary
arteries
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:ناف ريهشريان ريوي
وريد ريوي 2وريدهاي ترونش
اعصابعروق لنفاوي
Oblique fissure .1گانگلوين هاي لنفاوي
2. Vertebral part
3. Hilum of lung
4. Cardiac impression
5. Diaphragmatic surface
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Main=primary bronchi divide into برونش اصلی
secondary=lobar bronchi, each supplies one lobe برونش لبی
3 on the right
2 on the left
Lobar bronchi branch into tertiary = segmental bronchi
Continues dividing: about 23 times
Tubes smaller than 1 mm called bronchioles برونشیول
Smallest, terminal bronchioles, are less the 0.5 mm diameter
Bronchial Tree
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Right lung: 3 lobes
Upper lobe
Middle lobe
Lower lobe
Left lung: 2 lobes
Upper lobe
Lower lobeOblique fissure
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
Abbreviations in medicine:
e.g.” RLL pneumonia”
شیار عرضی
شیار مایل
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Alveoli
air sacs کیسه های هوایی
alveolar wall membranes one cell thick and
surrounded by capillaries
gaseous exchange takes place here
Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the
alveolus.
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Alveoli
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Gas Exchange
Capillary
O2
CO2
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Lungs and Pleura
Pleural cavity – slit-like potential space filled with pleural fluid
احشايي و جداري: پرده جنة فضاي جنة
Around each lung is a flattened
sac of serous membrane called
pleura
Parietal pleura – outer layer
Visceral pleura – directly on
lung
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Chest x rays
Normal female Lateral (male)
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Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
nose / nasal cavitywarms, moistens, & filters air as it is
inhaled
pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynxthe voice box, where vocal chords are
located
trachea (windpipe)
keeps the windpipe "open"
trachea is lined with fine hairs called
cilia which filter air before it reaches the
lungs
bronchitwo branches at the end of the trachea,
each lead to a lung
bronchioles
a network of smaller branches leading from
the bronchi into the lung tissue &
ultimately to air sacs
alveolithe functional respiratory units in the lung
where gases are exchanged 45