anatomy&physiology (b&c) 2015
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
1/84
2015 Anatomy & Physiology(B & C)
Karen Lancour Patty PalmiettoNational Bio Rules National EventCommittee Chairman Supervisor A&P
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
2/84
Event Rules2015
DISCLAIMER
This presentation was prepared usingdraft rules. There may be some changesin the final copy of the rules. The rules
which will be in your Coaches Manual andStudent Manuals will be the official rules.
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
3/84
Event Rules2015
BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2015
EVENT RULES FOR EVENTPARAMETERS AND TOPICSFOR EACH COMPETITION
LEVEL
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
4/84
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYEvent Content: 2015 BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Nervous system(new for B&C) Integumentary system Immune system (new for B) Major disorders
Treatment and prevention of disorders PROCESS SKILLS - observations, inferences,
predictions, calculations, data analysis, andconclusions.
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
5/84
TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Pointcontent overview
Training Handout - content information
Sample Tournamentsample problems with key
Event Supervisor Guideprep tips, event needs,and scoring tips
Internet Resource & Training CDson the ScienceOlympiad website at www.soinc.orgunder Event
Information
Biology-Earth Science CD,Anatomy/A&P CD(updated) as well as the Division B and Division CTest Packetsare available from SO store at
www.soinc.org
http://www.soinc.org/http://www.soinc.org/http://www.soinc.org/http://www.soinc.org/ -
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
6/84
CARDIOVASCULARSYSTEM
Karen Lancour Patty PalmiettoNational Bio Rules National EventCommittee Chairman [email protected] Science
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
7/84
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
8/84
Heart/Circulatory
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
9/84
Blood Flow through the Heart
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
10/84
Electrical System of Heart
1. Bundle of His2. Sinoatrial Node
3. Intraatrial Pathway4. Inernodal Pathway5. Atrialventricular Node6. Right Bundle Branch7. Purkinje Fibers8. Left Bundle Branch
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
11/84
Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) = record ofspread of electrical activity through the
heart
P wave= caused by atrial depolarization(contraction)
QRS complex= caused by ventriculardepolarization (contraction) and atrialrelaxation
T wave= caused by ventricular
repolarization (relaxation)
ECG= useful in diagnosing abnormal heartrates, arrhythmias, & damage of heartmuscle
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
12/84
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
13/84
Cardiac Cycle
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
14/84
Circulatory SystemRelevant formulas
Stroke volume (SV) = milliliters of blood pumped per beat
Heart rate (HR) = number of beats per minute
Cardiac output (CO) = heart rate times stroke volumeCO = HR x SV
Pulse pressure (PP) = the difference between systolic pressure(SP) and diastolic pressure (DP)
PP = SP
DP
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (2 equations):Formula 1: MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressureFormula 2: MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic
pressure
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
15/84
Flow of Blood
Through the Bodyvena cava right atrium tricuspidvalve right ventricle pulmonary
valve pulmonary artery pulmonarycapillary bed
pulmonary veins leftatrium bicuspid (mitrial valve)
left ventricle aortic valve aortaarteries
arterioles tissue capillariesvenules veins vena cava
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
16/84
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
17/84
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
18/84
Functions of Blood
Transportation: oxygen & carbon dioxide nutrients waste products (metabolic wastes, excessive
water, & ions)
Regulation- hormones & heat (to regulatebody temperature)
Protection- clotting mechanism protectsagainst blood loss & leucocytes provideimmunity against many disease-causingagents
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
19/84
Blood Components
Formed elements:Red blood cells (or erythrocytes)White blood cells (or leucocytes)
Platelets (or thrombocytes)Plasma= water plusdissolvedsolutes
http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/blood.htmhttp://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/plasma.htmhttp://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/plasma.htmhttp://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/blood.htm -
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
20/84
Lymph Vessels
Lymph vessels are thin walled, valvedstructures that carry lymph
Lymph is not under pressure and ispropelled in a passive fashion
Fluid that leaks from the vascular system isreturned to general circulation via
lymphatic vessels. Lymph vessels act as a reservoir for plasma
and other substances including cells thatleaked from the vascular system
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
21/84
Lymph Circulation
Interstitial fluidLymphLymph capillaryAfferent lymphvesselLymph nodeEfferent lymph vesselLymph trunkLymph duct {Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct (left side)}
Subclavian vein (right and left)
Blood
Interstitial fluid...
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Illu_lymph_capillary.jpg -
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
22/84
Effects of Exercise
Decreases the risk of
atherosclerosisDecreases BP or causes a
slower rise in BP
Decreases LDLs, decreasescholesterol, and increases
HDLs
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
23/84
Major diseases of theCardiovascular System
Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, high
blood pressure, high cholesterol,stroke, and myocardial infarction,congestive heart failure, atrialfibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia
Symptoms of disorders
Treatments and prevention
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
24/84
Integumentary System
The integumentary system consists of theskin, hair, nails, the subcutaneoustissuebelow the skin, and assorted
glands
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
25/84
SkinFunctions
Protection from injury
Protection against infection Regulates body temperature
Regulates water loss
Chemical synthesis
Sensory perception
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
26/84
Types of Membranes
Serous Membranes Line body cavities that have no
opening to the outside Secrete a watery fluid called serous
fluid that lubricates surfaces Mucous Membranes
Line cavities and tubes that open tothe outside
Synovial Membranes Form the inner lining of joint
cavities Secrete a thick fluid called synovial
fluid Cutaneous Membranealso
known as skin
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
27/84
Skin Layers andAttachment Layer
EpidermisCovers internal +external surfacesof body
DermisInner layerContainsaccessory skinstructures
Hypodermis orsubcutaneouslayerAttaches the skinto underlyingorgans & tissues
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
28/84
Thin skin vs. Thick skin
Thin- 1-2 mm on most of the body and 0.5 mm in
eyelidsHairy; Covers all parts of the body exceptpalms, soles
Thick- up to 6 mm thick on palms of hands and solesof feet; Hairless; Covers palms, and soles
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
29/84
Epidermal Cell Types
Keratinocytes - 90 % of epidermalcells are keratinized contains keratin(fibrous protein) protects andwaterproofsthe skin
Melanocytes- 8% of the epidermalcells produces melanin contributes toskin color and absorbs UV light
Langerhans cells-Arise from redbone marrow and migrate to theepidermis -Constitute small portion ofepidermal cells -Participate in immune
responses Easily damaged by UV light Merkel cells- Least numerous of
the epidermal cells Found in thedeepest layer of the epidermis-Alongwith tactile discs, they function insensation of touch
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
30/84
Epidermal LayersStratum corneum - nuclei and organelles
are destroyed by lysosomes and the cellsfill with keratin
Stratum lucidum - only found in the
palms and soles of feet 3-5 layers ofclear, flat, dead keratinocytes -Densepacked intermediate filaments Thickplasma membranes
Stratum granulosum - cells start tobecome keritanized--Secretes lipid-rich
secretion that acts as a water sealantStratum spinosum - 8-10 layers ofkeratinocytesskin both strength and flexibility
Stratum basale -Also referred to asstratum germinatum -where new cells
are formed -
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
31/84
Growth of Epidermis
Newly formed cells in the stratum basaleundergo keratinazationas they are pushed tothe surface and accumulate more keratinduring the process
Then they undergo apoptosis or death
Eventually they slough off and are replaced
The process takes about 4 weeks
Rate of cell division in the stratum basaleincreases during injury
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
32/84
Dermis
Second deepest part of the skin Composedmainly of connective
tissues (collagen and elastic
fibers) Papillary LayerSurface area is
increased due to projectionscalled dermal papillaewhichcontains capillariesor tactile
receptors -Epidermal ridgesconforms to the dermal papillae Reticular Layer -Contains hair
follicles, nerves, sebaceousandsudoriferous glands
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
33/84
Hypodermis
(Subcutaneous)Attaches the skin tounderlying organs and tissues
Not part of the skin - lies below the dermis
Contains connective tissue andadipose
tissues (subcutaneous fat) for insulation Infants and elderly have less of this than
adults and are therefore more sensitive tocold
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
34/84
Skin Color
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
35/84
Skin Color
Genetic FactorsSkin pigmentation
All humans have the same number of
melanocytes How much melanin they produce is
controlled by several genes
Lack of pigment is called albinism
Environmental Factors - Exposure to sunlight Volume of BloodHemoglobin in blood
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
36/84
Skin PigmentsMelanin
Located mostly in epidermis
Two types of melanin: eumelanin
which is brownish black andpheomelaninwhich is reddishyellow
Fair-skinnedpeople have morepheomelaninand dark skinned
people have more eumelanin
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
37/84
Environmental Factors AffectMelanin Production
UV light increases enzyme activity inmelansomesincreased melanin production
A tan= amount of melanin increases +darkness of melanin
Eumelanin= protection from UV radiationbut pheomelin breaks down with too much
UV
Too much UV radiation may cause skincancer
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
38/84
Other Skin Pigments
Carotene= yellow -orange pigment
precurser of Vitamin Aimportant for
vision
Found in Stratum corneum and fattyareas of dermis and hypodermal layer
Hemoblobin= oxygen carryingpigment in red blood cells
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
39/84
Skin Markings
friction ridges: markings on fingertipscharacteristic of primates - allow us tomanipulate objects more easily-fingerprints
are friction ridge skin impressions flexion lines: on flexor surfaces of digits,
palms, wrists, elbows etc.- skin is tightlybound to deep fascia at these points
freckles: flat melanized patches vary withheredity or exposure to sun
moles: elevated patch of melanized skin, ofthe with hair mostly harmless, beauty marks
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
40/84
AgingSkin
In our 20s, the effects of aging begin to be visible in the skin.Stem cell activity declines: skin thin, repair difficultEpidermal dendritic cells decrease: reduced immune responseVitamin D3 production declines: calcium absorption declines
and brittle bonesGlandular activitydeclines: skin dries, body can overheatBlood supply to dermis declines: tend to feel coldHair follicles die or produce thinner hairDermisthins and becomes less elasticwrinkles
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
41/84
Skin Derivatives
During embryonic development
thousands of small groups ofepidermal cells from stratumbasalepush down into dermis to
form hair follicles and glands
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
42/84
FunctionsHair & Nails
Functions of Hair
Hair on the head protects scalp from injury andsunlight
Eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes Nostril and ear hairs protect from foreign particles
Help in sensing light touch due to the touchreceptors associated with the hair root plexuses.
Functions of the Nails Grasping objects
Manipulating objects
Protects ends of digits from trauma
Scratching
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
43/84
Hair Anatomy
Shaft: portion of hair that projects from skin surface
Root: portion of hair deep to the shaft penetrating
the dermis
Has 3 layers:
medulla
cortexcuticle
Base of the hair follicle
Bulb: houses the papilla which contains the
blood vessels that nourishes the growing hair
follicle.
Matrix:responsible for hair growth andproduces new hair
Arrector pili:smooth muscle
Extends from the dermis to the side of hair
follicle.
Hair root plexus - dendrites of neurons which are
sensitive to touch
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
44/84
Hair Features& Texture
About 100,000 hairs are on the scalpAlmost every part of body is covered with hair except
palms of hands, soles of feet, sides of fingers andtoes, lips and parts of genitals
Hair shafts differ in size, shape, and color. In theeyebrows they are short and stiff while on the scalpthey are longer and more flexible. Over the rest ofthe body they are fine and nearly invisible
Oval shaped hair shafts produce wavy hair,Flat or ribbon-like hair shafts produce curly or kinkyhairRound hair shafts produce straight hair.
Roughly 5 million hairs cover the body of an average
individual
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
45/84
Hair Growth
Hair follicles grow in repeated cycles.One cycle can be broken down into threephases.
Anagen- Growth Phase
CatagenTransitional PhaseTelogen- Resting PhaseEach hair passes through the phasesindependent of the neighboring hairs
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
46/84
Skin Glands
Sudoriferous - sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands -Secretescooling sweat
Appocrine sweat glands - duringemotional stress/excitement
Sebaceous - oil glands
Acne - inflammation ofsebaceous gland ducts
Ceruminous -modified sweatglands of the external ear thatproduce ear wax
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
47/84
Nails
Made of tightly packed, hard, keratinizedepidermal cells
Consist of:
Nail body: portion of the nail that is visible- Freeedge: part that extends past the distal end of thedigit
Nail root: portion buried in a fold of skin
Lunula: means little moon - Crescent shaped area
of the nailHyponychium: secures the nail to the fingertip -Thickened stratum corneum
Eponychium or cuticle: narrow band of epidermis-Growth of nails is in the nail matrix.
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
48/84
Skin Receptors
Heat
Cold
Lightpressure
Heavy
Pressure Pain
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
49/84
Skin Imbalances
Skin Leisons
Skin Infections
Viral as cold sores, herpes simplex, warts (HPV)Bacterial as bioles, carbuncles, inflammmation ofhair follicles and subaceous glands. Impetigo
Fungal as athletes food, Tinea
Contact DermatitisIrritant Dermatitis as soaps, detergents, shampoo
Allergic Dermatitis as poison ivy, poison oak, rubbergloves, nickel and other medals, fragrances
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
50/84
Genetic Disorders
Psoriasis chronic, noninfectious skin disease skin becomes dry and scaly, often with
pustules and many varieties stratum corneum gets thick as deadcells accumulate
often triggered by trauma, infection ,hormonal changes or stress
Vitiligoa autoimmune pigmentationdisorder where melanocytes in theepidermis are destroyed eg MichaelJackson
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
51/84
Skin cancer
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
52/84
Types of Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Spread uncommon, verycurable if found early
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Occurs parts exposed to thesun
T pes of Skin Cance
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
53/84
Types of Skin Cancer(cont.)
Malignant Melanoma
Most common in southernhemisphere where the ozonelayer is thin.
Deadly if not caught early!!
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
54/84
Very common
ABCD
Asymmetry
Borders
Color Diameter
Skin Cancer
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
55/84
Skin Cancer Prevention
Use SPF 15 minimum.
Wear hats and shirts withsleeves.
Wear sunglasses to protect
eyes from UV.
Avoid tanning beds
I S t
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
56/84
Immune SystemComponents
specific cells - lymphocytes,
macrophages, etc., originate from
precursor cells in the bone marrow
and patrol tissues by circulating in
either the blood or lymphatics,
migrating into connective tissue or
collecting in immune organs
lymphatic organs- thymus, spleen,
tonsils, lymph nodes diffuse lymphatic tissue -collections of
lymphocytes and other immune cells
dispersed in the lining of the digestive
and respiratory tracts and in the skin
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
57/84
Types of Cells
L h ti
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
58/84
LymphmaticOrgans
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Red Bone Marrow
Immune Tissue inOrgansGALT,MALT, SALT
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
59/84
Plan of Protection
Immunity is the ability to defendagainst infectious agents, foreign cells
and abnormal cells eg. cancerous cells 1stLine of defenseBlock entry
2ndLine of DefenseFight Local
Infections 3rdLine of DefenseCombat Major
Infections
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
60/84
Nonspecific Response
Responds quickly, fights all invaders andconsists of:
First line of defenseintact skin and mucosaeand secretions of skin and mucousmembranes prevent entry of microorganisms
Second line of defensephagocytic white
blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and othercells
Inflammatory response process is key
Inhibit invaders from spreading throughout
the body
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
61/84
First line of Defense
Non specific barriers to block entry
Skinphysical & chemical barrier
Mucous membranes
Nasal hairs and microscopic cilia
Gastric juice, vaginal secretions &urine
Natural flora
Tears, salivaand sweatglands
Cerumenor Ear Wax
S d Li
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
62/84
Second Lineof Defense
Fight local infection with Inflammation
Process Response is a non-specific, immediate,
maximalresponse
Consists of phagocytosis, complementprotein response
Involve the Inflammation Process
Ph t d Th i
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
63/84
Phagocytes and TheirRelatives
I fl ti P
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
64/84
Inflammation Process
S ifi R
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
65/84
Specific Response
Third Line of Defense takes longer to react
work on specific types of invaders-
identifies and targets fordestruction
not restricted to initial site of
invasion/infectionwhole bodyprotection
a strongerimmune responseas
well as immunological memory
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
66/84
Antigens
Antigensare proteins or carbohydratechain of a glycoprotein within a
plasma membrane which the bodyrecognizes asnonself
antigen presentation - specific
immune response is antigen-specificand requires the recognition ofspecific non-self antigens
Specific Defense
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
67/84
Specific Defense
Humorial Antibody
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
68/84
HumorialAntibody(Extracellular Response)
B cells
Plasma Cells -produce antibodies
Antibody-antigenComplex
Helper T Cells
Memory Cells
Antigen-Antibody Complex Functions
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
69/84
Antigen-Antibody Complex Functions
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
70/84
Classes of Antibodies
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
71/84
Classes of Antibodies
IgA
Antibodies are dimmerscontain two Y shaped structures. Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut,
respiratory tract and urogenital tract. Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk. They attack
microbes and prevents colonization by pathogens before they reach the blood stream so it is most
important antibody in local immunity
IgDFunctions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. It has
been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors.
IgG
In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. It
makes up about 75 % of all human antibodies and is the bodys major defense against bacteria. The
only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus. It is the most
versatile of antibodies because it carries out functions of the other antibodies as well.
IgEBinds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in
allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms.
IgMExpressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high avidity. Eliminates
pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG.
Cell mediated immune
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
72/84
Cell-mediated immuneresponse
Within the cellinvolves the activationofphagocytes, antigen-
specificcytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and therelease of various cytokinesin response to an antigen
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
73/84
Memory B & T Cells
Should a pathogen infect
the body more than once,these specific memory cellsare used to quicklyeliminate
Primary & Secondary
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
74/84
Primary & SecondaryImmunity
Sources of Specific Immunity
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
75/84
p yInborn & Acquired
Inborn ImmunityImmunity for certain diseases is inherited
Acquired Immunityimmunity can be acquired throughinfection or artificially by medical intervention
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
76/84
Immunization
ibi i d i i l
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
77/84
Antibiotics and Antivirals
Antibiotics or antibacterialsgroup ofmedications used to kill bacteria bypreventing them from dividing
There is concern about the extensive use ofantibiotics resulting in resistant forms ofbacteria and superbugs
Antiviralsgroup of medications used totreat viral infections but they cannotdestroy the virus. Rather they inhibit thevirus from reproducing and developing.
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
78/84
Cultured Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodiescloningof many copies of the same
antibody which can be useful infighting diseases because theycan be designed specifically to
only target a certain antigen, suchas one that is found on cancercells
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
79/84
Allergies
Hypersensitivityof the immune systemto relatively harmless environmental
antigens - the immune system reacts toan outside substance that it normallywould ignore
Allergy types (food, dust, mold,seasonal), symptoms andsigns (skinrash, itching, red bumps, sneezing)
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
80/84
Asthma
an obstructive pulmonary disorder
characterized by recurring spasms ofmuscles in bronchial walls accompanied byedema and mucus production which makebreathing difficult
it causes the airways of the lungs to swelland narrow, leading to wheezing, shortnessof breath, chest tightness, and coughing
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
81/84
AIDS -HIV
AIDS -(acquired immune deficiencysyndrome) is the final stage of HIV
disease, which causes severe damage tothe immune system-caused by infectionwith human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)-HIV infects vital cells in the humanimmune system such as helper T cells,macrophages, and dendrite cells
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
82/84
Autoimmune Disorders
Condition that occurs when the immunesystem mistakenly attacks and destroyshealthy body tissue
Can't tell the differencebetween healthybody tissue and antigens- The result is animmune response that destroys normalbody tissues
More than 80 different typesMultiplesclerosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemiclupus erythematosus
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
83/84
ABO Antigens
The surface membranes of RBCs carry proteins thatact as antigens in some recipients
Type A blood has A antigens only.
Type B blood has B antigens only.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens present
Type O blood lacks both A and B antigens
Blood plasma contains antibodies to the bloodtypes not present.
Exposure to foreign blood antigens results inagglutinationor clumping of RBCs, preventscirculation of blood, and the RBCs burst
-
7/25/2019 Anatomy&Physiology (b&c) 2015
84/84
RH Factor
Another important antigen used in matching bloodtypes
Persons with Rh factor on RBC membrane are Rhpositive; Rh negative lack the Rh factor protein.
Rh negative individuals do not automatically haveantibodies to Rh factor but develop immunity whenexposed to it.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occurwhen mother is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive