anchoring on posidonia oceanica meadows: impacts ... · impact on posidonia oceanica milazzo et al....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Montefalcone Monica
ANCHORING ON
POSIDONIA OCEANICA
MEADOWS:
IMPACTS, MONITORING AND
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Anchors away!
Mitigating direct anthropogenic
impacts on Posidonia beds
Athens
21-22 November 2019
![Page 2: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Posidonia oceanica meadows (EUNIS MB252, HD 1120)
![Page 3: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ESTIMATED
REGRESSION 34%
![Page 4: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ESTIMATED REGRESSION
IN THE WESTERN
MEDITERRANEAN 56%
![Page 5: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional
climate warming (Jorda et al., 2012, Nature Climate Change)
WARMING WILL LEAD
TO THE FUNCTIONAL
EXTINCTION OF
POSIDONIA OCEANICA
MEADOWS BY THE
MIDDLE OF THIS
CENTURY
(YEAR 2049±10)
EVEN UNDER A
RELATIVELY MILD
GREENHOUSE-GAS
EMISSIONS SCENARIO
![Page 6: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Temporal trend of Posidonia oceanica meadow
extent in Liguria (NW Mediterranean),
combining modelling, estimations, and
quantitative cartographic measurements.
ESTIMATED
REGRESSION
> 50%
![Page 7: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
uppe
r lim
it di
stan
ce (
m)
MPA
κmax
κmin
Last decades trend
Survey records
Reference condition
RESULTS OF CONSERVATION MEASURES AND MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS
Posidonia oceanica meadow of Bergeggi
Change in the position of the
upper limit
![Page 8: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Natural and anthropogenic factors that influence a
Posidonia oceanica seascape
Abadie et al. 2018. Seascape ecology in Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows: linking structure and
ecological processes for management. Ecological Indicators 87: 1–13.
![Page 9: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
HIGH NATURAL
HERITAGE
HIGH ANCHORING
PRESSURE
![Page 10: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Anchoring pressure seasonality based on AIS data (Automatic Identification
System, purchased from MarineTraffic.com) from 2010 to 2015 in France.
Deter et al. 2017. Boat anchoring pressure on coastal seabed: Quantification and bias estimation using AIS
data. Marine Pollution Bulletin 123: 175–181.
![Page 11: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Deter et al. 2017
Anchoring pressure on coastal seabed habitats using AIS data between
2010 and 2015 in France.
Around 30% of the habitats between 0 and 80 m exhibit
anchoring pressure, and Posidonia oceanica seagrass
beds are the most impacted habitat in terms of duration
![Page 12: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Anchoring pressure on Posidonia oceanica: 3 stages
![Page 15: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Anchoring and mooring impacts change the seascape structure
![Page 16: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Holes formed
from swinging-
chain moorings
![Page 17: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Holes formed
from swinging-
chain moorings
![Page 18: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sidescan sonar images (each 20 m across) of seagrass bed
showing scars due to (a) mooring chain and (b) anchoring.
MOORING ANCHORING
Abadie et al. 2015. Marine space ecology and seagrasses. Does patch type matter in Posidonia oceanica seascapes?
Ecological Indicators 57: 435-446.
![Page 19: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Anchor type affects the degree of the
disturbance, with larger anchors having a greater
impact on Posidonia oceanica
Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy, western
Mediterranean): effect of anchor types in different anchoring stages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
299: 51–62.
![Page 20: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mean (±SE) number of shoots uprooted/broken by the three anchor types used in the
presence of the anchor chain or a rope during the three anchoring stages.
Hall
Danforth
Folding grapnel
Ustica Island MPA
Milazzo et al. 2004
![Page 21: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Study conducted in Alga Bay
(8°43’52” E; 42°34’20” N), an area
of 1 km2 of intensive anchoring in
Calvi Bay (Corsica, France),
colonized by a P. oceanica
meadow covering 0.78 km2.
Abadie et al. 2016. From mechanical to chemical
impact of anchoring in seagrasses: The premises of
anthropogenic patch generation in Posidonia
oceanica meadows. Marine Pollution Bulletin 109
(1):61-71.
BOAT LENGHT
![Page 22: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Proportion of anchoring on the three different substrates for boats with a
length lower than 10 m; between 10 and 20 m, upper than 20 m and for all
classes. Abadie et al. 2016
![Page 23: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Map representing the positioning
pattern of the anchoring chains-
system in the Prelo cove (San
Michele di Pagana, Rapallo).
C: percentage cover by living
Posidonia oceanica; DM: dead
matte.
SCI “Fondali del Monte di Portofino”
EFFECTS OF MOORING SYSTEMS
AREA = 8 ha
![Page 24: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Frame of the study area divided into subareas. Dark grey indicates the areas with chains, and light
grey indicates the areas without chains. The two different portions of the cove analysed, shallow (S)
and deep (D), were also reported.Montefalcone et al. 2006
![Page 25: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Conservation
Index (CI)
CI = P/(P+D)
P = percent cover of
live Posidonia
oceanica
D = percent cover of
dead matte
![Page 26: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Montefalcone M. 2009. Ecosystem health assessment using the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: A review. Ecological
Indicators 9, 595-604.
0 1
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
CONSERVATION STATUS OF MEADOWS
![Page 27: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CI values in subareas
with chains and in
subareas without
chains, respectively in
the shallow portion (a)
and in the deep
portion (b) (mean +
S.D.). *** Highly
significant differences
(Student’s t -test).
Frequencies of the subareas (both
shallow and deep) characterized by the
presence of dead matte and Caulerpa
prolifera on dead matte, in the subareas
with and without chains.
Montefalcone et al. 2006
![Page 28: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
More than 2800 m2 of meadow has been destroyed over
the last few decades in Prelo. This value corresponds to
5.8% of the total surface area occupied by P. oceanica in
the cove and should be compared with the 0.2% occupied
by the chains themselves.
The chains system totals 1130 m in length
every linear metre of chain deployed
led to a loss of 2.5–3 m2 of meadowMontefalcone et al. 2006
![Page 29: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Effects of the chain in correspondence of four different Posidonia oceanicameadow situations: (a) high cover; (b) medium cover; (c) low cover; and (d)dead matte.
a b
c d
EFFECTS OF MOORING SYSTEMS
![Page 30: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The symmetrical BACI design used in this study. S = shallow portion of the meadow; D = deep portion of
the meadow; L = low-covered Posidonia oceanica meadow; M = medium-covered P. oceanica meadow; H =
high-covered P. oceanica meadow.
SCI “Fondali del Monte di Portofino”
![Page 31: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mean values (+se) of the shoot density (a), the rhizome baring (b) and the percentage of dead shoots
(c) at each sample site for each class of Posidonia oceanica cover (high, medium, low) in the shallow (light
grey) and the deep (dark grey) portions of the meadow, in the early and the late phases of the impact. Ct =
control site; Im = impact site.
Montefalcone et al. 2008
![Page 32: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Absolute number (N) of shoots lost
(a) and net shoot density decline
rate (%) after the anchoring chain
impact for each class of Posidonia
oceanica cover (high, medium, low)
in the shallow (light grey) and the
deep (dark grey) portions of the
meadow
from 10% to 55% net decline
even a seasonal
disturbance can
create heavy marks
on the
meadow, from which
recovery is difficult in
the short-term
(> 150 years)
50–120 shoots m-2 lost each season
Montefalcone et al. 2008
![Page 33: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The direct effect of anchoring: 20 shoots on average are broken or
uprooted when the anchor locks into the bottom and a further 14
shoots on average when it is retrieved with an electrical windlass.
This average total of 34 broken or uprooted shoots represent a
loss of about 50 shoots m2. The effect increases with weak matte
compactness and high rhizome baring but not with shoot density.
Francour et al. 1999. Effects of boat anchoring in Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds in the Port-Cros National Park
(north-western Mediterranean Sea). Aquatic Conser. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 9: 391–400.
Port-Cros National Park
![Page 34: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mean number (±SE) of intermats of P. oceanica as a function of
mooring and location (PM and CM).
La Manna et al. 2015. The detrimental consequences for seagrass of ineffective marine park management related to boat
anchoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 90 (1-2):160-166.
La Maddalena
Archipelago National
Park (Sardinia, Italy)
![Page 35: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
1. COLLECTION OF THE AVAILABLE
INFORMATION ON THE PRESSURE OF
ANCHORING AND BOATS FREQUENTATION
(e.g., DAILY DENSITY) AND ON HABITATS
2. DEFINITION OF THE MOST SUITABLE
DESCRIPTORS
3. ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH STATE OF
POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS
SUBJECTED TO ANCHORING
MONITORING ANCHORING IMPACT
A case study from the Liguria Sea
![Page 36: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1. COLLECTION OF THE AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON THE PRESSUREOF ANCHORING AND BOATS FREQUENTATION AND ON HABITATS
Paraggi-Punta Pedale (PP)Camogli (CM) Riva Trigoso (RT)
![Page 37: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
EVALUATING THE DAILY FREQUENCY OF ANCHORING BY
PLEASURE BOATS ALONG THE LIGURIAN COAST
Paraggi-Punta Pedale, within the Marine
Protected Area of Portofino, August
2007.
1. COLLECTION OF THE AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON THE PRESSUREOF ANCHORING AND BOATS FREQUENTATION AND ON HABITATS
Riva Trigoso, close to Sestri Levante,
August 2007.
![Page 38: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
1. CAMOGLI: NO ANCHORING PRESSURE BECAUSE NAVIGATION
AND ANY TYPE OF ANCHORING IS FORBIDDEN OVER THE
“TONNARA”
2. RIVA TRIGOSO: INTERMEDIATE ANCHORING PRESSURE
(AVERAGE NUMBER OF BOATS PER DAY IN THE SUMMER
SEASON = 9.8 ± 0.45 AND MAXIMUM NUMBER REACHED IN A DAY
EQUAL TO 100 BOATS)
3. PARAGGI-PUNTA PEDALE: HIGH ANCHORING PRESSURE
(AVERAGE NUMBER OF BOATS PER DAY IN THE SUMMER
SEASON = 15 ± 0.62 AND MAXIMUM NUMBER REACHED IN A DAY
EQUAL TO 150 BOATS)
1. COLLECTION OF THE AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON THE PRESSUREOF ANCHORING AND BOATS FREQUENTATION AND ON HABITATS
IDENTIFICATION OF A GRADIENT OF PRESSURE
![Page 39: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1. COLLECTION OF THE AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON THE PRESSUREOF ANCHORING AND BOATS FREQUENTATION AND ON HABITATS
![Page 40: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
SOURCE Shoot
density
Cover
%
Leaves
number
and
lenght
Proportion of
orthotropic/
plagiotropic
rhizomes
Substrate
compac-
tness
Rhizomes
baring
CI Sediment
features
Seascape
indices
Francour et al.
1999X X X X X
Milazzo et al.
2004X X
Fernández-
Torquemada
et al. 2005X X X
Lasagna et al.
2006X
Gattorna et al.
2006X X
Montefalcone
et al. 2006X X
Ceccherelli et
al. 2007X X X X
2. DEFINITION OF THE MOST SUITABLE DESCRIPTORS
![Page 41: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
SOURCE Shoot
density
Cover
%
Leaves
number
and
lenght
Proportion of
orthotropic/
plagiotropic
rhizomes
Substrate
compac-
tness
Rhizomes
baring
CI Sediment
features
Seascape
indices
Lloret et al.
2008X X
Montefalcone
et al. 2008X X X X
Okudan et al.
2011X X
La Manna et al.
2014X X X
Abadie et al.
2015X
Abadie et al.
2016X X X X X X
Abadie et al.
2019X X X X
2. DEFINITION OF THE MOST SUITABLE DESCRIPTORS
![Page 42: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
3. ASSESS THE MEADOWS’ STATE OF HEALTH
PUNTA PEDALE:
> ANCHORING
PRESSURE
< CONSERVATION
STATUS
> SEASCAPE
HETEROGENEITY
![Page 43: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
APPROACH BASED ON MEASURING
SEASCAPE INDICES DIRECTLY ON MAPS
WHEN THE SCALE IS > 1: 5000
PHYSIONOMIC-SEASCAPE APPROACH, TO
DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND THE
MEADOW STATE OF HEALTH THROUGH THE
COMBINED USE OF STRUCTURAL
DESCRIPTORS (e.g., SHOOT DENSITY,
COVER, RHIZOMES BARING), ECOLOGICAL
INDICES (e.g., CONSERVATION INDEX) AND
SEASCAPE INDICES (e.g., PATCHINES,
HETEROGENEITY) WITH A DETAILED
HABITAT MAPPING
3. ASSESS THE MEADOWS’ STATE OF HEALTH
![Page 44: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
MOORING SOLUTIONS
SEAGRASS-
FRIENDLY
MOORING SYSTEM
SCI “Fondali del Monte di Portofino”
![Page 45: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Monitoring the ‘Harmony’
anchors in Posidonia
oceanica meadows in Agay
Bay and in the Port-Cros
National Park (Var, North-
West Mediterranean).
Francour and Soltan, 2000
ANCHORING SOLUTIONS
SEAGRASS-FRIENDLY ANCHORING SYSTEM
![Page 46: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
SANDY OR SEDIMENTARY BOTTOMS
DEAD MATTE AND LIVING
MEADOW
ANCHORING SOLUTIONS
ROCKS
Francour and Soltan, 2000
![Page 47: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF P. OCEANICA FROM ANCHORING:
(1) establish free zones for anchoring, located in places where seagrasses are not
present, reducing the boat pressure on the forbidden areas and on mooring fields;
(2) a maximum number of boats should be permitted to access the area, established on
the base of the number of mooring buoys available and the capacity of designated
anchorage areas on sandy bottoms;
(3) traditional mooring systems in seagrass meadows should be replaced by ‘seagrass-
friendly’ systems in order to make plant recovery possible in the areas damaged by
anchoring and mooring; the number, concentrations and localization of buoys should
be carefully determined;
(4) considering the general inobservance of restrictions on anchoring, local surveillance
should be implemented, also employing video technologies and closer co-operation
with law enforcement;
(5) one of the main conservation goals should be the implementation of a proper and
periodical educational program, containing awareness actions about the importance
of marine habitats and campaigns in order to change boaters’ attitudes and
behaviours regarding anchoring in coastal areas;
(6) Design a long-term monitoring plan to measure the effects of any new management
strategy.
BEST PRACTICES
![Page 48: ANCHORING ON POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS: IMPACTS ... · impact on Posidonia oceanica Milazzo et al. 2004. Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041112/5f1b542279518a558a11d69d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Thank you for your attention