ancient civilizations: mesopotamia. geography fertile crescent north east of egypt good farmland...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ancient Civilizations:
Mesopotamia
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Geography• Fertile
Crescent•North east of Egypt•Good farmland•Between the Tigris, Euphrates Rivers
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“the cradle of civilization”
• Lack of natural barriers• Frequent migration and invasion• Very diverse group of people
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Mesopotamia• “the land between two rivers”• Eastern end of fertile crescent• A crossroads where people shared ideas
and customs
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Sumerian Civilization
• First civilization in Mesopotamia was Sumer.• City –states: political units made up of a city
and surrounding land.
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City-States
• Fought each other for land and water
• War leaders evolved into hereditary rulers
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Religion• Polytheistic (many gods/ goddesses) • Ziggurat: largest building in city-state,
temple to city-state’s chief god or goddess
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Ziggurat
Offered sacrifices of animals, grains, wine
Holy day celebrationsceremonies and processions
Happy gods/goddessesprosperous city-state
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Government• Ruler/ Chief servant of the gods
responsible for:–Maintaining city walls– Irrigation systems– Leading army– Enforcing laws– Employing Scribes• Collect taxes• Keep records
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Society
• Social hierarchy- system of ranks
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Women in society• Role changed over time.• Early days mother-
goddess honored.• Large city-states:
warrior leaders and male gods replaced mother-goddess.
• Could own property and trade.
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Contributions to society
• Cuneiform- wedge-shaped writing
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Other contributions• First wheeled vehicles• Irrigation systems/ dikes/
canals• Algebra/geometry• Astronomy
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Other civilizations of Mesopotamia
• Assyrians• Persians• Babylonians
• Hittites• Lydians
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Assyrians• Upper Tigris region• Conquered entire Fertile Crescent• Enemies united to destroy, empire collapsed
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Persians
• Ruler- Darius• Divided the empire into
provinces• Built roads- aid travel and
communication
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Babylonians
• Powerful ruler- Hammurabi• Code of Hammurabi- first major collection of
laws in history
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Hittites
• Mined iron ore to produce iron• Brought the world into the iron
age
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Lydians
• Developed a system of coined money