ancient egypt

Objectives 2.2 / 4.1 Objectives 2.2 / 4.1 Rise and Fall of Ancient EgyptRise and Fall of Ancient Egypt• Summarize the effects of geography on the

development of Egyptian culture • Explain how Egypt united into a kingdom • Describe ancient Egyptian religion, social structure,

technological advances, and science • Explain why Egypt declined and was conquered by the

Hykos• Identify key developments during the New Kingdom

that led Egypt to become an empire

Ancient Egyptian History

Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriods Time Frame

Nile Culture Begins

3900 B. C. E.

Unification / Dynasties Begin

3100 – 2650 B. C. E.

Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.

Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.

New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.

A View of Egypt by Satellite

A View of Egypt by Satellite

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Fertile Nile Valley•Nile River—4,100

miles long and flows northward into the Mediterranean

•Lower Egypt contains the Nile delta region—broad, marshy area of land formed by deposits of silt (fertile black mud)

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Environmental benefits: •Nile flooding is predictable •Provides system of transportation (sails needed for southbound boats) •Surrounded by vast areas of desert—acted as natural barriers Environmental challenges: •Forced Egyptians to live on small portion of land•Limited cultural diffusion • Drought could cause starving / too much rain could destroy homes and farms

Unification of EgyptUnification of Egypt

• Narmer—recent evidence suggests he was the first king to rule a unified Egypt—conquered Lower Egypt circa 3000 B.C.

• In ancient tradition, Menes (the Scorpion King) was believed to be the first to rule an unified Egypt

• 2920 B.C.—Egyptian date for foundation of the first dynasty

Palette of Narmer, 3000 B.C.—tells the tale of Narmer’s conquest of Lower Egypt (used to prepare cosmetics).

Pharaohs—god-kingsPharaohs—god-kings

• Ancient Egypt theocracy: government in which rule is based on religious authority

• Pharaohs controlled religion, the army, and the government

• Well-being of the kingdom depended on the pharaoh

Building the Building the Pyramids: Pyramids:

Centuries of Centuries of Innovation Innovation

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

Stepped pyramid for pharaoh Djoser (2,650 B.C.)— Djoser is the first pharaoh to be worshipped as a god

Djoser’s royal tomb became a model for later pharaohs—architect (& high priest) Imhotep designed the world’s first pyramid & started a revolution in tomb design using cut granite

Link to video segment on Djoser

Imhotep: Famous Architect of Imhotep: Famous Architect of Djoser’s Pyramid Djoser’s Pyramid

• http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=nRK6DTpX5Ts&fv=nRK6DTpX5Ts&feature=player_embeature=player_embedded#edded#

Red Pyramid: Red Pyramid: Important Step Forward in DesignImportant Step Forward in Design

• Built by pharaoh Snafu (circa 2,575 B.C.).)

• Movement towards true pyramid shape—sloped smooth sides (this is the pharaoh’s 3rd pyramid he built trying to achieve perfection)

Glimmering in the Sun:White Limestone Covered Inner Core of the

Pyramids

Great Pyramid at GizaGreat Pyramid at Giza

•Ka: the eternal life force

•Pharaoh’s ka remains alive after death—must have its needs and pleasures met

•Old Kingdom pharaohs had pyramids built as their resting place after death

• Great Pyramid at Giza (center & below)—2,550 B.C. –built for the pharaoh Khufu (one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World—only one still standing)

• 4 points are aligned with the 4 cardinal directions; 481 feet high

http://voicethread.com/share/681532/

Plan of the Great Pyramid

of Khufu (Cheops in Greek)

Plan of the Great Pyramid

of Khufu (Cheops in Greek)

http://www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/3499/gp1.htm (facts about the Great Pyramid)

Pyramid & Sphinx of KhafrePyramid & Sphinx of Khafre(son of Khufu)(son of Khufu)

• Khafre, Khufu's son, built beside his father's pyramid. His is the smaller pyramid, but as it is built on higher ground, and has a slightly steeper angle, it appears the larger.

• Most complete of the Giza three--retains some of its upper casing stones.

• The Great Sphinx crouches beside Khafre's Valley Temple---consists of the king's head, 22 times life-sized, perched on a massive lion's body.

Pyramid & Sphinx of Khafre


•

Great Pyramid—made of granite and limestone taken from quarries

Each block weighed at least 2.5 tons and there are 2 millions blocks used—fitted together with exact precision

Pyramids reflected the power of ancient Egypt

Economic strength and technological advancement needed to support these massive public works projects

The orientation of the pyramids runs east to west—connects the pharaoh to the rising and setting sun

Pyramids at Giza—built over an 80 year period

Egyptian Egyptian Religion:Religion:

Foundation of Foundation of their culture their culture

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:

“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:

“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”

Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis HorusUnderworld Magic Pharaoh

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Preparations for the Underworld

Preparations for the Underworld

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spiritPriests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

Materials Used in Mummification

Materials Used in Mummification

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

http://voicethread.com/#e684373

Preparation for the Afterlife

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.Queen Tiye,

wife of Amenhotep II

1210-1200 B. C. E.

Queen Tiye, wife of

Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.


C. E.

Journey to the Underworld

Journey to the Underworld

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

Egyptian Egyptian Book of the Book of the DeadDead

• Ancient Egyptian collection of funerary texts made up of spells and charms

• Placed in tombs to aid the deceased in the next world.

• Scribes produced and sold copies, often colorfully illustrated, for burial use.

• Believed to have 200 chapters but none of the surviving copies are complete


Egyptian Book of the Dead

Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Final JudgmentThe Final Judgment

Anubis Horus Osiris Anubis Horus Osiris

The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

The Ankh – The “Cross” of LifeThe Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

Ancient Ancient Egyptian Egyptian Society Society

Papyrus PaperPapyrus Paper

Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant

Scroll PieceScroll Piece

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols

The Rosetta StoneThe Rosetta Stone

Champollion—decoded hieroglyphics

Discovery of this stone by French soldiers in 1799 led to the deciphering of hieroglyphics


Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Egyptian NobilityEgyptian Nobility

Egyptian Priestly ClassEgyptian Priestly Class

Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe

Ancient Egyptian Housing

Ancient Egyptian HousingMiddle Class

HomesMiddle Class Homes

Peasant Homes

Peasant Homes

Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Making Ancient Egyptian WineMaking Ancient Egyptian Wine

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

PerfumePerfume

WhigsWhigs

MirrorMirror

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Egyptian Medicine Egyptian Medicine • Became masters of human anatomy and healing mostly due to the

extensive mummification ceremonies---involved removing most of the internal organs including the brain, lungs, pancreas, liver, spleen, heart and intestine (put in Canopic jars to dry out and then the organs were put back in the body)

• The Egyptians had (and this is an understatement) a basic knowledge of organ functions

• Knowledge of anatomy branched into many other medical practices, such as treating fevers and wounds, healing broken bones, surgical procedures

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Egyptian Math & Draftsmanship

Egyptian Math & Draftsmanship

11 1010 100100 10001000 10,00010,000 100,000100,000 1,000,0001,000,000

What number is this?

What number is this?

System of numbers—used especially for the collecting of taxes

Egyptian TechnologyEgyptian Technology

• Calendar system---solar year (365 days)—very accurate prediction of the Nile flooding—based on astronomy

• Irrigation and canals • Geometry—used to build pyramids and

monuments—advanced engineering/problem solving skills

• First use of cut stone and columns

STOP STOPSTOP STOP

REVIEW SECTION 2.2 REVIEW SECTION 2.2

Before Continuing Before Continuing

The New Kingdom: 1570-1025 B.C.The New Kingdom: 1570-1025 B.C.

(4.1) (4.1)

Invaders Rule Egypt Invaders Rule Egypt • The Hykos—invaders from Palestine conquered The Hykos—invaders from Palestine conquered

Egypt using their advanced weaponry, especially Egypt using their advanced weaponry, especially chariots chariots

• Egypt had been weakened by internal warfare and Egypt had been weakened by internal warfare and poor rulers poor rulers

• Hebrews—move into the region around 1650 B.C. Hebrews—move into the region around 1650 B.C. settling in Egypt with the Hykossettling in Egypt with the Hykos

Rise of the New KingdomRise of the New Kingdom

• Strong, warlike pharaohs came to power in Egypt and eventually expelled the Hykos around 1570 B.C.

• Bronze weapons and chariots made Egypt a great power—strong army—became conquerors establishing an empire

• According to t he Old Testament, the Hebrews remained in Egypt and were enslaved

Hatshepsut—Make Trade, Not WarHatshepsut—Make Trade, Not War• Woman who declared herself pharaoh

while ruling for her young stepson

• Encouraged trade—sent ships down the Red Sea to trade with East Africa

• Her tomb walls reveal the glories of her reign (a recently discovered mummy is believed to be her)

• Stepson Thutmose III tried to erase her memory from history—may have murdered her


The Valley of the Queens

The Valley of the Queens

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

1473-1458 B. C. E.

1473-1458 B. C. E.

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs of the New

Kingdom

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs of the New

Kingdom

Thutmose III

1504-1450 B. C. E.

Thutmose III

1504-1450 B. C. E.


C. E.


C. E.

Tutankhamen

1336-1327 B. C. E.

Tutankhamen

1336-1327 B. C. E.

Thutmose III—Empire BuilderThutmose III—Empire Builder

• Warlike ruler• Conquered the

areas of Palestine and Syria

• Contact with other cultures brought wealth and new ideas (cultural diffusion)

• Egypt reaches the height of its power and influence

The Valley of the KingsThe Valley of the Kings• New Kingdom pharaohs were grand builders—elaborate temples and great palaces (“pharaoh” means “great house”)

• Grand tombs were built under desert cliffs in the remote Valley of the Kings—good location for security and peace in afterlife

Akhenaton: First Monotheist?

Akhenaton: First Monotheist?

1352-1336 B. C. E.

1352-1336 B. C. E.


• He and his wife Nefertiti started a practice of monotheism — worshipped the sun disc god over all others, and seem to have outlawed their subjects' polytheistic devotion — threatened Egypt's priesthood and ensured they would have

no shortage of powerful enemies.

Shows ideal home life of the pharaoh with the sun disk shining on them

QueenNefertitiQueen

Nefertiti

Controversial long-necked Queen of legendary beauty---this famous bust represents the changes in art that Akhenaton instituted during his reign—much more realistic, not rigid, real portrait (if you are ever in Berlin you must go see this bust)

http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/nefertiti/nefertiti.html

Royal wife of Akhenaton—some scholars argue she was responsible for instituting the monotheistic religion and may have had a hand in the boy king Tutankhamen’s death

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

• Discovered the tomb of Tutankhamen (Akhenaton’s son)

•Tomb was undisturbed and contained all of its riches

King Tutankhamen's Death Mask

King Tutankhamen's Death Mask

1336-1327 B. C. E.

1336-1327 B. C. E.


Tutankhamun married Ankhesenpaaten, his half sister, the third daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti---he died at age 18/19

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Ramses II—Great BuilderRamses II—Great Builder

• Preserved his memory through monumental building

• Constructed a temple to Amon-Re at Karnak complete with enormous statues of himself

• Built a major temple carved into the red limestone at Abu Simbel

Temple of Karnak—Ramses II additions

Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II

Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II

1279-1213 B. C. E.

1279-1213 B. C. E.

Who Are These Strange People?

Who Are These Strange People?

Routes of the “Sea Peoples”

Routes of the “Sea Peoples”

The end of the Bronze Age!The end of the Bronze Age!

•Mystery as to who the “Sea Peoples” were, but they caused great destruction

•Egypt never fully recovered from these invasions after 1150 B.C.

•Egypt culture continued to greatly influenced the powers that came to dominate the region, such as Libya and Nubia (south of Egypt where the Nile divides)

ancient egypt

Education

stepped pyramid

ancient egyptian religion

true pyramid

red pyramid

fathers pyramid

smaller pyramid

death great pyramid

egypt united