ancient egypt an egyp tian mu mmi ficat ion birth birth. a pers on's shad ow was alwa ys pres ent. a...

Ancient Egypt An Egyp tian Mu mmi ficat ion birth birth. A pers on's shad ow was alwa ys pres ent. A pers on coul d not exist with out a shad ow, nor the shad ow with out the pers on. The shad ow was repr esen ted as a smal l hum an figur e pain ted com plet ely blac k. A pe rson' s nam e was give n to the m at birth and woul d liv e for as long as that nam e was spok en. This is why effor ts wer e mad e to prot ect the nam e. A cart ouch e (mag ical rope ) was used to surr ound the nam e and prot ect it for eter nity.liv e The ka was a pers on's doub le. It is wha t we woul d call a spiri t or a soul. The ka was crea ted at the sam e time as the phys ical body. The doub les wer e mad e on a pott ers whe el by the ram- head ed god, Khnu m. The ka exist ed in the phys ical worl d and resid ed in the tom b. It had the sam e need s that the pers on had in life, whic h was to eat, drin k, etc. The Egyp tians left offer ings of food, drin k, and worl dly poss essio ns in tom bs for the ka to use. Khnu m The ba can best be desc ribe d as som eone 's pers onali ty. Like a pers on's body, each ba was an indiv idual. It ente red a pers on's body with the brea th of life and it left at the time of deat h. It mov ed freel y bet wee n the unde rwor ld and the phys ical worl d. The ba had the abili ty to take on diffe rent form s. form s The akh was the aspe ct of a pers on that woul d joi n th e gods in the unde rwor ld bein g imm ortal and unch ange able. It was crea ted after deat h by the use of fune rary text and spell s, desi gned to brin g forth an akh. Once this was achi eved that indiv idual was assu red of not "dyi ng a seco nd time " a deat h that woul d mea n the end of one' s exist ence.joi n An intac t body was an inte gral part of a pers on's after life. With out a phys ical body ther e was no shad ow, no nam e, no ka, ba, or akh. By mum mific atio n, the Egyp tians belie ved they wer e assu ring the msel ves a succ essfu l rebir th into the after life. Mu mab IA Mod ern Mu mm y.Fr om May 21, to June 25, 1994 A.D. a tea m of scien tists from The Univ ersit y of Mar ylan d and The Long Islan d Univ ersit y perf orm ed the first hum an mum mific atio n in near ly 2,00 0 year s. They used repli cas of anci ent Egyp tian emb almi ng tools, one hund red yard s of fine Egyp tian linen, mor e than 600 poun ds of natr on, fran kinc ense and myrr h, oil of ceda r, palm wine, and natu ral resin s. The mum mific atio n was pref orm ed at The Univ ersit y of Mar ylan d Med ical Scho ol in Balti mor e, MD. The two men resp onsi ble for this gian t leap back in time are Ronn Wad e (left), the Dire ctor of Anat omic al Serv ices at the Univ ersit y of Mar ylan d Med ical Scho ol in Balti mor e; Bob Brier (righ t), an Egyp tolo gist at the C. W. Post Cam pus of Long Islan d Univ ersit y. Thei r mum my is calle d Mu mab. Acco rdin g to Ronn, Mu mab has been test ed befo re and duri ng the mum mific atio n and will conti nue to test ed in an effor t to crea te a base line agai nst whic h all mum mies can be scrut inize d. Unli ke anci ent mum mies, this one has a medi cal histo ry, past, pres ent, and futur e. Let's take a look at wha t they have acco mpli shed and lear ned from Mu mab. For som e time Ronn and Bob had been sear chin g for a suita ble dono r. They had a list of requ irem ents that had to be fulfill ed. They wer e looki ng for an aver age hum an speci men, som eone they coul d com pare to the aver age Egyp tian. It had to be som eone who had dona ted their body to scien ce and was avail able for a very long, long- term proj ect. It had to be som eone who m had neve r had a majo r dise ase and neve r had an oper atio n. Deat h must have occu r from natu ral caus es, but it did not matt er if it was a man or a wom an. As luck woul d have it, it was an elde rly man from Balti mor e who died from hear t failu re. The anci ent Egyp tian mum mific atio n proc ess took 70 days. Afte r that this elde rly Balti mor e man woul d be Mu mab. In light of all that the Anci ent Egyp tians have told us in coun tless text and pain tings abou t almo st ever y aspe ct of their civili zatio n, It is stra nge that they left such gapi ng hole s in our kno wled ge. For insta nce, we kno w very little of how the pyra mids wer e cons truct ed, or how obeli sks wer e raise d. Like thes e myst eries, the anci ent Egyp tians have told us noth ing abou t the mum mific atio n proc ess. Perh aps it was consi dere d so sacr ed that it was only past on verb ally to thos e consi dere d wort hy of the kno wled ge. One writ ten reco rd conc erni ng mum mific atio n to have survi ved com es from the Gree k histo rian Hero dotu s, who visit ed Egyp t arou nd 450 BC. He desc ribe d how the Egyp tians pres erve d their dead. But even with the help of Hero dotu s, man y ques tions rem ain. Muc h of Hero dotu s' acco unt of the proc ess is sket chy and open to spec ulati on. For exa mple, how the Egyp tians used natr on to dry the body has been a cont rove rsy ever since earl y Egyp tolo gists tran slate d the text of Hero dotu s. Som e tran slate d it to mea n that the body was "pick led" in a natr on solut ion. This tech niqu e woul d requ ire larg e vats to soak the corp ses in, no evid ence to supp ort this theo ry has ever been foun d. Inste ad, ther e is evid ence of larg e tabl es bein g used for the dryi ng proc ess. But it has neve r been clear why thes e tabl es are near ly six feet acro ss, wide enou gh to fit two corp ses. Thes e and man y mor e ques tions wer e ans wer ed duri ng the mum mific atio n of Mu mab. The first step in pu tting toge ther a mod ern mum my was to gath er the tools and ingr edie nts that woul d be need ed for the proc ess. A silve rsmi th mad e repli cas of Egyp tian emb almi ng tools (abo ve). A mast er carp ente r was enlis ted to cons truct an auth entic emb almi ng tabl e, simil ar to one foun d in an Egyp tian tom b. The cera mics depa rtme nt of Long Islan d Univ ersit y was com missi oned to mak e all the vess els need ed for the proc ess. Each mar ked with hier ogly phs to deno te its funct ion. That depa rtme nt also mad e the c anop ic jars and 365 usha btis ( left) one spiri tual wor ker for each day of the year.c anop ic jars usha btis A tri p to Egyp t was nece ssar y to colle ct the spice s and oils that woul d be used. Bob wen t to the Wad i Natr un distr ict bet wee n Cair o and Alex andr ia to colle ct the mor e then 600 poun ds (270 kilog rams ) of natr on that woul d be need ed. Here, the Nile river feed s seve ral lake s that rise and rece de duri ng the cour se of each year, leavi ng larg e salt depo sits alon g the shor e. This natr on woul d be used to dry the body. Acco rdin g to Ronn, "Nat ron wor ks by getti ng wat er out of the tissu e, if you don' t have wat er, you don' t have deca y." It was time to begi n. Ronn and Bob brou ght the elde rly Balti mor e man to his ibu the "ten t of purif icati on," whic h in this case was a roo m at the Scho ol of Med icine in Balti mor e. Here, the body was was hed with a solut ion of natr on and wat er. In orde r to dry the body com plet ely, the inter nal orga ns must be rem oved. The first orga n rem oved was the brai n. The Egyp tians belie ved that the brai n was of little impo rtan ce and it was thro wn awa y whe n rem oved. Once agai n we use Hero dotu s' acco unt for guid ance. He stat es that the brai n was extr acte d by poki ng a hole in the thin bone at the top of the nost rils, the eth moid bone. A larg e bron ze need le with a hook ed or spira l end was used to perf orm this proc edur e. How ever, it has neve r been clear how such a larg e orga n was rem oved thro ugh such a smal l hole. It had been spec ulat ed that the Egyp tians woul d inser t this hook thro ugh the nose and the brai n coul d be pulle d out in piec es. It prov ed very diffic ult to rem ove usin g this met hod. Ronn and Bob impr ovis ed. With the corp se lying on its back, they inser ted the hook thro ugh the nose and man aged to pulv erize the brai n tissu e into an almo st liqui d stat e. Then they turn ed the body over onto its stom ach, and the lique fied brai n tissu e drai ned out thro ugh the nost rils. Palm wine and fran kinc ense was used to flush and clea n the crani al cavit y. Follo wing Hero dotu s' lead, the next step was to rem ove the inter nal orga ns. Hero dotu s desc ribe d usin g of a shar p blac k ston e to slice open the abdo men. It is assu med this was mad e of obsi dian, a blac k volc anic glass. It had been spec ulat ed that obsi dian was used beca use of ritua listic purp oses. But, it may have been used simp ly beca use it was the best mat erial avail able for cutti ng thro ugh hum an tissu e. A smal l incisi on was mad e on the left side thro ugh whic h the inter nal orga ns whe re rem oved. The hear t was the only orga n that the Egyp tians left intac t beca use this is whe re they belie ved the esse nce of a pers on lived. Afte r rem ovin g the inter nal orga ns, they wer e was hed with fran kinc ense, myrr h and palm wine. Then they woul d be drie d usin g natr on. Afte r bein g indiv idual ly pres erve d, the orga ns are stor ed in a speci al canis ter calle d a cano pic jar. The lids of cano pic jars are shap ed like the head s of Egyp tian gods, the four sons of Horu s. They are the guar dian s of the entr ails. The cano pic jars with their cont ents woul d be plac ed in the tom b with the mum my. The Cano pic Jars of Mu mab I The Four Sons of Horu s: Imse t Dua mut ef Qeb ehse nuf Ha'p y Guar dian of the: Liver Sto mac h Intes tines Lung s Once the inter nal orga ns wer e rem oved, Ronn and Bob rinse d his abdo mina l and thor acic cavit ies usin g palm wine and myrr h. This ritua l prob ably had prac tical root s as it prov ided a mor e plea sant aro ma than that whic h typic ally ema nate s from a dead body. Thes e cavit ies wer e then stuff ed with smal l bags of natr on to dry the corp se from the insid e out. The emb almi ng tabl e was cons truct ed to matc h the speci ficati ons of thos e that had been foun d in Egyp tian tom bs. The ques tions of why this tabl e was so wide woul d soon be ans wer ed? As natr on was first pour ed on the tabl e and then over the body it beca me clear that they woul d need the widt h to keep the body com plet ely surr ound ed with the 600 poun ds of natr on. The tem pera ture was main tain ed at abou t 115' F (46'C ). The humi dity was kept unde r 30 perc ent. The sam e cond ition s as thos e foun d in anci ent Egyp t. Afte r 35 days buri ed in natr on, Mu mab was com plet ely desic cate d. The mois ture that he lost amo unte d to 100 of his origi nal 160 poun ds.T he dryi ng proc ess of mum mific atio n only took 35 days. Why then did an Egyp tian mum mific atio n ritua l take 70 days ? The ans wer may lie in the mov eme nts of the star Siriu s. Siriu s was an impo rtan t star to the Egyp tians and we kno w that they follo wed its mov eme nts very close ly. The risin g of the dog star, Siriu s mar ked the Egyp tian New Year, the begi nnin g of the seas on of inun dati on. The time whe n Siriu s disa ppea red in the sky until the time it retu rned (Egy ptia n New Year ) was 70 days, perh aps the Egyp tians equa ted this astr ono mica l phen ome na with the time need ed from deat h in the phys ical worl d to rebir th into the after life. Now that the dryi ng proc ess was com plet e, the bags of natr on that had been plac ed insid e the body coul d be rem oved. The emp ty cavit y was swa bbed with palm wine, and pack ed with spice s, myrr h, and musl in pack ets of woo d shav ings. The body was rubb ed with a mixt ure of five oils: fran kinc ense, myrr h, palm, lotus, and ceda r. The scien tists rem oved tissu e sam ples for biop sy, and the mum my was com plet ely chec ked for the pres ence of bact eria. Rem arka bly, thre e mon ths after this man had died, all the cultu res indic ated that ther e was no bact eria pres ent. This was the poin t at whic h the mum mific atio n was consi dere d a succ ess.T he proc ess was not finis hed, beca use the mum my still need ed to be wra pped. Phot ogra phs of the mum my of Tuth mosi s III woul d be used as a guid e. The wra ppin g was pref orm ed usin g long strip s of linen band ages and shro uds that had been impo rted from Egyp t. Each strip of linen was com plet e with appr opri ate hier ogly phic inscr iptio ns. They wer e atta ched usin g a natu ral resin. In som e anci ent Egyp tian mum mies, this resin appe ars to have been pour ed on, cove ring the entir e body. Obse rvati ons of this tar- like subs tanc e is how mum mies got their nam e. Earl y obse rver s belie ved this resin to be bitu men (tar), the Persi an wor d for bitu men is m oumi a. Th e entir e wra ppin g proc ess took seve ral days and requ ired mor e than 6 laye rs or 20 poun ds (9 kilog rams ) of linen. In acco rdan ce with anci ent prac tice, a hear t amul et was plac ed over Mu mab' s hear t.At this poin t, if Mu mab truly wer e an anci ent Egyp tian mum my he woul d be goin g thro ugh buri al ritua ls that deal t with purif icati on and prep arin g for the after life, such as the open ing of the mou th cere mon y. Mu mab' s body is not desti ned for the after life. He is now resti ng in the Mus eum of Man in San Dieg o, CA. He will conti nue to be studi ed by Ronn Wad e, Bob Brier, and scien tists of this, and futur e gene ratio ns.T his mum mific atio n was filme d and can be seen on.N atio nal Geo grap hic's Egyp t - Secr ets of the Phar aohs You can lear n mor e abou t Mu mabf rom one of his crea tors in book s by Bob Brier Egyp tian Mu mmi esEgyp tian Mu mmi es : Unra velin g the Secr ets of an Anci ent Art by B ob Brier Pape rbac k or hard cove r Ency clop edia of Mu mmi es by B ob Brier Pape rbac k or hard cove r My sugg este d Re adin g List.. Ne ed mor e infor mati on on Egyp tian mum mies visit The ban Roya l Mu mmy Proj ect T his is a well- illust rate d and thor ough ly rese arch ed and docu men ted site inte nded to enha nce rese arch into Theb an roya l mum mies of the New King dom and Thir d Inter medi ate Peri od.

AmunAnubis Aten Atum BastetBes Geb Hapy HathorHorusIsisKhepri KhnumMa'at Nephthy s Nun

Nut OsirisPtahRa Ra- Horakht y SekhmetSeshatSeth Shu SobekTawaretTefnut Thoth The ancient Egyptians worshipped many more gods and goddesses.

On this hill stood Atum, the first god. Next......

Camels and horses stand tied to a fence below the Great Pyramid of Giza on October 21, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) Few have traveled to the pyramids of Egypt and not wondered how an ancient civilization without modern technology could have constructed structures so large they can be viewed from space. Some have theorized they were built inside out.inside out. On the flakier side, some say aliens did it.some say

What is the river that flows through Egypt? The small tomb contained hundreds of objects (now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo), many richly decorated and covered in gold, that would be needed by the king in his afterlife. Tutankhamen's Treasures

hieroglyphics The Egyptian writing called hieroglyphics used pictures to represent different objects, actions, sound or ideas. There were more than 700 hieroglyphs. Some pictures stood for whole words.

What clothes did they were? What did the people of Ancient Egypt wear? Egypt is a hot country and so people wore lightweight clothes which kept them cool. We can see what they wore from the many paintings and sculptures they left behind. Ancient Egyptian clothes covered most of their skin and were made from plant fibres such as linen.

Tutankhamen Interesting Fact Tutankhamun's name is also spelled Tutankhamen or Tutankhamon. The most well known Egyptian Pharaoh today is, without doubt, Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun was probably born at Akhetaten which was the capital city of Egypt. He was born in about the year 1346 BC. His father was the pharaoh Akehenhaten. Tutankhamun became Pharaoh of Egypt soon after his father died in 1337 BC, when he was only nine years old. Soon after he became pharaoh, he married his teenage sister. This was a traditionalEgyptian thing to do. The image on the right shows Tutankhamun with his wifeshows By the age of 19 he was dead. Did he die of natural causes or was he murdered? How do we know so much about Tankhamun even though he ruled for such a short time? The answer is simple. His tomb was well hidden for 3000 years and held treasures that tell us much about King Tut's life and death, as well as life in Ancient Egypt thousands of years ago. In a sense, King Tut's tomb was a time cap sule.ime cap sule.

mummy's Tutankhamun's name is also spelled Tutankhamen or Tutankhamon. Egyptian Mummies It was very important to ancient Egyptian religious beliefs that the human body was preserved. A method of artificial preservation, called mummification was developed by the ancient Egyptians. Mummification was a complicated and lengthy process which lasted up to 70 days.

Some pictures stood for whole words.

Where in the world is Egypt? Egypt is situated in the northeast corner of the Africa. Covering 386,662 square miles, it is almost twice the size of France and the twelfth largest country in Africa. To the north of Egypt is the Mediterranean Sea, to the south is the Sudan, to the west is Libya and to the east of Egypt is the Red Sea.

The pyramids are the stone tombs of Egypt's kings - the Pharaohs and one of the world's greatest historical mysteries. They have stood for thousands of years, filled with many hidden secrets: clues about what life (and death) was like in Ancient Egypt. Why did the Ancient Egyptians build pyramids? The Egyptians believed that if the pharaoh's body could be mummified after death the pharaoh would live forever. The tombs were designed to protect the buried Pharaoh's body and his belongings. The Egyptians believed that if the pharaoh's body could be mummified after death the pharaoh would live forever. The tombs were designed to protect the buried Pharaoh's body and his belongings. live Where were they built?

The curse of the mummy began when many terrible events occurred after the discovery of King Tut's tomb. Legend has it that anyone who dared to open the tomb would suffer the wrath of the mummy. Because mummies have been associated with many magical powers throughout history, some of the mummies found from Egypt were ground into a fine powder and sold as mystical mummy powder. The curse of the mummy began when many terrible events occurred after the discovery of King Tut's tomb. Legend has it that anyone who dared to open the tomb would suffer the wrath of the mummy. Because mummies have been associated with many magical powers throughout history, some of the mummies found from Egypt were ground into a fine powder and sold as mystical mummy powder. openhistoryopenhistory

Ever heard curse of the mummy? It's believed the powder had magical healing powers and it wasn't until the discovery of King Tut and the hype of the media that things would change forever.

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ancient egypt an egyp tian mu mmi ficat ion birth birth. a pers on's shad ow was alwa ys pres ent. a...

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