ancient egypt history 3 kingdoms
TRANSCRIPT
Ancient Egypt
Location• Egypt was located in the Nile River
Floodplain• Predictable flooding• Fertile farmland• Three Seasons of the Nile
– Season of Going Out• Floodwaters receded exposing fertile
land• Farmers planted and tended crops
– Season of Harvest• Farmers harvested crops• All crops belonged to Pharaoh• Huge surplus lasted the entire year
– Season of Flood Spring• Mineral rich silt was carried down
stream from mountains• Provided very fertile soil• Farmers spent these months working
for the Pharaoh
Pre-Dynastic Period3200-2600 BC• Lower Egypt and Upper
Egypt separate kingdoms united
• Dynastic System develops (succession of rulers from the same family or line)
• Ruler (Pharoah) considered divine
• Irrigation projects lead to an abundance of food and population explosion
Ancient Egypt
• Three Kingdoms
Old Middle New
Old Kingdom EgyptThe Pyramid Age 2600 BC – 2150 BC• Era of Relative Peace and Stability• Major construction projects
• 2600 BC– 1st Pyramid Building– Tombs of Pharaohs
• 2500 BC– Great Pyramids & Sphinx
constructed at Giza– Hieroglyphics standardized– Evidence of graffiti at tombs
• 2100 BC – Regional nobles competed for
control– Dynasty loses control
The Great Sphinx
The Great Pyramids
Middle Kingdom EgyptWorld Trading Power 2100 BC – 1700 BC
• 2000 BC – Strong Pharaohs from Thebes gain
control of the kingdom– Mentuhotep II regains control over
all of Egypt– New capital in Lisht– Egypt becomes an international
power by reconquering Nubia and expanding trade routes
– Foreigners called Hyksos from eastern Mediterranean settle in Egypt during good times
• 1500 BC– Hyksos eventually gain control of
Lower Egypt. Native Egyptians still control Upper Egypt from Thebes
• 1550 BC – Rulers from Thebes reassert control and
drive out Hyksos– Expand borders of Egypt in military
campaign designed to strengthen the empire
– Take control of Nubia and the Levant– Force tribute from Babylon, Assyria and
other neighbors top the East
• 1400 BC– Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) attempts to
impose monotheism
• 1320 Ramses II– Strong, warrior Pharaoh– Signed treaty with Hittites
New Kingdom Egypt The Age of Empire 1550 BC – 1075 BC
Reasons for Decline
• Old Kingdom– Disunity / greed of local
nobles
• Middle Kingdom– Hyksos Conquer
• New Kingdom– Assyrians Conquer
Religion
• Polytheistic• Fair & predictable gods• Pharaoh was divine• Egyptians belief in an
afterlife led to mummification
• “Book of the Dead” outlines requirements for afterlife
• Pyramids represent importance of afterlife in Egyptian thought
Economics• Nile river the foundation of a strong,
stable economy
• Silt provided enough fertile land to produce enough crops for the entire population for a full year
• Surplus used for trade and to support the less fortunate
• Season of Flood provide a huge urban work force
• Middle Kingdom began to become a world trade power