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Ancient Egyptian Mummies. How Mummies Began. When a living thing dies its body starts to decay because of bacteria. Bacteria breaks down the tissues of things that were once living which causes decay. When a body is mummified this bacterial process does not take place. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Ancient Egyptian Mummies

Ancient Egyptian Ancient Egyptian MummiesMummies

Page 2: Ancient Egyptian Mummies

How Mummies BeganHow Mummies Began When a living thing dies its body When a living thing dies its body starts to decay because of bacteria. starts to decay because of bacteria. Bacteria breaks down the tissues of Bacteria breaks down the tissues of things that were once living which things that were once living which causes decay. When a body is causes decay. When a body is mummified this bacterial process mummified this bacterial process does not take place. does not take place. A mummy is a dead body that has A mummy is a dead body that has been preserved. At first these dead been preserved. At first these dead bodies were accidentally preserved bodies were accidentally preserved because of nature. When humans because of nature. When humans began to notice these well preserved began to notice these well preserved bodies they began to find ways of bodies they began to find ways of preserving them themselves. Thus, preserving them themselves. Thus, the mummy was born. the mummy was born.

www.travel-budget.com

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Egyptians strongly believed in something known as the afterlife. They believed that the Egyptians strongly believed in something known as the afterlife. They believed that the spirits of the dead dwelled within the sand. Near the dead bodies, family members buried spirits of the dead dwelled within the sand. Near the dead bodies, family members buried jars of water and food incase the spirit would become hungry or thirsty In the afterlife. jars of water and food incase the spirit would become hungry or thirsty In the afterlife.

The dry hot sand nicely preserved the bodies. The sand absorbed the bodies moisture so The dry hot sand nicely preserved the bodies. The sand absorbed the bodies moisture so the bacteria could not decay the bodies. Instead of decaying, the skin dried along with most the bacteria could not decay the bodies. Instead of decaying, the skin dried along with most of the organs. The first mummies were created with this process by nature.of the organs. The first mummies were created with this process by nature.

About seven or eight thousand years ago people began settling on the Nile River. About seven or eight thousand years ago people began settling on the Nile River. The people of the Nile were known as Egyptians. When people died their bodies were The people of the Nile were known as Egyptians. When people died their bodies were buried within the sands of the desserts. Their bodies were forced into crouched buried within the sands of the desserts. Their bodies were forced into crouched positions and thrown into shallow graves.positions and thrown into shallow graves.

www.touregypt.netwww.touregypt.net

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FlaxFlax

To better preserve the bodies To better preserve the bodies they poured warm resin over the they poured warm resin over the bandages until they were soaked. bandages until they were soaked. Resin was an oily substance that Resin was an oily substance that came from plants grown near came from plants grown near Egypt. The resin hardened over the Egypt. The resin hardened over the body like varnish. These new royal body like varnish. These new royal burials did not last long. The bodies burials did not last long. The bodies soon decayed from the inside out. soon decayed from the inside out. The dry sand that once mummified The dry sand that once mummified them was shut out.them was shut out.

When the Egyptians realized that the When the Egyptians realized that the sand was preserving their bodies they sand was preserving their bodies they were very pleased by this. The were very pleased by this. The Egyptians began improving their grave Egyptians began improving their grave sites. Of course a king could not be sites. Of course a king could not be buried like the other men so kings, buried like the other men so kings, queens, and nobles were prepared more queens, and nobles were prepared more carefully. Royalty was left clothed and carefully. Royalty was left clothed and wrapped in strips of linen. Linen was wrapped in strips of linen. Linen was easy to find because it was woven from easy to find because it was woven from flax which grew along the Nile.flax which grew along the Nile.

A mummy wrapped A mummy wrapped with linen and with linen and

covered in resincovered in resin

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w.lum

inet.net

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Egyptians believed very Egyptians believed very strongly in the afterlife. They strongly in the afterlife. They believed people had a body and a believed people had a body and a soul, once the body died the soul soul, once the body died the soul lived on in the afterlife. The spirit lived on in the afterlife. The spirit could eat, drink, and do the same could eat, drink, and do the same kinds of things it could do when it kinds of things it could do when it was living but only if it had a body was living but only if it had a body to live in. If a persons body was to live in. If a persons body was destroyed in any way the spirit destroyed in any way the spirit might not be able to live on. might not be able to live on.

Why Egyptians Made Why Egyptians Made MummiesMummies

www.wtv-zone.comwww.wtv-zone.com

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The “Ka” and the The “Ka” and the “Ba”“Ba”

The ka was a life force, like the soul of the human, and it looked exactly like its person. If the body was not kept neatly then the ka would not live on. The ka got to go on and live life in the field of reeds for the rest of eternity. Things like, furniture, weapons, and clothing, would be used by the ka in the afterlife, so these items were placed in the tomb with the mummy. Food and drink were also provided for the ka.

The ba was the personality of its person. It was shown as a bird with a human head that resembled the dead persons head. The ba was different from the ka, it could leave the field of reeds from time to time and was said to be able to take the shape of anything it wanted to. The ba could go right through walls and any where else it wanted to. The ba also needed a recognizable body to return to because it had to go back every night.

The spirit of a dead body could take one of two forms, The spirit of a dead body could take one of two forms,

either the “ka”, or the “ba”.either the “ka”, or the “ba”.

KaBa

Pictures from: www.neferchichi.com

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Advancing BurialsAdvancing Burials

Burial StatueBurial Statue

Egyptians could not accept the Egyptians could not accept the fact that death would be so final. fact that death would be so final. As their kingdoms developed so did As their kingdoms developed so did their burials and their beliefs in the their burials and their beliefs in the afterlife. The king was believed to afterlife. The king was believed to be a god of the earth, after he died be a god of the earth, after he died he became a god of the heavens he became a god of the heavens who would take care of his people who would take care of his people for eternity. A kings spirit would for eternity. A kings spirit would not survive unless his body was not survive unless his body was perfectly prepared for the afterlife. perfectly prepared for the afterlife. Sometimes a statue would be Sometimes a statue would be placed in the burial chamber. The placed in the burial chamber. The statue looked just like the deceased statue looked just like the deceased king, this way if the body was king, this way if the body was destroyed the spirit might be able destroyed the spirit might be able to live on through the statue.to live on through the statue.

www.reynier.cowww.reynier.comm

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Soon enough Egyptians began finding Soon enough Egyptians began finding much better ways to create mummies. much better ways to create mummies. They would let the bodies dry out before They would let the bodies dry out before burials to ensure they would last. They burials to ensure they would last. They cut open the body and removed most of cut open the body and removed most of the organs. They removed the organs the organs. They removed the organs because that’s what was mainly keeping because that’s what was mainly keeping the bodies from drying out. They placed the bodies from drying out. They placed the organs into four separate jars. The the organs into four separate jars. The jars resembled the four sons of Horus, jars resembled the four sons of Horus, they were meant to keep watch over the they were meant to keep watch over the organs.organs.

The four jars that held The four jars that held the organs resembling the organs resembling

the sons of Horusthe sons of Horus

Horus- The god Horus- The god that ruled Egyptthat ruled Egypt

www.ancientegypt.co.uk

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The body smelled so badly that it was The body smelled so badly that it was cleaned with spices before and after it was cleaned with spices before and after it was coated. When the body was finally dried coated. When the body was finally dried it was packed full with natron and spices. it was packed full with natron and spices. They stuffed the nose with wax, and They stuffed the nose with wax, and packed the mouth with pieces of linen packed the mouth with pieces of linen soaked in resin. When finished the body soaked in resin. When finished the body was covered with oil and painted with was covered with oil and painted with melted resin like before. The resin had a melted resin like before. The resin had a varnish like effect but unlike the first varnish like effect but unlike the first mummies the natron dried the body out so mummies the natron dried the body out so it wouldn’t decay.it wouldn’t decay.

A powdery white salt known as natron A powdery white salt known as natron was now used to dry out the body before was now used to dry out the body before burial. The body was coated inside to burial. The body was coated inside to outside with the white salt. Drying the outside with the white salt. Drying the body took anywhere from 35-40 days. body took anywhere from 35-40 days. The Egyptians placed the body on a The Egyptians placed the body on a slanted table, this table was known as slanted table, this table was known as “The bed of mummification”. By placing “The bed of mummification”. By placing the body on the slanted board the the body on the slanted board the moisture was able to drip into a bucket. moisture was able to drip into a bucket. The body shrank smaller and smaller as The body shrank smaller and smaller as the moisture left it. the moisture left it.

www.touregypt.net

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Mummy covered with Mummy covered with resin and wrapped in resin and wrapped in

linenlinen

The beautifully The beautifully decorated mask of a decorated mask of a

pharaohpharaoh

After the resin was dry After the resin was dry family members placed family members placed any jewelry that they any jewelry that they thought was important on thought was important on the dead body. The body the dead body. The body was then wrapped with was then wrapped with large pieces of linen. The large pieces of linen. The name of the dead person name of the dead person was written on the ends of was written on the ends of the bandages. As each the bandages. As each layer of linen was put on layer of linen was put on more resin was poured more resin was poured over it. They always tried over it. They always tried new different ways to new different ways to make mummies, they even make mummies, they even began adding stone began adding stone painted eyes. Mummies painted eyes. Mummies became very nicely became very nicely decorated, they added decorated, they added beautifully painted masks beautifully painted masks and wonderfully decorated and wonderfully decorated coffins. For a proper coffins. For a proper royal mummification it royal mummification it took about 70 days. took about 70 days.

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Mummifying Mummifying AnimalsAnimals

Mummified Cat

Mummified Dog

Egyptians were so involved in Egyptians were so involved in mummification that they not only mummification that they not only mummified people but they mummified mummified people but they mummified animals as well. They mummified dogs, animals as well. They mummified dogs, cats, apes, rams, bulls, and even a few cats, apes, rams, bulls, and even a few hippopotamuses. The most common of hippopotamuses. The most common of these was the cat. Egyptians actually killed these was the cat. Egyptians actually killed some cats when their pharaohs died so that some cats when their pharaohs died so that they could be buried with them and move they could be buried with them and move into the afterlife together. into the afterlife together.

www.hohpe.comwww.hohpe.com

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Page 13: Ancient Egyptian Mummies

MastabasMastabas

Egyptians decided that grave stones were no longer proper for the burial of a king. They made tombs called mastabas, also known as “The House Of Eternity”. They were made of mud bricks and had a flat roof with long sloping sides. The kings would be buried anywhere from 40-80 feet below ground. On the right is a picture of the inside burial chamber.

www.bbc.netwww.reynier.comwww.reynier.com

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As time went on Egyptians soon decided that even mastabas were no As time went on Egyptians soon decided that even mastabas were no longer fit for their royalty. A step pyramid was created to replace the longer fit for their royalty. A step pyramid was created to replace the mastabas. It stood as high as 200 feet and the inside was nearly all solid mastabas. It stood as high as 200 feet and the inside was nearly all solid stone. The kings burial chamber laid about 100 feet below the tomb. stone. The kings burial chamber laid about 100 feet below the tomb. Mastabas were decided to be unstable, and weren’t impressive enough Mastabas were decided to be unstable, and weren’t impressive enough for a kings burial.for a kings burial.

The Step PyramidThe Step Pyramid

www.ancient-egypt.org

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The PyramidThe Pyramid

Over time Egyptians finally created a structure that they thought was fit for the Over time Egyptians finally created a structure that they thought was fit for the burial of their royalty, the pyramid. Pyramids were made of limestone bricks. It took burial of their royalty, the pyramid. Pyramids were made of limestone bricks. It took many years to build just one of these large structures, they lasted through many years of many years to build just one of these large structures, they lasted through many years of Egypt but just like everything else the pyramid too would go. Pyramids stood very high, Egypt but just like everything else the pyramid too would go. Pyramids stood very high, the largest one is the Great Pyramid built for the king Khufu. The Great Pyrsmid the largest one is the Great Pyramid built for the king Khufu. The Great Pyrsmid stands over 480 feet high, and it took about twenty years to make, it is said that over stands over 480 feet high, and it took about twenty years to make, it is said that over 100,000 men worked on it.100,000 men worked on it.

www.alphatours.com

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The

Land Of

The

Dead

Near the large pyramids the Egyptians built smaller buildings like mastabas, temples, Near the large pyramids the Egyptians built smaller buildings like mastabas, temples, and even small pyramids to bury people that were less importance like, royal family and even small pyramids to bury people that were less importance like, royal family members, priests, nobles, and government officials. The people of Egypt lived mostly on members, priests, nobles, and government officials. The people of Egypt lived mostly on the east coast of the Nile, this was where the sun rose every morning. Every night the the east coast of the Nile, this was where the sun rose every morning. Every night the Egyptians watched as the sun went down in the west so that is where they decided to Egyptians watched as the sun went down in the west so that is where they decided to build their pyramids. The west coast was known as build their pyramids. The west coast was known as The land of the deadThe land of the dead. The west coast . The west coast certainly didn’t look dead though, the pyramids were the most magnificent structures in certainly didn’t look dead though, the pyramids were the most magnificent structures in all of Egypt, they attracted much attention and made the west look beautiful. all of Egypt, they attracted much attention and made the west look beautiful.

The Land Of The Land Of The DeadThe Dead

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Rock-Cut TombsRock-Cut Tombs Unfortunately over time just like everything else that was built for the dead, even the Unfortunately over time just like everything else that was built for the dead, even the pyramid was soon thought to be a bad burial place. They were so large and so mysterious, pyramid was soon thought to be a bad burial place. They were so large and so mysterious, they attracted so much attention. The thieves knew exactly what was beneath each one of the they attracted so much attention. The thieves knew exactly what was beneath each one of the magnificent structures, and so they were robbed. Almost all the pyramids that were built magnificent structures, and so they were robbed. Almost all the pyramids that were built were robbed at one time or another. Egypt continued to grow and the time of the great were robbed at one time or another. Egypt continued to grow and the time of the great pyramids was over. Egypt became much larger, they began creating large armies and ruling pyramids was over. Egypt became much larger, they began creating large armies and ruling different parts of Asia and Africa. They renamed their kings as pharaohs, which means different parts of Asia and Africa. They renamed their kings as pharaohs, which means “Great House”. Pharaohs were shown much more respect then kings. Instead of building “Great House”. Pharaohs were shown much more respect then kings. Instead of building pyramids they began building rock-cut tombs.pyramids they began building rock-cut tombs.

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The rock-cut tombs tunneled deep into the rock, The rock-cut tombs tunneled deep into the rock, some were over 300 feet long. The tombs had some were over 300 feet long. The tombs had secret passage ways, false doors, and tunnels that secret passage ways, false doors, and tunnels that changed direction. It was like one big maze, so changed direction. It was like one big maze, so that the thieves would become confused. This new that the thieves would become confused. This new way of burial seemed like a good idea but nothing way of burial seemed like a good idea but nothing could keep out the robbers from stealing the once could keep out the robbers from stealing the once loved possessions of their deceased rulers. loved possessions of their deceased rulers.

The entrance to a tombwww.pbs.org

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Tomb RobbersTomb Robbers No structure that was built could keep the tomb robbers from stealing the valuable treasure that lie beneath each pyramid or rock-cut tomb. The men that stole the treasure showed great disrespect for their pharaohs and cared only about their own life. It’s not that these men didn’t believe in the afterlife, I’m sure most of them did, but they wanted to ensure that they themselves would have enough money for a proper burial, rather then a king whose already had one plentiful life.

Anyone that helped out in anyway with building a pyramid had enough knowledge to rob one. Robbing tombs even became a family business that was often passed down from generation to generation. The robbers must have cared nothing for the bodies of their rulers because they were destroyed. The robbers worked as fast as they could to get every piece of valuable treasure, they ripped the bandages from the mummies and even stole the jewelry placed around their dead rulers necks.

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Any man that was caught robbing a tomb was greatly punished. A man caught might have a stake stabbed through his heart, or have his hands, nose, and ears cut off. One of the worst punishments was to be tied up by hands and feet and drug out to the desert left to starve to death unless of course either the scorching hot sun or vultures reached him first. No matter what the punishment the tombs still became robbed throughout all the years of ancient Egypt.

PunishmentPunishment

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Egyptian FuneralsEgyptian Funerals On the day of the funeral On the day of the funeral mourners were carried across the mourners were carried across the sea and up a winding hill area, they sea and up a winding hill area, they showed their sadness by crying and showed their sadness by crying and wailing very loudly. Servants and wailing very loudly. Servants and family members placed what ever family members placed what ever belongings they wanted to into the belongings they wanted to into the tombs before they were tightly tombs before they were tightly closed never to see the light again. closed never to see the light again.

When someone died their body When someone died their body was immediately shipped to the west was immediately shipped to the west bank to be prepared for burial. bank to be prepared for burial. During the 70 day preparation period During the 70 day preparation period the family didn’t do much but mourn the family didn’t do much but mourn for their loved one. During this time for their loved one. During this time the women did not care about their the women did not care about their appearance, and the men didn’t appearance, and the men didn’t shave until it was over.shave until it was over.

Picture from: www.henry.k12.tn.us

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ShabtisShabtis Shabtis were doll like figures placed in the tombs of the deceased pharaohs. It was said that inside the tomb the shabtis spirit came to life to work as a servant for the pharaoh in the afterlife. Each servant made for their deceased pharaoh at least one shabtis. The shabtis were usually made of wood, stone, or pottery. They ranged in size from just a few inches tall to over 12 inches tall. Some tombs contained only one shabtis while others contained over seven hundred. The shabtis would follow the pharaohs spirit into the Field Of Reeds and if Osiris had a task for the pharaoh he would simply send his shabtis to do it.

www.carlos.emory.edwww.carlos.emory.eduu

www.carnegiemuseum.orgwww.carnegiemuseum.org www.qpsuccess.org.ukwww.qpsuccess.org.uk

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The Opening Of The The Opening Of The MouthMouthCeremonyCeremony

Before the mummy was set inside the tomb there was “The Opening Of The Mouth Before the mummy was set inside the tomb there was “The Opening Of The Mouth Ceremony” that took place. A priest would hold the mummy in an up right position while two Ceremony” that took place. A priest would hold the mummy in an up right position while two other priests would use a small stick figure to touch the eyes, ears, and mouth of the mummy. other priests would use a small stick figure to touch the eyes, ears, and mouth of the mummy. The Egyptians believed that this would give the mummy the ability to eat, speak, and hear while The Egyptians believed that this would give the mummy the ability to eat, speak, and hear while in the afterlife. If you look at the background closely you can see the ceremony. The priests also in the afterlife. If you look at the background closely you can see the ceremony. The priests also buried scrolls with their dead to lead them into the afterlife. The scrolls said different charms, buried scrolls with their dead to lead them into the afterlife. The scrolls said different charms, prayers, or spells; these scrolls were known as “books of the dead”prayers, or spells; these scrolls were known as “books of the dead”

Book of the deadBook of the dead

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The Ceremony Of The Ceremony Of The Weighing Of The Weighing Of

The HeartThe Heart This is one of the This is one of the most used pictures most used pictures illustrated inillustrated in The The Book Of The DeadBook Of The Dead. It . It is a picture of the is a picture of the weighing of the heart. weighing of the heart. It is one of the most It is one of the most important ceremonies important ceremonies to enter into the to enter into the afterlife. In the afterlife. In the picture is a scale. On picture is a scale. On one end of the scale is one end of the scale is a feather on the other a feather on the other end is a heart, the end is a heart, the heart of whomever heart of whomever had died.had died.

Anyone who has a heart heavier then the scale will be eaten by the hideous monster Anyone who has a heart heavier then the scale will be eaten by the hideous monster called Ammit standing on the opposite side of the scale. Ammit has the head of a crocodile, called Ammit standing on the opposite side of the scale. Ammit has the head of a crocodile, the forequarters of a lion, and the hindquarters of a hippopotamus. No live human knew the forequarters of a lion, and the hindquarters of a hippopotamus. No live human knew the result of the trial but everyone just believed that their loved ones passed. the result of the trial but everyone just believed that their loved ones passed.

In the middle In the middle the God Anubis is the God Anubis is adjusting the scale, adjusting the scale, behind him is behind him is Thoth, the God of Thoth, the God of writing so that he writing so that he can record the can record the result of the trial. result of the trial. If the persons heart If the persons heart is so full of evil that is so full of evil that it is heavier then it is heavier then the feather he will the feather he will not be able to enter not be able to enter into the afterlife. into the afterlife.

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Everyone's final hope was to go into the afterlife and enter into the Fields Of Reeds, this was a place where all the deceased would meet. They would get to talk with the Gods and have plentiful food and water for the rest of eternity. To stay in the Field Of Reeds they would have to earn it by keeping the land well harvested. This was by far one of the most important beliefs of the Egyptians, they did everything in their power to keep their deceased family members living life long after death in the afterlife.

ThThee

FielFieldd

OfOfReeReedsds

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1. Anubis- The God of mummification1. Anubis- The God of mummification2. Hapy- The God of the Nile2. Hapy- The God of the Nile3. Horus- The ruler of Egypt3. Horus- The ruler of Egypt4. Thoth- The God of writing4. Thoth- The God of writing5. Khunum- The creator5. Khunum- The creator6. Osiris- The God of the afterlife6. Osiris- The God of the afterlife7. Ra- The sun God7. Ra- The sun God8. Seth- The God of chaos and Jealous brother of Osiris8. Seth- The God of chaos and Jealous brother of Osiris

The Ancient The Ancient Egyptian GodsEgyptian Gods

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88The Egyptians worshiped many Gods but of them these eight were the The Egyptians worshiped many Gods but of them these eight were the

most important to them, especially Osisris, the God of the afterlife. most important to them, especially Osisris, the God of the afterlife. Pictures from: www.ancientegypt.co.uk

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I think that its very fascinating that the Egyptians I think that its very fascinating that the Egyptians so strongly believed in the afterlife. so strongly believed in the afterlife. They created so many theories about what happened They created so many theories about what happened after death. They created after death. They created TheThe opening of the mouth ceremony, opening of the mouth ceremony, the the ka ka and the and the baba,, The The weighing of the heart ceremony,weighing of the heart ceremony, thethe field of reeds field of reeds and many more, each one has a story behind and many more, each one has a story behind it and was created with greatit and was created with great detaildetail. . Even the different gods that were created were amazing. They created a god for Even the different gods that were created were amazing. They created a god for almost everything, and behind each god was a story of how they came to be. They were so almost everything, and behind each god was a story of how they came to be. They were so interested in the life they would have after death instead of focusing on the life that they interested in the life they would have after death instead of focusing on the life that they were presently in. They believed very strongly in something that no one has ever even seen, were presently in. They believed very strongly in something that no one has ever even seen, how could they be so certain that the afterlife, if there was one, would be so much more how could they be so certain that the afterlife, if there was one, would be so much more fulfilling then their present life? Maybe because they were afraid of change and even if fulfilling then their present life? Maybe because they were afraid of change and even if they no longer believed in the afterlife they didn’t want to change their customs.they no longer believed in the afterlife they didn’t want to change their customs.

The Egyptians The Egyptians Strong BeliefsStrong Beliefs

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BibliographyBibliographyInternet sources:Internet sources:

Book Sources:Book Sources:

☼ Touregpyt.netTouregpyt.net visited: 9/7/2005 updated: January 2005 visited: 9/7/2005 updated: January 2005www.touregypt.net

☼ Crystalinks.comCrystalinks.com visited: 9/13/2005 updated: September visited: 9/13/2005 updated: September 20052005

www.crystalinks.com☼ Book-house.co.ukBook-house.co.uk visited:9/5/2005 updated: September visited:9/5/2005 updated: September 20052005

www.book-house.co.uk☼ Culturefocus.comCulturefocus.com visited: 9/19/2005 visited: 9/19/2005

www.culturefocus.com

☼ Ancientegypt.co.ukAncientegypt.co.uk visited:9/15/2005 updated: September visited:9/15/2005 updated: September 19991999

www.ancientegypt.co.uk

☼ Mummies, Tombs, and TreasureMummies, Tombs, and Treasure Author: Lila Perl Author: Lila PerlPublished: Houghton Mifflin Company 1987Published: Houghton Mifflin Company 1987