Ancient Greece and Rome Vocabulary

GREECE

Polis

A central city of a city-state

Alexander the Great

An excellent military leader who, with his armies, conquered vast new

territories.

Polytheism

Belief in and

worship of

more than

one God

PhilosopherA person who studies and thinks about why the world

is the way it is

ConstantineEmperor of Rome who claimed tohave had a vision of a cross in thesky and promised that if he won thebattle he would become aChristian. When he wonChristianity became the official religionof the Roman empire

RepublicA form of Government in which

people rule through elected representatives

PlebianA common citizen of ancient

Rome

City-StateA central city and its surrounding

villages,

which together follow the same law, have

one form of government, and share

language, religious beliefs, and ways of life.

OligarchyA government in which a few

powerful individuals rule

AristotleA Greek philosopher who taught

Alexander the Great!

AthensThe capital of Greece and once

one of the most important

ancient Greek city-states

Aegean SeaA branch of the Mediterranean

Sea that is located between Greece and Turkey

SenateThe assembly of elected

representatives that was the

most powerful ruling body of the

Roman Republic

Julius CaesarA successful Roman general and famousspeaker who was the governor of the Territory called Gaul. He conquered nearby territories to increase his power and his reputation. Fought along battle for control of the Roman Republic and eventually became dictator (person who holds totalcontrol over a government). He was stabbed todeath by a group of angry senators.

PatricianIn ancient Rome, a member of a

wealthy, landowning family that

claimed to be able to trace its

roots back to the founding of

Rome

EmpireA nation or group of territories

ruled by an emperor

AugustusJulius Ceasar’s adopted son whosereal name was Octavian. Namedthe first emperor of Rome whichmarked the beginning of theRoman Empire. Ruled for More than 40 years during a time called theAugustan age

CultivateTo prepare land for growing

crops

Government Literature Architecture

Formation of city-states each with its own laws and form of government

Tragedies (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides

Temples (Acropolis

Creatiton of democracy in Athens at the end of the sixth century B.C.

Comedies (Aristophanes)

Philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Heraclitus)

Literature

Growth of Empire

Trade

Engineering

Effect

Virgils Aeneid

Peace, cultural growth

Olive oil, wine, pottery, grain shipped across Mediterranean

Lighthouses, aqueducts

Achievement

Greece (Pgs. 278 – 282)

• How did geography influence the development of ancient Greece?Mountains separated city-states; people became skilled sailors and established colonies overseas

• How were city states alike and different (Venn Diagram)Alike: Common language, religious beliefs, way of life Different: Lawas, forms of government

• What kind of government did Athens have by the end of the sixth century?A democracy

• In what cultural fields did the ancient Greeks excel?Literature, philosophy, architecture

• Who were usually the major characters in Greek poetry and tragic plays?Gods and goddesses

• What were some of the topics that interested Socrates and other philosophers?Friendship, knowledge, justice, government, Human behavior

• How did Greek culture spread beyond Greece?Through the expansion of the Greek empire under Alexander the Great, a military leader who conquered the Mediterranean and lands as far east as India during the fourth century BC

• Why were the surrounding areas of water an important natural resource of the Greek peninsula?The oceans provided fish and facilitated trade

• Which People were allowed to participate in the government of ancient Athens?Free, adult males whose fathers had been citizens could participate

• How did Alexander the Great help to spread Greek Culture?Alexander conquered vast territories, spreading Greek language and ideas

• In what way did the government of Rome change in 509 B.C.?

– It became a republic

• What were the two groups of Roman citizens?– Wealthy patricians, workers called plebeians

• How did Rome win control of the western Mediterranean?

– By defeating Carthage

• In what way did Augustus carry on the work of his great uncle Julius Caesar?

– By continuing to expand the Roman Empire

• What were some of the activities that took place during the Augustan Age?

– The empire grew, public buildings and lighthouses were built, trade increased, and famous works of literature were written.

• How did Roman attitudes toward Christians change over time?

– Romans at first were tolerant, then became suspicious of and persecuted Christians

• How did Christianity come to be the official religion of the Roman Empire?

– Constantine, the Roman emperor, converted to Christianity• On what waterway is the city of Rome located?

– The Tiber River• What helped to unite the many different citizens of

the Roman republic?– A common law system of government and law

• How did Christianity spread throughout the Roman empire?

– At first, Christianity spread by mans of the Roman transportation network; it spread more rapidly after Constantine converted and made it the official religion of Rome

TOGA Party

Wear a toga and receive extra credit

Thursday November 15 (B) and Friday November 16 (A)

The toga, which seems to have been Etruscan in origin, was the only garment worn by the ancient Romans and was a mark of citizenship. Those worn by magistrates and boys had a purple band round the edge. This garment, called the toga praetexta, was worn by boys up to the age of sixteen, when they took on the plain white toga of manhood. During the Empire people began to find the toga inconvenient, and gave it up except for special ceremonial occasions, or at the Senate. In it's place they wore the pallium, a light-weight cloak draped over the tunic. The tunic itself became the outer garment, and was put on over an undertunic, often called a camisia (from which the words "chemise" and "camisole" come). The tunic might have sewn sleeves attached to it. As a result of foreign influences, particularly from Gaul, some people began to adopt narrow breeches, a heavy cloak called a paenula, made of thick natural wool or leather, and the caracalla, a cloak with a hood attached.

Women also wore a long tunic, the stola, over an under-tunic tied in at the waist. When they went out they also put on a draped mantle, like a shawl, the palla. Unlike men, women could wear clothes dyed in bright colors.

The Romans did not have the kind of underclothes we are familiar with - pants, vests and socks. The only undergarment worn by both sexes was a tunic, knee-length for men, ankle-length for girls and women. In the early days of the Republic men just wore a loin-cloth under their toga.