ancient nepal 147 01
TRANSCRIPT
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The Vedic-Aryan Entry Into Contemporary Nep
[A Pre-Historical Analysis Based on the
Study Of Puranas]
- Shiva Raj Shrestha "Ma
[Very little is known about pre-historical Nepal,
ils people and Aryan entry into Nepal. A hazy picture
of Aryan invasion of Nepal and the contemporary
aborigines people of Nepal can be drawn with the
help of Sata-Patha Brahman records and various
Puranas. In these mythological records on e can also
find sufficient details about Yakshays, Kinnars andNaga-Kiratas and Indo-austroloids like Nishadhas.
By the middle of 20th century, many scholars had
realized that original versions of Puranas contain
historical oral traditionsof thousandsofyears. Famous
scholars and historians like Pargiter, Kirfel, K.P.
Jaiswal and Dr. Satya Ketu Vidyalankar etc. have
very firmly opined that on the basis of Puranas an
outline of Ved ic Aryan civilization and its clash w ith
Harappa Sindha civilization (Hari-Upa according to
Rig-Veda) can be drawn. Only the supernatural,
caste biased and exaggerated poetic descriptions
added mainly during Gupta Period have to be put-
aside. Some historians in Nepal are of the opinion
that Lichiv is (during first coun try A.D.) and later-on,
Kumauni B rahmans (after I , 100 A.D.) were the
Aryans to enter Nepal and settle down . But there
some very clear indications that the Pre-Vedic
Vedic Aryans had already entered Nepal m
earlier.]
The Back-Drop
Some 3, 500 to 4,000 years "Before Pres(B.P.) Hari-Hara Chhetra (of present day Gand
Basins, including M ukti Nath, Deaughat andT riv
of Western Nepal), was one of the most impor
centers of Vedic Aryans, wh o had already expan
Swarswat Vedic Civilization. Just before this ti
Raja Harishchandra was ruling northern India, f
his capital of Ayodhy a in those days. Raja Dasha
(Lord Ram a's father) was born in the famous Ra
dynasty after some 29 generat ions from K
Harishchandra according to Kurma, Bhabishya
other Puranas. (Dr. SatyaketuVidyalankarl and so
othe r scholars estimate the time of Lord Rama to
abou t 3,500 years BP. and assume the period of r
of a king to be of 20 years. With this assum ption,
I . Vedic Youga, 5th Edition, 1996, Sri S araswoli Sadan, Delhi, P. 20. Also see 148-151 for details.
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2 Ancien t N
time of King Harishchandra, Guru Vashista (the 4000 BP) w ere still practicing slashing and burn
earlier one ) and Viswamitrzi (the first one ) can be technique s to conquer new territories in India
estimated to be around 4,080B.P. It see ms that the Nepal and fix the habitation of Aryan populat
Raj Gu ru Vashista (of Lord Rama's time ) was the The y were firmly established up to Kurukchetra
head of the Vashishta "Pitha" (cen ter of learning), region nea r Delhi) , Panchal (present day B a
probably born in thesam e family. Around the timeo f Muradabad in Uttar Pradesh) and Ayodhya (onLord Ra ma, Mithila was yet another important center South Banks of Saray u River) of India, but they
of Vedic Aryan civilization. It is als o worth noting not succ eede d to con que r the foot hills plains of
that "Janaka" was the title of the king s of Mithila and present day Northern Bihar and Western and Eas
Godd ess Sita's fath erw as Sir-Dhoj "Janak", who was Nepal Terai lands, as these areas were covered w
of course, con tempo rary to King Dasharata-11. The se extremely dense foothill jungles, which were spar
estimated date s are im portant as D eau gha t and populated by Indo-Austroid tribes like Nishadh
Janakpu r are related to these great nam es and also Santhals. Thi s grea tjun gle lying in the area north
with the entry of Ary ans into Nepal. [M r. San kalia northeast of present-day Avadha region of India (Ram ayana Myth orReality ?)2afteranalyz ingVe dic called "Naimishayaranda" and probably covered
and Puranic data, presented by parg itera nd Pusalkar whole of northern regions, north of River Ga
and opinions of Bhargava, R.C. Majum dar and other including basins of River Goam ati, Sarayu (Karn
scholars, places the time of birth of Lord Rama at and Gandaki. According to "Sath Path Brahma
about 1,500~.~.andfoundationofca~fialof~~odh~asupposed to have been written some 3,000
at around 2,000 .C. Mr. San kali aals o mention s that B.P. in Latter Vedic Age), a king named M at
archa eolog ical exc ava tion s at Ch iran d at the Videha, encouraged and accompanied by his p
confluenc e of Ganga and Gh ogra (Karnali Rive r) Gautam Rahu gana, Viswanarea (holy fire) and l
have yielded evidenc e of pastoral-cum-agricultural army, marched through the northern part of
civilization at this area around 2,000 B.C. or 4,000 jungle (slashing, burning and making roads for t
BP. Pargiter (in his fam ous book An cien t Indian hors es and cha riots). It is indicated in "Sath P
Historical Traditions)3 has tried to prove that the Brahman" that Kingdom of Koshala (present
Mah a-Bha rata War had taken place at around 1,100 Sitapur-Gonda Areaof Uttar Pnd es h) was inexiste
B.C. and on the basis of Puranic Vansav alis (King at that time. Riv er Sada Nira (G andak ) was
Nam e Lists) Places the time of Lord Ram a to be eastern border of Koshala. For the first time this w
around 1,600 .C. or 3,600 ear B.P. "Vedic Age" is the Aryan s succeed to cross River Gandak i
generally considered to cover the time period of establish kingdom s up to the eastern regions
2,500B.C. to 1,000B.C. or upto the time of Debapi Nepal. Even now, there is a hermitage of R ahug
the brother of Santanu (father of Bhishm a Pitamaha near Deaughat. (Rig Veda 1/90/7 escribes R
of Mah abharata fame.)] Gautam as son of Rahugana). Th e Kingdom of Vid
The Great March (Mithila) is believed to have been created by K
Th e Aryans of Early Vedic Age (of some 4500- Math av Videha. The Aryans could not have advan
2. Peo ple's Publishing House. Delh i. Reprint 1991, P. 60 .
3. As quoted by Majumdhar R.C. (ed) The Vedic A ge, 1965 , P. 274.
4 . Ibid (I ) P. 82 , 123 and 142 (based on Sath Path Brahmin 1/4/4/14 and 1/4/1/10-19)
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e Vedic-Aryan ..... 3
without the support of Lord Shiv a-the
rded a s the incarnation of Lo rd Rudra, the Early-
d of Cosmic Energy).
No reliable time estimates of Mathav Videha
mu dM ukh erjees writes that it should beon ly after
ic time. By this time, the Aryans in North-West
ore toward s the yet un-conquered
jung le areas of the North-East. But, there is yet
ans ofsa ras wo ti River basins,
du e tosom e great geological changes,
Ved ic Aryans viz. River
tedvanishing. It's w aterwa s alreadyured" by River Cha mba l and than by
es of flooding , probably of Jamuna and of
me geological changes).
Thus, this Vedic Civil ization, which was
the fall of Harapp a-Mohen -Jo-Daroon, was in dange r of being extinct. T o avoid
than towards the basins ofR iver Sarayu (Karnal
Sada-Nira (Gandaki). It is logical to think tha
pioneers like King Mathab Videha and Gau
Rahugana had taken-up this job.
It seems that even slightly before the tim
King Math ab Videha, great Aryan sag es had stcoming to Central Himalayas for meditation a
please Lord Shiva of their time. But, only afte
time of King Math ab Videha, it see ms that the
north of present day Deaughat, had been declar
Hari-Har Kchetra (the joint place of Lord Vishn
Lord Sh iva). It seem s that, even before the tim
King Videha, many famous sages ofVedic times
their hermitages in the moun tainous regions of uGandaki Basins. According to Skandha Pur
Goddess Parvati had paid respect to famous
like Marichi, Pulaha, Narada and Angira etc
original one s or their incarnations o r successo
their hermitages in the high Himalayas of We
Nepal. It is highly probable that by this time, Deau
had also become the base for sages who want
meditate in the high Him alayas.According to Vayu Purana,* king Divo-
was ruling North W estern India, when the mar
ofL ord Shi vaw ith Parvati (notwith Sati, thedau
ofD aksh ya Prajapati-11) ookplace (on theauspi
day of Akshyaya Tritiya). According to M
Purna,9 king Divo-dasa was borned in Puru V
(dynasty), and was in 38th generation afterBaibas
Manu . This Man u himself was so me 66-generbefore Lord Rama. Therefore, Baibaswata M
time can be estimated at 2,820 B.C. o r 4,82 0
(assuming that an average of 2 0 years can be giv
Mr. Mukherjee estimates the starting time of (creation of older part o f) Rig-Veda at 2500 BC. (Hindu Savyata. Raj K
Publication, Delhi-Patna, 1996, P. 82.
. "Saraswoti KO Sataha Per Lane Ki Tayari" Kadamabani, India. June, 2000.
. Himbat Khanda, (Nepali). Edited by Yogi Nara Hari Nath, M rigasthali, Kathmandu. B .S. 2013, P. 95-9 7.
. Diamond Pocket Books. Edited by Dr. Vinay, Delhi, P. 126
. Edited by Sri Ram Sharma, Shanskritic Sansthan, Barelly, India, 1st Pan, 1989 , P. 241-243.
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4 Ancient Ne
f on e king). King D ivo-dasa can be placed
e 760 years after the Baibaswata M anu (or so me
60 years B.P.).Therefore, Lord Shiva and Goddess
Videha had entered
hill jungles and reached up toprese nt
hiva. It is important to note that
and Lord Krishna were great devotees of
iva.)
ID (The Aryan c l an of) Uru s En te r Nepa l Be fore
Vedic A ryans?
But there is yet another completely (so far)
edic Aryan clan of Urus might have alsoentered
-Western N epal via Uru Parva t
in B ajhang D istrict of Nepal),
Urus" had lived there even before the time of
aha" is said to have invited River Sita (West Seti
Parvat Pulaha is said to be "Manasa
a" (spiritual son ) of Lord Brahma and as ancient
achi" (the earliest Aryan S age of West Asia).Dattatraya (w ho was descenden t of Pulaha)
Edited by Prof. Gopal Dutta Pandey. Sri Nityananda Sm a
1 . Kurma Purananka, Kalyan 7111, Geet a Press, Gorakhpur,
lbid (8) P. 49.
Ibid (I I) P. 73 .
Ibid ( I 1) P. 73 .
. Ibid ( I ) P. 126
Kum aun and Bajhang-Doti Area, as he describes
ancient trek route to Man sarovara via Urai Pa ss
Lipulekh Pass. According to Kurma Purana,ll
great clan of Urus (Uru Jana) were dissidents
Chachkus Manu, who himself was dissident
Emperor Uttan Pada probably of Central or W
Asia. (Puru is said to be on e of the brothers of U r
Raja Benaand Prithu were also borned in Uru Dyna
probably in theareaw estofP amir. Dak shyaPrajap
I1 (fa the rof sat i Devi) was alsoadiss ident of Empe
Prithu. The Grand M other of Daks hya Prajapati-I
described as the "daughter of the sea". Daksh
Prajapati-11, is said to be the son of ten Pracheta
Kings and their wife Marisha. (Was it a case
polyandry?) H e had performed infamous "Yagn
somewhere behind the "Himabana" (Hima1ayas)
Kurma Puranal3 mentions sages Kratu, Swati a
Angiras also to be the sons of Uru and his w
Ayagnye. Before the time of Dakshya Prajapati-
Sushil (the great grandson of Em peror Prithu) h
became hermit and had gone to Himalayas
medi t a t i on14 (probably f rom presen t d
Afganisthan.) T his Pura nic record is in line with Harnley's view15 thal. some Aryans of Iela Va
(Moon Dynasty) had entered India after cross
Himalayan passes, except that Puru Jana were
from "lela Vansha'.
Th e Aborigineous Naga-Kira tas , ( Indo-Aust r io
Ni shadhas -Santha l s and Yakshyas (of S ha k
Kha sa Sub-Race)
The Indo-Austroid sub-races broadly termas "Nishadhas' in Pur anas, controlled the Ne
Himalayan foothill jungles around R ig-Vedic tim
rak Samiti, Varanasi, 1989, P. 546-547.
1997, P. 73 .
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he Vedic-Aryan ..... 5
uranic descriptions of these peop le
stroid people, i.e. broad nose, blackish complexion ,
harata)l6 the existenc e of human being intinent right from the Palaeolithic
tablished.The findingsofthe fossilized
amap ithecus mostly in the Siw alic Hills
uggest the evolution of
(Butwa l) area of Nepal w ere found to be 9.0-on years old and seco nd oldest in the
ld17. Th e oldest rem ains of the prehistoric man in
has been found in Punjab in
the banks of River Sindh and River Jhelam,
as recorded to be half million ye arold . Many
e weapons of Palaeolithic and Neolithic ag e have
ajasthan, Gu jrat, Bengal and Bihar, etc. Onbasisof these findings, Dr. M ajum dar~ *co nclu des
end of fourth ice age (just before 10,0 00
B.P.) the human existence wa s spread all over
sejun gles in the basin plains surrounded
and River Jamuna). But in case of the
ll jungles and dun es of Sarayu (Karnali), Sada
ndaki) and Koshi (Kausiki) and lower basins
very sparsely
spread population of Kiratas, Nishadhs and S ant
in the Neolithic age.
Th ere seem s to have been a small populati
"Homo Erectus" and latter on of "Homo-Sapi
(of 300,000 to4 0,0 00 years B.P.) in Churea H ill
lower valleys of Mahabharat R ange of KumaunNepal. They may be the ancestors of Raw
Kusu ndas and Chep angs and the like. S o far, onl
stone weapons found in Bardia is proved to b
"Pre-Chelian" type of som e 500.000 years B.P.
stone tools found in Budhanilkantha and Dh
Khola Area of Kathmandu Valley are categorize
of Govi (Mon ogolian) type and European (Mus
type of middle palaeolithic age (some 300,0040,000 years B.P.) In the neolithic age (10,00
6,0 00 years B.P) the population of the true ance
of modern men se em to hav e (very thinly) sprea
ov er Nepal. N eolithic (stone) tools have been f
in Dang Valley, Luvu (Lalitpur), Naval Pa
Kavrepa lanchow k, Pal pa, Sankhuw ashava, Mo
and Jhapa . T h e archaeological investigations in
Western Hills and foot hill plains are not carriedyet. But the probability of finding palaeolithic
neolithic tools there, is very high. In this context
findings o fc av e paintings of Dal Bandha village
Almoda District of Kumaun (adjoining Far Wes
Nepa l) are important. This ca ve painting is prov
be 25 to 3 0 thousand years old. In the opinio
Mr. Davralzo the proto-austroid people and N
Kiratas existed in Kumaun and Ga dhw al Hills ar
this time period.
. Moti Lal Banarisidas, Delhi. 1995. P. 3
J. , Dongo l, B. Hutchison, J.H., Kean W.F , Munthe, K.Q West, R.M.-1983 Ne w Fossil discoveries fromth e Mi
of Nepal include a Hominoid-Nature vol. 303. 26 May.
Ibid (1 6) P. 3
. Rock Paintings in Kumaun, Man and Environment, Vol. 2, P. 75-7 7 (Quoted by Rekha Thapaliya, Prachin Madhya Hima
Northern Book C entre, Delhi. 1991, P. 33 )0 S. P. Davral, Uttarakhanda Ka Itihas, 1973. P 113.
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6 Ancient N
Fam ous historian Late Ba buram Acharya21 has
en that the settlemen ts of "Aagneya" people
he sea. Th ey used to live in small openin gs
foo th il l jung les . Fam ous au thor Rahul
tyana22 writes that the K iratas were living in
ed toc om e to lowerp art of thejungles
er m onths) even up-to the dow n-
River Ghagra and smaller tributary
s (of Rive r Gan ga) like Manga i. Here, they used
es with Nishadh as, mostly for
2,500 B.C. or so,
ore, coulddrive-aw ay the later ston eag e Kiratas
was possible because D amils or
bed a s "Panis" in Rig-Ve da) were
e "Panis" we re visiting them in their tradin g
a (present day city of Varanasi). Th e Nishad has
d to take young Kirati girls a s war prisoners and
us" cam e into existence in Nishada controlled
ll jungle settlements. Latter on, when A ryans
o match to Aryans with cavalry, chariots and
ys been an important factor in
es.) Th e frequent battles with Kiratas needed
ofc opp er weapons for Nishadhas. T his
o why many copper-bronzeaxes, swords,
s etc. of this age, were found in the de ltas of
River Gang a and R iver Jamuna, a s against, very
neolithic (s tone ) weapo ns found here23.
T h e "Kirata" is a term broadly used by V
Aryan s for the Mongo lic people living in the m
Himalayan valleys and lower foothills (Sival
Ch ure hills).These M ongolic people had hundre
kings and fortresses all over Himalayas. K
Kiratas of Western Him alayas (and probably ) N
Kiratas of Kumaun-Doti (Man as-Kha nda) and
Hara Kchetra (Ga ndaki Basin), also had to fight
Vedic Aryans. The famous war between K iratemp
Sambara and king Divo-das of Sindhu-Saras
Rigion is described even in Rigveda. Lord Ind
highly praised in the Rig-Veda for helping
Divo-dasa in this famous war. Sag e Bharadwaja
Divo-dasa's royal priest. He had ordered the K in
eliminate K iratas and keep fighting till the time
single K irata is in existe nce in the northern fron t
Sapta Sindhu (Jammu Kashmir and Himanch
present day). This is how the A ryans of Ea rly
Vedic times kepton movingtowards theeast,figh
both with K iratas as well as Nishadhas. It seem s
latter on, the Kinnar-Kiratas and Naga-Kiratas
becom e more friendly with A ryans as their com
enem ies were Nishadhas. (A fter the defeat of
Kirata Emperor Sambara, the Nishadhas were
main en em ies of Aryans.) Aryans must hav e rea
this and by accepting Kiratas' Supreme God
Shiva as their own, developed friendly ties
Kiratas. The Vedic Aryans could not have rea
upto M ithila without the support of Kiratas. Th
clear and simple.
The Yakshayas of Manas-Khanda And Hari
Kchetra
Padm a Purana (Shristhi Khanda) and Ska
. Purnima. Issue # 4. Kathmandu.
. Kanaila Ki Katha, Kitab Mahal, Delhi, 1990,P. 4-9.
. Majumdhar, Ibid (16)P. 3.
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e Vedic-Aryan .....24 gives detail description possible that Yaks hyas had conquered this area
the prese nce of Yak shya s, G uih ay ak as a nd annexed this part of Nepal in their Kingdom. V
hyas in and around Ma nasarav oar- Mr. Kailash Purana26 which is supp osed to be oldest among
of Tibet. Th is area was called Sw arna Bhumi Puran as (original parts written during the time
of G old) as well as M anash Khanda. T he King Abhiseem Krishna wh o was only 5 generati
er part of Ma nash-K hand a com prised of present after King Youdhisthira) describes about the rul
Kumaun and Greater Doti bordering River Kamali the Yakshya c om ma nd er Mani Bhadra in Eas
t. Mt. Malika of present day Bajura District Tibet. Som e scholars believe that "Yakkha" Dew
said to be the "heap of wealth" of Kubera, where are the d escendents of Yakshyas of T ibet. Go
i Devi (Mallika) was situated.25 Dewan27 writes that the Yakshyas were driven
place, was the capital of King Kubera Nepal by Khams (Khampas or Kha m-M angar s?)
called "City of Gold" (Kanchan Puri according Chon gs of Tibet. The re may be som e archeolog
Western eviden ce (to show Central Asian cultural remain
eem s to be their cultural and religious center, Yakshyas and Khams or Huns ofTib et). They can
where many Khasa clans had spread all over found also in the cav es of Up per Mustang
e Khasas may be descendents of Ya- surrou nding areas of West and Far Western Nep
(Yakshyas) wh o probably were different According toAtkinson,28till the timeo fAsh
Sri Pali or Jalandhari Khashas wh o establish ed the Great, the "Khasas" were called Yakshyas. (
big Kingdom in Jum la-Du llu durin g 12th to 14th "Khasas" are called "Kassites" by Greek histori
ry A.D. From these descrip tions, it see ms that and are believed to be a branch of great Shak a s
shyas had entered Nepal slightly before Ved ic race, of W est and Central Asia, belong originall
I t is also important to note that accord ing to caucaso id race.) It seem s that in those day s Kaila
rana (the present day version is supp osed Ma na Sora vara was a great cultural, religious as w
been compiled and re-written in 12thcentu ry), as political center and thecontem porary aborigine
two sons of Yakshya King (Kubera) were living people of Upper Mu stang seem to have very cl
contacts with Yakshyas, Rakshyas and Kiratas
poeticsymbolicallyintheformof Manas Khanda, where Supreme God, Lord Sh
was presiding. ("Kubera" see ms to be the title of
er Mustang ) is also described as Yakshya Tirtha kings of Yakshyas). According to the original par
the Puranas. Th ese mythological descrip tions Vyayu Purana,29 the Kubera of Lord Shiva's time
the possibility of the presence of Yakshya "Baibaswata Manwantar", had already a very la
empire. His famous commander Mani Bhadra w
ruling from his capital situated at Chandra Pr
. Se e "Tirtha-trayaMahatmya Sangraha" Geeta Pustakalaya and Shaileswari Guthi Seva Samiti. Silgadi Doti. N epal. B S. 2
P. 1-54 for details.
lbid (24 ) P. 139.
lbid (8) P. 61.
Yalambar, Issue# 3. Kathmandu BS. 2050, P. 9-16 .
. Quoted by Mr. Badri Dutta Pandey (Kumaun Ka Itihas. Shayam Prakashan. Almoda. 1997, P. 534) .lbid (8) P. 61.
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8 Ancient N
Mou ntain (in Eastern Tibe t?), which lied in the north-
eastern direction from Mt. Ka ilash. Th e last mention
about Yakshyas is mentioned in Garga Sanhita-'o
during the time of Lord Krishna. There fore, it can be
deducted that Northern M ustang wa s also under the
Yakshy a Em pire some 4,500-3.000 years ago and itmust have been more close to ancient Tib et than t o
ancient Nepal.
Thus, from thedescriptionsofsatpath Brahman
Grantha and various Puranas, it seem sthat the Aryans
from Vedic Swaraswat civilization hadente red Nepal
at around 4,000-4,100 years B.P. Already by this
time, there seems to be the strong presence of
Yakshyas in the Central Himalayas, who were in
very friendly terms with Naga Kiratas of Central
Himalayas. In the latter Vedic Age, more Aryans
seem to have visited Nepal. P radhumn a also visited
Kathm andu Valley and Lord Krishna had cut opened
the dam on the foot of Chandra Giri (Chovar Gorg e
or the gorge at K atuwal Daha?) and released water
from the Naga-Hrada lake with a view to built the
cities and villages in the present day Kathmandu
Valley according to Himabata Khanda of Skanda
Purana.31 Th is ~ u r a n i c tory , if suppor ted by
archeological evidences, will show as to how the last
of the Later Vedic A ryans had reached Central N epal.
Western and Eastern Nepal Terai and hills were
opened-up by Bhimsena according to mythological
narrations. (The Tharu s of Dang Va lley and Newars,
even now worship Bhimsen. According to Maha-
Bharata E pic and Vishnu Purana, Arjuna w as the first
Aryan commander, who had reached as far east as
Assam and conquered the ancient kingdom of Mani
Pura and married Naga Princess Ulupi. Th ese Puran ic
recordsamply sh ow that by the time ofM aha-B hara ta
War (some 3,000 years B.P.), the Aryans had
conquered most parts of the lower Himalayas an
latter Vedic civilization was penetrating in
important population centers of Nepal. How
exce pt in ith hi la, t h e ~ e d i c r y a n ivil iza ' t ion
not flourish and the rich and equitable indige
Naga-Kirati (Bo n) civilization could conundisturbed till the medieval times. O nly in Mi
this great Vedic Civilization could produce
philosophers like Yagnabalka, Maitree and G
and Philosopher-king like Janaka (of Upanis
fame, probably not Sir-Dhoj Janak, fathero fGo d
Sita). Now , it is for the archaeologist and histo
to research further and reconstruct the histo
Nepal of Vedic Age.
30. Geeta P ress, Gorakhpur, India, BS . 2054. P. 31 1-313.