ancient wisdom creation stories chinese, aryan, mesopotamian & other animism egyptian, hindu...
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Ancient Wisdom
Creation storiesChinese, Aryan, Mesopotamian & other animism
Egyptian, Hindu & other-world beliefs
Hebrew & other monotheism
Animism There are spirits which can interact
with our lived world The spirits can be angered or
appeased The spirits have limited power The spirits have limited range and
seem to be fixed
The Hebrew Thinker
Solomon (970-940 – king, poet, philosopher): the goal of life is wisdom (practical success) and it is attained by spiritual insight and obedience to God
Proverbs
Song of Solomon
Ecclesiastes
Isaiah (700s – statesman, prophet, poet): God has a plan which is being worked out in all nations and all history to restore humanity to himself through his messiah
Isaiah, Joel, Amos, Micah, Hosea, Jonah
Jeremiah, Zephaniah, Obadiah, Nahum, Habakkuk
The Hebrew Writers
Daniel (500s – interpreter, administrator): the purpose of life is using your gifts to do good to everyone and also obeying the word of God and the spirit of God.
The Hebrew Prophet
Ezekiel (500s – taken to Babylon):God is able to lift up and tear down, based on morality. All nations are in his hands. He will restore Israel.
Hinduism
Original monotheism (Brahma) which is manifested as three forces:
Later seen as three gods: Bramah, Vishnu, Shiva
Preserver and protectorCreator and guide
Destroyer and restorer
These gods manifest themselves on earth by an avatar (incarnation). There have been hundreds of incarnations as local gods or demi-gods.
Hinduism
Today most Hindus see themselves as one people but with many differences, especially the caste system. One’s caste determines one’s duty (dharma) in life.
The atman (soul) is linked with brahman (eternal being) but is now caught in rebirth into suffering. The way to escape (msksha) the cycle of suffering is to achieve realization that atman is brahman, and then do your duty.
Hinduism
The major writings are the four Vedas (1100BC) and the commentaries called the Upanishads (900 BC)
Life is a dance of birth, marriage, death, rebirth – a cycle of suffering punctuated with festivals
Greece: The Presocratics
Predate Socrates (469-399 B.C.) Rejected mythologies Emphasized reason over superstitions
Scientific & philosophical questions
Born: about 624 BC in Miletus, Asia MinorDied: about 547 BC in Miletus
Thales of Miletus
Began to treat reflection on reality as a primary method of learning: predicted an eclipse, measured the pyramids
Thales believed that all of reality is made up of forms of water, and the Earth floats on water
and all things come to be from water. The Earth is a disc floating on an infinite ocean.
Hylozoism – all matter has life
Empedocles of Acragas
Born: about 492 BC in Acragas (now Agrigento, Sicily)Died: about 432 BC in Peloponnese, Greece
He is best known for his belief that all matter was composed
of four elements: fire, air, water, and earth
Combinations (Love) & Separations (War) polis
Eternal matter and eternal spirit in a dance
Born: about 569 BC in Samos, IoniaDied: about 475 BC
Pythagoras of Samos
Pythagoras' Theorem claims that the sum of (the areas of) two small squares equals (the area of) the large one. The theorem is of fundamental importance in the Euclidean Geometry where it serves as a basis for the definition of distance between two points.
Heraclitus
Nothing is eternal; everything is in becoming
Change takes place in accord with reason
One cannot step into the same river twice
Parminides
Metaphysical monism: each thought refers to an ideal object in the real world; and the thing and the thought are one. There is only one being
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
God used the forms of truth (his ideas) to shape energy into matter and give it specific shape and purpose
By reason and innate ideas we can discover the truth and purpose of things and rule ourselves and, if we are wise, others in life
Tied together a theology and a cosmology