ancientegypt
TRANSCRIPT
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Flashcard image
Funerary mask of Tutankhamun
1327 BCGold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones
Cairo Museum
New Kingdom
18th Dynasty
The Art
of
Ancient
Egypt
Theme: funerary art
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Ancient Egypt
Timeless ICONOGRAPHY
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Excerpt from the Book of the Dead, New Kingdom
flashcard
Shows weighing feather of Maat vs. heart of dead
Annubis balances scale, Horus takes Ka to Isis
Afterlife guide to help transition
Painted papyrus
Found in tombs
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Geography & Ancient Egypt
• Nile River - floods, fertile Delta
• Farming, irrigation systems
• Complex political systems developed
• Seas & deserts protected the civilization from invaders… stable civilization for thousands of years
• Very advanced civilization
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How does Ancient Egypt compare with other civilizations?
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=afe
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02®ion=wam
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How does Ancient Egypt compare with other civilizations?
Votive Statue, 2700 BCE
Ancient Near East
Sumer
Detail of Head of Khafre, 2490 BCE (from Temple/Pyramid)
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How does Ancient Egypt compare with other civilizations?
Votive Statue, 2700 BC
Ancient Near East
Sumer
Great Pyramids of Giza, 2500 BCE
Ziggurat of Ur, 3100 BCE
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Why do we know so much about Ancient Egypt?
• Dry climate, tombs = survival of art & artifacts• Rosetta stone - decoded language IN 1800S• Herodotus- Greek historian, 500 BC (religious)• Menathos’ list, 3rd century BCE- grouped kings into dynasties
between 3000 & 300 BCE• Strabo visited Alexandria, 100 BC• Emperor Hadrian of Rome-took antiquities in 130 AD• Middle ages - Bible studies• 1798-99: Napoleon - military & scholarly visits• Archaelogical excavations & POPULAR interest ever since!!• HOWARD CARTER - King Tut’s Tomb - 1920s
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Rosetta Stone
196 BC
Religious decree of Pharoah Talmee (Cleopatra)
Greek, demotic, hieroglyphic
•Jean Francois Champillon, French linguist & Dr. Thomas Young, English scientist… found Cleopatra’s name on the stone•Discovered in early 1800s, took years to decode•Champillon spoke Coptic, figured out sounds, which led to birth of Egyptology
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Stone Writing….
• Rosetta Stone 196 BC
• Stele of Hamurrabi from 1750 BC
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Scepter, 1960s, GhanaEgyptian Iconography
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Egypt United: Old Kingdom Begins in 3000 BCE
• Dynasty I : Palette of King Narmer• In pre-dynastic Egypt, each village had own gods• King Narmer united upper & lower Egypt (see
crown symbols united)
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Flashcard image
Palette of King Narmer, 3000-2920 BCE
Commemorates unification of Egypt
Conquered march dwellers
Hierarchy of scale
Hierakonpolis / Egyptian Museum, Cairo
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Palette of Nar-mer
Side 2
Goddess Hathor on both sides-Horus helping King
Marching to view headless bodies
Long necked lions symbolize unification
Eye makeup well on palette
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Palette of Narner Firsts
1. Depicted figure in twisted perspective… lasted 3000 yrs
2. Low relief sculpture in registers with groundlines (1st in Egyptian art)
3. Unifed Egypt; depicted beginning of the Old Kingdom; transition away from Paleolithic farming villages
4. Religious iconography.
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Palette of Narmer
3000 BCEVictory Stele of Naram-Sin, 2621 BCE
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Palette of Naner
3000 BCEVictory Stele of Naram-Sin, 2621 BCE
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Egyptian figurative conventions
Used for approximately 3000 yrs
Twisted Perspective
REMEMBER THE ART MADE THE WORLD VIDEO???
How does this perspective reflect their culture and SOCIAL STATUS?
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Pyramids & Tombs
• 80 pyramids were built
• Began with the Mastaba (means Bench).. Mud brick tombs used in the Old Kingdom
• Egyptians believed that Isis ruled the underworld and judged dead souls; Ka lived forever
• Death & resurrection: Important to preserve/mummify bodies and to provide for life in the next world
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Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, III Dynasty. , 2630 BCE 1st large scale stone building in world, build over mastaba. 14 gateways, facades of buildings. Engaged columns mimicked bunches of reed with papyrus tops.
Significant: 1st large scale building EVER in world
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Flashcard image - Great Pyramids of Giza
IV Dynasty (Old Kingdom) Khafre, Khufu, Menkaure. Granite and limestone
Size: height of pyramid of Khufu, 450' (137 m)
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How Pyramids Were Built
• http://touregypt.net/construction/construc.htm
2 million blocks, 1-2 tons each! How did they get them up there?
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Great Sphinx, believed to be a portrait of Khafre. Originally painted & had a beard.
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Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty
Medium: Graywacke with traces red & black paint
54½ inches high
Date: Fourth Dynasty (ruled 2490–2472 BCE)
OLD KINGDOMSource/Museum: from Giza / Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Harvard University–MFA Expedition
Flashcard image
Equal scale
Embrace
Sheer dress on Queen
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Pepy II and His Mother, Queen Ankhnes-Meryre
Egyptian alabaster
15¼ X 9 13/16"
She ruled until he was old enough, carved more naturalistically
Arms posed away from side.. Less permanence..
Reflects her status as temporary ruler rather than permanent ruler
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Seated Scribe (FLASHCARD)Painted limestone; eyes of rock crystal mounted in copper
Size: height 21"
Date: Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450–2325 BCE
OLD KINGDOM
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Shows how different classes were portrayed.
Much smaller than statues of Pharoahs, etc. (21” vs life size or over sized”
Limestone, not more elegant materials
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The Middle Kingdom
• 1975-1640 BCE (intermediate thru 1520)• Mentuhop (11th Dynasty) kings reunited
Egypt.• Powerful, unified govt w/ strong military• Arts & literature flourished• Portraiture became more sensitive &
realistic
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Head of Senusret III
Yellow quartzite
17¾ X 13½ X 17"
Middle Kingdom
Twelfth Dynasty, c. c. 1836–1818 BCE
More realistic
Looks tired, older
Dynamic King who led 4 expeditions into Nubia; overhauled administration
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Rock-cut tombs, Beni Hasan.
Middle Kingdom
Date: Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1938–1755 BCE
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Pectoral of Senusret II, Gold and semiprecious stones
Date: Twelfth Dynasty, c 1938–1755 (ruled c 1842–1837 BCE)
Tomb of Princess Sithathoryunet, el-Lahun. / The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
“May the sun god give eternal life to Senusret II” … ankh, falcons, cobras, Ra…
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Stele of Amemhat I, 12th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom)… Portrays daily family life. Found in his tomb. 11” x 15”
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The New Kingdom
• 1539-1075 BCE• Hykkos invaded; 18th Dynasty reunited kingdom• Thutmose III (1st Pharoah) expanded Egypt into
present day Syria• Trade with near East• Built New Kingdom Temples & tombs to glorify
kings / Pharoahs
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Ruins of the Great Temple of Amun at Karnak, Egypt
(New Kingdom, 1579 BCE)
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Symmetrical & Axial Design (processional path)
Covered area size of 60 football fields; hypostyle hall w/ lots of columns
Statues of gods clothed and “fed” daily by priests
Added to by various Pharoahs; sacred lake, coronation rooms
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Flower & Bud columns
Hypostyle Hall
Great Temple of Amun at Karnak
http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak/experience/IntroductionToTheTempleOfKarnak/1
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Queen Hatshepsut Enthroned
New Kingdom, 1473-1458 BCE
20 year reign, 1st female Pharoah portrayed in art
Sometimes shown as male w/false beard
Led diplomacy with Punt
Built incredible funerary temple positioned against high cliffs, oriented towards Karnak
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Funerary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahri
1473 BCE (New Kingdom)
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Fowling Scene, Tomb of Nebamum, 1400 BCE (New King.), fragment of wall painting, British Museum
•18th dynasty
•Suggests distance & movement
•Animals, butterflies naturalistic
•Wife/daughter smaller than Nebamum (hierarchy of scale)•Hieroglyphic: enjoying himself and seeing beauty, (Forever young?)
•Marsh symbolizes rebirth
•Cat can symbolize deity hunting enemies of light and order
Flashcard image, not in book
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Amarna Period: Revolution in Art and Religion
• 1353-1336 BCE• Changed name to Akhenaten (one who is effective for
Aten, a god)• 1st Monotheist in Egypt: Worshipped Aten (sun god)• New capital in Tell el-Amarna• Changed typical Egyptian figurative style in artworks• Promoted glass making
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Akhenaten, Colossal Figure, located at Temple of Karnak (16 ‘ tall)
Long face, thin neck, swollen belly, somewhat androgynous looking.
Built temples to Aten.. Sun disk, open courtyards
Wife Queen Nefertiti was priestess
Truth (Maat) emphasized… more realistic artwork and informal situations.
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Akhenaten & his Family, 1353 BCE (New Kingdom), painted limestone sunken relief
How is this
Relief so
Different?
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Queen Tiye, New Kingdom
Funerary piece of yew wood, ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis, cloth, clay & wax
Entire sculpture was 1/3 life size
Older woman, mom of Akhenanten
Married for love.
Played key role in affairs of state husband Amenhotep III.
Realistic style; African features
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Queen Nefertiti
(flashcard)
1302-1234 BCE
18th Dynasty/
New Kingdom
Painted limestone
21” (life size)
Tomb found in 1904. Most impressive Queen’s tomb found
Diplomacy w/Hittites
“mother of kings”
Book of Dead
Shown w/God Horus frequently
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Tutankhamun & Ramses II: Return to Tradition
• Priesthood of Amun regained former power a few years after Akhenaten’s death
• Tutankhaten = Tutankhamun (changed name)• Court moved back to Thebes • Tutankhamun’s tomb discovered in 1922-incredible riches captured
public imagination (died young)• Ramses II built mighty empire.. Peace with Hittites• Amazing Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel (see Object Speaks in
book)
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Flashcard image
Funerary mask of Tutankhamun
1327 BCGold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones
Cairo Museum
New Kingdom
18th Dynasty
Flashcard image
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Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel
4 65 foot statues of Ramses
Association w/Gods, Religious & political power
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Queen Nefertrari, wife of Ramses II, shown behind his leg
Hieratic scale?
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Judgment of Hunefer before Osiris, Scene from Book of the Dead
Painted papyrus, height 15⅝" (39.8 cm), Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE NEW KINGDOM
Illustration From a Book of The Dead. The British Museum, London
KNOW RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE, HOW THIS WAS USED!
Eater waits for judgment
Feather of Maat vs. Heart
Osiris, king of underworld
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Mummy wrapping of a young boy
Medium: Linen wrappings with gilded stucco buttons and inserted portrait in encaustic on wood
Size: height of mummy 53⅜" (133 cm) portrait 9½ X 6½"
Date: Roman period, c. 100–120 CE
AFTER NEW KINGDOM ENDED, ROMAN RULE
Source/Museum: Hawara / The British Museum, London
Conventions of Roman painting not Egyptian