and a 1, and a 2…
DESCRIPTION
and a 1, and a 2…. Examples of counting and clock-keeping in biology N Kuldell for 20.020(S10) 02.18.09. And a 1: telomeres. (TTAGGG)n. And a 1: telomeres. (TTAGGG)n. 3’. Telomeric DNA with overhanging 3’ end. 5’. Telomerase and telomerase RNA bind overhang. 3’. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
and a 1, and a 2…
Examples of counting and clock-keeping in biology
N Kuldell for 20.020(S10)
02.18.09
![Page 2: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
And a 1: telomeres
(TTAGGG)n
![Page 3: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
And a 1: telomeres
(TTAGGG)n
![Page 4: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Telomeric DNA with overhanging 3’ end
3’
5’Telomerase and telomerase RNA bind overhang
![Page 5: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Telomeric DNA with overhanging 3’ end
3’
5’Telomerase and telomerase RNA bind overhang
![Page 6: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cell type Telomerase Telomere length
Normal Somatic OFF shortens
Counting Cell Divisions with Telomere Repeats
![Page 7: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cell type Telomerase Telomere length
Normal Somatic OFF shortens
Cancerous ON forever stable
Counting Cell Divisions with Telomere Repeats
![Page 8: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
“Astragaloside IV, found in minute traces in Astragalus Membranaceus extract, is known to turn this gene on and 'activate' telomerase.
http://www.terraternal.com/Astragaloside_Telomerase.html?pid=2
![Page 9: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
And a 2: bud scar countinghttp://organelleview.lsi.umich.edu/orgview2/
![Page 10: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
And a 2: bud scar counting
Annu. Rev. Biochem (1998) 67:307
![Page 11: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
And a 2: bud scar counting
Annu. Rev. Biochem (1998) 67:307
Microbiology (2003)149:3129
![Page 12: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
And a 3: circadian rhythmsOscillation of alertness, sleep, hormone
production, body temperature and organ function
Electronics: van der Pol oscillatorL = inductor
C = capacitor
V = vacuum tube containing a tetrode
I = voltage supply
![Page 13: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
And a 3: circadian rhythmsOscillation of alertness, sleep, hormone
production, body temperature and organ function
Hydraulic Model Negative feedback loop
>>water flows into B then through T1 into A and out through T4
>>level of A connected to T3 and T2 which drain A as level rises
![Page 14: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
And a 3: circadian rhythmsOscillation of alertness, sleep, hormone
production, body temperature and organ function
Molecular clocks: transcriptional-translational feedback
>>RNA is made
>>turns protein production on
>>protein turns off RNA production
>>absence of RNA turns off protein production
![Page 15: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
and a 1, and a 2, and a 3
![Page 16: and a 1, and a 2…](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56815145550346895dbf679b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
the end