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TRANSCRIPT
© FAO 2009
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Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security
and
Disaster Risk Management as entry point for Climate Change Adaptation
About the FAO Policy Learning Programme
This programme aims at equipping high level officials from developing countries withcutting-edge knowledge and strengthening their capacity to base their decisions onsound consideration and analysis of policies and strategies both at home and in thecontext of strategic international developments.
Related resources
• See all material prepared for the FAO Policy Learning Programme
• See the FAO Policy Learning Website: http://www.fao.org/tc/policy-learning/en/
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By
of the
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
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Selvaraju Ramasamy, Environment Officer, and
Claudia Hiepe, Climate Change Adaptation OfficerClimate Change and Bioenergy Unit, Environment, Climate Change and Bioenergy Division
Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security and Disaster Risk Management as Entry Point for Climate
Change Adaptation
About EASYPol
The EASYPol home page is available at: www.fao.org/easypol
This presentation belongs to a set of modules which are part of the EASYPol Resource package: FAO Policy Learning Programme : Specific policy issues: Climate change impacts on agriculture and food security
EASYPol is a multilingual repository of freely downloadable resources for policy making in agriculture, rural development and food security. The resources are the results of research and field work by policy experts at FAO. The site is maintained by FAO’s Policy Assistance Support Service, Policy and Programme Development Support Division, FAO.
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Improve understanding of the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security
Present the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) approach as an entry point to Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)
Share the lessons learned from FAO field programmes on linking DRM to CCA
Objectives
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Part I: Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security
Hiepe Claudia, Climate change adaptation Officer, FAO, Rome
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Climate change is a major challenge for agriculture and food security!
Agriculture is one of the most climate-sensitive sectors
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What do we mean by Climate Change?
Temperature rise and associated climate phenomena cause impacts
short-term: greater climate variability, including extreme events
long-term: shifts in mean climate conditions
Past Future
Increase in Global mean temperature (ºC)
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Has the potential to undermine advances in poverty
reduction and sustainable development
Will greatly affect the health and productivity of crops, livestock, fish and forests and dependant rural livelihoods
Will increase hunger and malnutrition, in particular in Southern Africa and South Asia
Additional 5 to 170 Million people at risk of hunger by 2080 depending on projections (climate, socio-economy)
Climate change threatens Food Security
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Climate change affects not only food production ...
Loss in food production
Indirect environmental feedbacks
Infrastructure damage, asset losses
Loss of income and employment opportunities
Increased livelihood risks, pressure on food prices
Higher dependency on food imports and food aid
Human health risks, nutrition
Access
Availability
Utilization
Stability
... it affects all four dimensions of food security!
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Latin America Productivity decline in semiarid areasBiodiversity loss in Amazonas
AfricaProductivity decline, food insecurityBiodiversity loss in East- and South AfricaMalaria in highlands of East Africa
AsiaLower freshwater availability, Lower crop yields Central/South Asia by 2050s, higher in E/SE-AsiaFlooding of mega-deltas (Mekong, Ganges/Brahmaputra)Glacier melting
Small islandsDegradation of coastal ecosystems Decreased water availability, damaged infrastructure
Climate change impacts are complex and geographically unevenly distributed
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= exposed to hazards + rely on climate-sensitive activities + low adaptive capacity
Who is most vulnerable to climate change?
urgent need for humans and societies to adapt to climate change
= climate change adaptation
farmers will adapt but need policy support (autonomous <-> planned)
• least developed countries• rural and urban poor• marginalized groups
tropical countriessmall islands, coastal zonesfragile ecosystems
countries and people highly depending on agriculture
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Agriculture, forestry and land use change cause 1/3 of global GHG emissions!
urgent need to reduce emissions (mitigation)
Methane from cattle enteric fermentation
Manure
Nitrous oxide from fertilised soils
Fertilizerproduction
Biomass burning
Rice production
Farm machinery
Irrigation
14%
3%
17%
5%1.3%
3%
47%
14%
3%
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What is mitigation?
= actions to reduce and avoid GHG emissions and enhance sinks
reducing GHG emissions
replacing or avoiding GHG emissions
enhancing carbon sinks
or or
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Adaptation
Mitigation
Food security
Synergies between adaptation, mitigation, food security and development
Synergies - ExamplesAgroforestrySoil and water conservationIntegrated rice-livestock systemsImproved pasture management
Adapt to changes + mitigating climate change + ensuring food security + maintaining a sustainable resource base
Synergies
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Objective: awareness raising and capacity building for planning adaptation
Target groups
field technicians and agricultural extension staff, governmental and non-governmental organisations implementing adaptation projects
Content
Module 1+2 Phenomena and impacts of climate change in general and for agricultural sectors, concepts and examples of adaptation to climate change related to agriculture.
Module 3+4 Procedures for planning and implementing community-based adaptation, focus on participatory approaches and institutional aspects
Why E-Learning?
interactivity, improved learning, support 2-3 days face-to-face workshops
FAO E-learning Tool “Planning for community-based adaptation to climate change in agriculture”
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Part II: Disaster Risk Management (DRM) as entry point for Climate
Change Adaptation (CCA)
Ramasamy Selvaraju, Environment Officer, NRCB, FAO, Rome
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Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)
Climate Change brings changes in the frequency, magnitude, and intensity of extreme climate events
Development efforts are undermined by these extreme events
So far measures to address the consequences are ad hoc…
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Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)
Climate change impacts are often perceived through extreme climate events
DRM provides solution to manage the impacts of extreme climate events and also reduces vulnerability to long-term gradual changes
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Who are the groups vulnerable to climate change why are they vulnerable?
How does extreme events/climate change affect them?
What can be done to make them less vulnerable?
What systems (institutions) are in place to support them and how?
What are the policy options to address extreme events/climate change?
Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)
Key Questions.....
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Determinants of successful adaptation
Knowledge on impacts and vulnerabilities
Knowledge on natural resources and socioeconomics and Adaptation options
Sustained policy support
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Community-based adaptation: Underlying principles
Be community driven and replicable at national level
Contribute to sustainable management of natural resources
Decrease vulnerability through enhancement of livelihood assets
Be globally relevant and inform policy dialogue
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• Assessment of current vulnerability, risks and local livelihoods of population
• Assessment of future climate risks
• Identify and validate suitable adaptation options
• Designing location-specific adaptation strategies
Community participation
Gender perspective
Cross-sectoral
coordination
Policy advocacy
Cross Cutting Actions
• Promotion of institutional capacities
• Up-scaling and mainstreaming of community Based Adaptation
Essential steps of community based adaptation
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Climate Change is Global
but its impact is personal
VIDEO on community based adaptation
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Group Work (Four Groups)
Sl. No.
Who are the people most affected by climate
change?
Why?
1. Small farmers living in drought prone semi-arid areas
2. Population living in coastal areas and low-lying flood plains
3. Small scale fishermen and coastal communities
4. Indigenous people living in mountains including forest dwellers
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Part III: Lessons learned from FAO field programmes on linking DRM to CCA
Ramasamy Selvaraju, Environment Officer, FAO, Rome
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Context:
Small farmers, drought prone, single season rice crop, tenant farming system, seasonal food crisis
Community based adaptation: Bangladesh
Objective:
Enhance adaptive capacity to climate change impacts by strengthening livelihood assets
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• Adaptation to climate change requires location-specific actions
• Adaptation should start focus on impacts caused by current variability but also take into account gradual changes
• Institutional capacity building and organizational networking is essential to success
Main lessons: Bangladesh
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Context:
Frequent natural hazards of different types; high dependency on agriculture
Objective
Shift from a reactive emergency response toward a proactive disaster risk management
Risk management plans (Local): Nepal
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Community perception about the risks are essential to prepare risk management plans
Disaster risk management plans should ensure participation of all relevant actors and communities
Main Lessons: Nepal
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Context
The country is in the hurricane belt
Methods to assess damages and losses is not adequate
Objective
1) Assist in preparing national agriculture disaster management plan; and
2) Systematically collect livelihood baseline data and assess damages and losses
Risk management plans (National): Jamaica
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Strengthening participation of communities contribute to improve the assessment of damage and losses
Baseline assessment carried out before the start of hurricane season allowed to take advantage of the Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility at the national level
Main lessons: Jamaica
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Further readings
FAO 2008. Community Based adaptation in Action, A Case Study from Bangladesh
FAO. Training and Resource book on Climate Change Adaptation
CD-ROM FAO climate change publications
FAO 2008. Climate change and food security framework document. Summary
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Links to Climate Change and Food Security
FAO Climate Change Web portal www.fao.org/climatechange
Examples of FAO projects on climate change http://www.fao.org/climatechange/53598/