and management plan brian g. crane · • in 1660, john berkeley, 1st baron berkeley of stratton...
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brian g. crane & associates
MIC For, MI Hort.
BERKELEY
SQUARE
GARDENS
ARBORICULTURAL
ASSESSMENT
AND
MANAGEMENT
PLAN
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Berkeley Square Gardens
OBJECTIVES To consider the history and
current status of the Square
To assess the individual condition of trees present
To determine the environmental status of the Square, insofar as it relates to arboricultural matters.
To determine future management needs – following consultation with owners and managers.
To prepare a phased, time-specific management plan
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Berkeley Square Gardens
• Berkeley Square is one of the best-known locations in the world. In addition to its use by Londoners, it attracts large numbers of international tourists
• The Square is an historic location with a strong place in the story of London.
• The Square supports a population of London planes (Platanus x acerifolia). The trees are highly prized due to their sizes and ages, being possibly some of the largest examples in the world.
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
HISTORY
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Berkeley Square Gardens
• In 1660, John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton (1602-1678), a distinguished Royalist, Cavalier officer and loyal follower of Charles I was gifted an extensive parcel of land known as Hay Hill Farm to the north of Piccadilly.
• He built Berkeley House on the site.
• The house was demolished in 1733 and Devonshire House a Palladian mansion was built on the land for William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire to designs by William Kent It was completed in about 1740 and demolished in 1924.
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Berkeley Square Gardens
WILLIAM KENT (1698 – 1748)
• Architect, landscape designer, funiture maker.
• His tastes were formed during a series of Grand Tours which were financed by a number of rich patrons.
• He was greatly influenced by the Palladian style of architecture.
• Garden design style was influenced by the ‘picturesque’.
• One of his principal pupils was Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown an exponent of the ‘English Landscape School of design.
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Stowe House
Alexander Pope's Villa
Shotover House
Holkham Hall
Devonshire House
Claremont Garden
Rousham House
Badminton House
44 Berkeley Square, London, (1742-4)
16 St. James Place, London
Oatlands Palace
Euston Hall, Suffolk
Wakefield Lodge, Northamptonshire
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square in 1830. Map published
by Greenwood
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Berkeley Square Gardens
PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
Since 1975, The Gardens have been managed by Westminster City Council on a 99 year lease management agreement from the owners
They are subject to the London Squares Preservation Act of 1931 and are a Grade II Registered Park and Garden
The Statutory Consultee associated with the Gardens’ Listing is the Garden History Society
Stands in a Conservation Area designated under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (as amended)
Trees are subject to a Tree Preservation Order
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Berkeley Square Gardens USE OF THE GARDENS
• Social and corporate functions
throughout the year – Erection of marquees and similar,
temporary structures – Vehicle passage through the Gardens,
frequently over the lawned areas. – Physical damage to plants – Soil compaction
• Intensively used for passive
recreation – Particularly during the lunch-time
period - grassed areas and benches are crowded with workers from nearby offices.
– Square is a significant tourist attraction - one of the most well-known (and unlikely) birds in popular cultural history is the nightingale that ‘sang in Berkeley Square’.
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Statues and artworks
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Berkeley Square Gardens
Vigorous hybrid between Platanus occidentalis and P. orientalis (the eastern and western planes)
Planted initially in London during the 1700s
Many very large examples of the Georgian and Victorian plantings may still be seen, principally in the larger London Squares and lining the more established roads of the Capital
Probably first arose the in Mediterranean area (although one school of thought maintains that the tree first arose at the Botanic Gardens at Oxford).
The first specimens were probably planted in England in the middle of the 18th Century, although it is contended that the famous London plane in the gardens of the Bishop’s Palace in Ely was planted during the tenure of Bishop Gunning, who held the See from 1674/5 until his death in 1684.
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THE LONDON PLANE
Platanus x acerifolia (Ait.) Willd.
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Berkeley Square Gardens
ASSESSMENT
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
CONDUCT OF INVESTIGATION
Detailed GPS Tree Survey – using
WCC reference numbers
Soil analysis
Leaf analysis Nitrogen
Chlorophyll fluorescence
Soil Bulk Density
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Tree No Species Height dbh CBP Crown
radius N
Crown
radius NE
Crown
radius E
Crown
radius SE
Crown
radius S
Crown
radius SW
Crown
radius W
Crown
radius NW
Remarks Work required Tree work
priority
Anthracnos
e present
Massaria
present
Swollen basal
formation
1 Platanus x
acerifolia
25 151 6 0.5 0.5 10.5 9.5 11 9.5 11 12.5 Mammal burrowing to south. Trunk
burring. Old pruning wounds on trunk and
crown. 2 x fungal fruiting bodies of
Inonotus hispidus at 14 metres in crown.
Large cavity close to point of crown
formation on north side. Long limb to
north. Scatter of light dead wood
throughout crown
Climbing inspection with
IMLResistograph
1 year No No Yes
2 Platanus x
acerifolia
29 166 0.5 12 15.5 17 16 17.5 0.5 9.5 13 Pronounced root flare. Possible burrowing
to southeast. Cavity to 200 millimetres
depth at 0.75 metres on southwest.
Further shallow cavity with dry decay at 0.5
metres on west. Heavy branch at open fork
to northwest
Insert cable bracing
system to support branch
to northwest
1 year No No Yes
3 Platanus x
acerifolia
18 44 5 6 8.5 8.5 6.5 8.5 5.5 6.5 7 Recent planting. Slight trunk lean. Close
to street light
Clear crown away from
street light
Routine
maintenance
No No No
4 Platanus x
acerifolia
33 205 3 15 14 19 13.5 12 10.5 13 14 Buttress rooting. Inter-buttress hollow to
north at ground level. Root girdling on east
side. Large branch lost from south at 1.8
metres. Heavy limbs to northeast and
northwest. Old pruning wounds throughout
crown. Open crown. Water shoots
forming on large limbs. Hanging branch in
crown. Scatter of light dead wood
throughout crown. Lighting installation
close to base
(1) Remove hanging branch.
(2) Clean crown.
(3) Insert cable bracing system
to support limbs to
northeast and
northwest.
(1) Urgent (2 )
and (3) within 1
year.
No No No
5 Platanus x
acerifolia
28 163 8 10.5 8 7 7 12.5 11.5 13 15 Buttress rooting. Fungal fruiting bodies of
Rigidiporus ulmarius between buttresses on
northeast side. Possible wind stress -
deformation with burring at 2.5 metres. Old
pruning wounds throughout crown. Heavy
branch with small bark wound to northwest.
Trunk fork or division at 15 metres. Sample
and photograph taken
(1) Examination using Picus
ultrasound, IML
Resistograph check
and air spade exposure
of structural roots
SEE APPENDIX D
No No Yes
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Tree 5 Rigidiporus ulmarius
Tree 30 Rigidiporus ulmarius
Tree 6 Perenniporia fraxinea
Tree 1 Inonotus hispidus
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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pH H2O Total N Total C C:N K K DEFRA Index Mg Mg DEFRA Index Ca Na Mn S Cu Zn B P(PO4) P(PO4) Index
Lims ID No Details Type Date - % % ratio mg/kg mg/L K mg/kg mg/L Mg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/l P
1110600680
1 5 m east of Tree 4
Soil 15/06/2011
7.43 0.446 6.252 14 322 418 4 194 252 5 5495 33.2 0.47 7.86 0.21 0.10 0.26 71 92 5
1110600681
2 Between Trees
5&7 opp. 'Benares'
Soil 15/06/2011
7.58 0.343 6.565 19 198 257 3 106 138 3 3346 17.4 0.36 6.69 0.46 0.56 0.15 79 103 6
1110600682
3 7 m north of Tree 12
Soil 15/06/2011
7.32 0.364 6.639 18 135 176 2- 120 157 3 3399 24.3 0.77 10.59 0.36 1.23 0.21 66 85 5
1110600683
4 2 m north of Tree 32
Soil 15/06/2011
6.86 0.382 5.376 14 122 159 2- 137 179 4 3829 22.8 0.92 4.98 0.10 0.46 0.21 88 114 6
K Ca Mg Na Al Fe Mn P S B Ba Cd Co Cr Cu Ni Pb Sr Zn As Hg Zr Mo Sb Se Sn
Lims ID No Details Type Date mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg m
g/k
g
mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
111060068
0
1 5 m east of
Tree 4
Soil 15/06/2
011
6751 9519 4985 346 42909 37243 280 1104 738 27.3 197 0.91 11.16 55.0 89.4 38
.9
283 53 196 17.9 1.47 12.13 1.31 5.79 2.30 19.5
111060068
1
2 Between Trees
5&7 opp.
'Benares'
Soil 15/06/2
011
3694 15083 3357 433 22444 29439 321 1431 844 16.3 222 1.75 10.17 43.7 104.9 30
.8
637 58 355 16.2 1.98 5.71 1.74 7.29 1.45 20.7
111060068
2
3 7 m north of
Tree 12
Soil 15/06/2
011
3629 8662 3149 281 23468 36466 322 1316 815 17.0 238 2.03 10.25 55.3 93.6 35
.6
620 44 398 24.9 1.26 2.54 2.04 10.20 1.90 15.0
111060068
3
4 2 m north of
Tree 32
Soil 15/06/2
011
4559 6354 3499 245 29409 33069 252 1010 696 21.2 140 0.67 9.14 44.0 60.5 28
.6
217 45 141 20.4 0.79 8.34 1.29 4.94 2.19 9.7
Cd Cr Ni Pb As Hg Sn
mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/k
g
mg/kg
Residential 10.0 200 130 450* 32.0 11 350
Allotment 1.8 230 43.0 8 120
Commercial 230.0 1800 640.0 410 13000
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Berkeley Square Gardens
Chlorophyll fluorescence readings
• 7 Trees randomly selected
• 30 samples (leaves taken from each tree – captured using ‘throw-bag’
• Analysed using ‘Pocket Pea’ equipment
• No real cause for concern revealed.
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Relationship Between Soil Bulk Density and
Planting Success or Failure
Bulk Density Planting Success
1.25 – 1.34 Successful: 100%
1.34 – 1.44 Mostly successful: 60%
1.45 – 1.54 Partial failure: 33%
1.55 – 1.64 Predominantly failure: 10%
>1.65 Total failure: 0%
Table 4 Soil Bulk Density Readings
Sample (close to
Tree No)
Soil bulk density reading
Tree 4 1.33 Successful: 100%
Tree 7 1.34 Successful: 100%
Tree 20 1.42 Mostly successful: 60%
Tree 32 1.50 Partial failure: 33%
SOIL BULK DENSITY READINGS
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Berkeley Square Gardens
NITROGEN (SPAD) READINGS
The majority of the Nitrogen within a leaf is concentrated in the chlorophyll molecules. Chemical reactions taking place within this molecule produce the carbohydrates necessary to ‘fuel’ plant processes. Nitrogen is also important in the synthesis of proteins. The presence of Nitrogen within a leaf is therefore an indication of the amount of chlorophyll present and thus the leaf’s ability to synthesise carbohydrates. The amount of Nitrogen present in a leaf may be measured using a SPAD meter. 28 Leaf samples were taken from each of 7 randomly selected trees (22.5% of the total population of the Gardens). The average leaf readings, taken with a SPAD meter under laboratory conditions, were then calculated for each tree.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
4 6 7 16 20 21 24
36.6133.12 32.6 33.58
35.65 34.18 33.6 34.837.3
39.8
Legend
Figures on bottom axis indicate tree reference numbers. Green
indicates SPAD reading. Red is lower end of acceptable value
scale, blue shows mean acceptable value and orange upper end of
acceptable value scale
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Tree 6
2011 Picus
tomogram
reading taken at
600 millimetres
from ground
level.
North is
indicated by
sampling point
1.
Tree 6
2007 Picus
tomogram
reading taken at
500 millimetres
from ground
level.
North is
indicated by the
arrow adjacent
to sampling
point 1.
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Tree No 6 – felled January 2012
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Tree 30
2011 Picus tomogram reading taken at just above
root flaring..
North is indicated by the red arrow adjacent to
sampling point 1.
Tree 30
After felling January 2012
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square
Massaria disease
(Splanchnonema
platani)
After felling January
2012
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Berkeley Square Gardens The Trees
31 London planes, 29 mature, 2 in early maturity
Apparently 2 main planting periods: The oldest trees were planted by Edward
Bouverie, son of the 1st Viscount Folkestone in 1759 – not as reported in some papers during the Victorian period - these are probably Trees 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31 and 32 – dbhs around 2 metres.
There seem to be a number of trees dating from the Victorian period probably Trees 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 28, 29 and 30 – these are characterised by swollen trunk bases and dbhs around 1 metre.
Trees 3 and 27 have been planted since Westminster took on management of the Square Gardens in 1975.
There is evidence of poor clonal stock – many tree have formed crotches with co-dominant stems
Crowns are open and ‘lion-tailed’
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
FUTURE MANAGEMENT
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Berkeley Square Gardens
IDENTIFIED ISSUES:
Ageing population Pathogen colonisation
Replanting
Species selection
People pressure Events
Soil compaction
Physical damage
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Objective Achieve by Implementation Timing Additional
management
considerations and
notes
Implementation by
Allow continued public
access to Berkeley
Square Gardens
Westminster C C and
owners
Ensure safety of public
using the Gardens and
other persons who may
be affected by such use
Maintain trees in safe
condition
Detailed inspection of
trees identified with butt
decaying fungi (Trees 5,
6, 30 and possibly 24)
Urgent
Inspections have
been carried out
(see Appendix D)
Westminster C C
Remove identified
dangerous trees (Trees 6
and 30)
Urgent
Westminster C C
Appropriate tree surgery,
including installation (and
inspection) of cable
bracing systems.
Within time periods
specified at
Appendix E
Westminster C C
Monitoring of tree health.
Ongoing
Westminster C C
Inspection and reporting
Remedial safety pruning
Particular attention to
incidences of Inonotus
hispidus and
Splanchnonema platani
(Massaria disease)
At least annual
Westminster C C
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35 brian g. crane 2012
Objective Achieve by Implementation Timing Additional management
considerations and
notes
Implementation
by
Ensure continuity of tree
cover and maintenance of
arboricultural elements of
historic landscape
(continued)
Tree protection during
events
Observe Root Protection
Areas (Appendix C,
Drawing BGC3/BSG RPAS
Rev 0)
Protect aerial parts
Prepare outline
specification for tree
protection. To include
measures for ground
protection within Root
Protection Areas from
vehicle damage.
Contractors to present
detailed method
statement for approval by
Westminster CC before
works begin.
By November 2011
Contractor method
statements to be
acceptable to
Westminster and
presented in time to
enable modification,
etc
Westminster CC
Tree protection during
erection of statues,
installation of any
underground facility,
service etc. Note: this
protection should extend to
works carried out outside
the Gardens boundaries.
Observe Root Protection
Areas (Appendix C,
Drawing BGC3/BSG RPAS
Rev 0)
Protect aerial parts
Prepare outline
specification for tree
protection. To include
measures for ground
protection within Root
Protection Areas.
Contractors to present
detailed method
statement, prepared to
British Standard 5837
(2005) ‘Trees in Relation
to Construction’ for
approval by Westminster
CC before works begin.
As required
Contractor method
statements to be
acceptable to
Westminster and
presented in time to
enable modification,
etc
Westminster CC
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36 brian g. crane 2012
Objective Achieve by Implementation Timing Additional management
considerations and
notes
Implementation
by
Ensure continuity of tree
cover and maintenance of
arboricultural elements of
historic landscape
Management of existing
trees to prolong safe,
useful life expectancies
Inspection and monitoring
of tree health. Particular
attention to incidences of
Inonotus hispidus and
Splanchnonema platani
(Massaria disease)
Appropriate tree surgery,
including installation of
cable bracing systems.
Inspection and reporting
Remedial safety pruning
Soil management—relief of
compaction using hollow-
tining and air-spading when
necessary
Ongoing/annual
Hollow-tining—twice
annually
To be carried out in
accordance with good
turf-culture practice
Westminster
C C
Westminster
C C
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37 brian g. crane 2012
Objective Achieve by Implementation Timing Additional management
considerations and
notes
Implementation by
Ensure continuity of tree
cover and maintenance of
arboricultural elements of
historic landscape
(continued)
Planting (new planting
and replacement planting)
Select planting sites (se
Appendix C, Drawing
BGC4/BSG PLANTING
Rev 0.)
Summer 2011
BGC Associates (if
instructed) with
Westminster C C
Select and identify
planting stock
Summer/autumn 2011
Consider dangers of
monoculture in light of
increasing disease
threat to London
plane.
BGC Associates (if
instructed) with
Westminster C C
Prepare detailed planting
and aftercare
specification
If semi-mature sizes
selected – supplier to
prepare planting
specification for
approval by
Westminster C C and
Square owners.
Planting specification
to include for formative
pruning by skilled
operatives
BGC Associates (if
instructed) with
Westminster C C
Import stock for growing
on in selected nursery, if
necessary
Winter 2011/12
BGC Associates (if
instructed) with
Westminster C C and
selected nursery
Prepare detailed planting
and aftercare
specification
By November 2011
BGC Associates (if
instructed) with
Westminster C C
Planting
Winter 2011/2012 if
suitable stock available
BGC Associates (if
instructed) with
Westminster C C
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PLANTING CONSIDERATIONS
Choice of species
History
Local feeling
Size of planting material
Provenance and quality of planting material
Planting method
Post-planting maintenance
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
Masssaria (Splanchnonema platani)
Previously found in Germany and the Low Countries, which has recently appeared in London, affecting both weakened and apparently healthy trees. It appears specific to London plane. The fungus attacks branches, weakening them from the upper side and progressing downwards through the branch, often resulting in branch failure. Because the damage occurs on the upper side, of the branch, it can be difficult to detect. Decay progresses very swiftly, indicating a need for very frequent aerial inspection. Diseased branches are severely weakened, must be considered dangerous and should be removed immediately they are identified
Anthracnose (Apoignomonia veneta)
This fungal disease is common on London planes within the capital. It causes discoloration (with lack of function) of the leaves, with shoot and bud dieback and loss.
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THE LONDON PLANE
THREATS .
Phellinus punctatus
A fungus causing cankers on the bark of
London planes, weakening the branches.
It is common in France and Italy and was
identified in Britain in 2008.
Inonotus hispidus
This fungus has been widely associated
with ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Britain,
for many years; however, it is becoming
more common on London plane. It
causes a degradation of timber strength,
although this appears more marked with
ash, when the fungus frequently causes
failure. The stem cankers caused by the
fungus may have a significant impact on
the safety of affected branches. A canker
of this species was noted initially on
London plane in Dulwich in 2006.
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Berkeley Square Gardens
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Berkeley Square Gardens
Canker stain (Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani)
This fungus is widespread in Europe, particularly in the more southerly regions, where management of London planes by ‘pleaching’ or other intensive methods is common, the fungus being commonly spread on pruning tools.
It causes a severe wilting, due to occlusion of the conducting tissue. The fungus may also spread by root grafting and in soil water.
Probably arrived from the USA during WW II. Its presence in the UK has not yet been confirmed, but it is considered a severe threat by the Forestry Commission and wood products derived from London plane (including plants) are subject to The Plant Health (Forestry) Order 2005. Recently, colonisation by this fungus necessitated the felling of some 2,500 London planes along the Canal du Midi in France.
One French nursery has a patent on a cultivar P. a. ‘Platanor’, which shows some resistance to C. fimbriata, however, the clone is of poor form and has not performed well in trials in the UK.
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THE LONDON PLANE
THREATS .
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brian g. crane 2012 44
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THE END
Thank you for your attention